USA v. Keys: Government's Response to Motion to Suppress

8/13/2019 USA v. Keys: Government's Response to Motion to Suppress

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GHANF@MA G. ZFJAHWXamthc _tfths Fttkrahy@FSSEHZ C. _HJFBFssmstfat Xamthc _tfths Fttkrahy896 M _trhht, _umth 69-699_forf`hatk, OF =8563

Shbhpekah> (=64) 883-7:99Dfosm`mbh> (=64) 883-7=99

@]SEMBM WF@FAFotmaj Fssmstfat Fttkrahy JhahrfbOrm`mafb Cmvmsmka, Xamthc _tfths Chpfrt`hat kd NustmohNF@H_ _MBTHWSrmfb FttkrahyOk`puthr Orm`h fac Mathbbhotufb Yrkphrty _hotmka6?96 Ahw ]krl Fvhauh, _umth 499Zfsemajtka, CO 798?9Shbhpekah> (797) 863-6974

MA SEH XAMSHC _SFSH_ CM_SWMOS OKXWS

HF_SHWA CM_SWMOS KD OFBMDKWAMF

XAMSHC _SFSH_ KD F@HWMOF,

Ybfmatmdd,

v.

@FSSEHZ LH]_,

Chdhacfats.

OF_H AK. 6?-OW-9957 LN@

CFSH> NFAXFW] 7=, 7963SM@H> =>99 [email protected]> Eka. Lm`ghrby N. @uhbbhr

KYYK_MSMKA SK @KSMKA SK _XYYWH__

Ofsh 7>6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh 6 kd 7=


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SFGBH KD OKASHAS_

SFGBH KD FXSEKWMSMH_ .......................................................................................................................?

M. MASWKCXOSMKA ...........................................................................................................................:MM. _SFSH@HAS KD WHBHTFAS DFOS_ ........................................................................................5

F. Seh DGM Mavhstmjfths Dmvh Cmddhrhat Yshuckay`kus H-@fmb Fookuats Xshcma Choh`ghr 7969 tk Efrfss Dkx 39. ...................................................................................5

G. Seh B.F. Sm`hs Ms Efolhc. ..................................................................................................=O. Mts Mavhstmjftmka Kajkmaj, teh DGM Akths teh Ykssmgbh Maokasmsthaoy Ghtwhha

teh H-@fmb Fccrhsshs Bhfcmaj tk Lhys, Thrsus Seksh Seft Efc GhhaFakay`mzhc. ......................................................................................................................69

C. Seh _forf`hatk Dmhbc Kddmoh Srfasdhrs teh Mavhstmjftmka tk teh Bks FajhbhsDmhbc Kddmoh. .......................................................................................................................66

H. Seh DGM _ugshquhatby Kgtfmas Ahw Hvmchaoh Symaj Lhys tk teh Efolmaj kdteh B.F. Sm`hs fac teh Yshuckay`kus H-`fmbs tk Dkx 39. ...............................................66D. Seh DGM Kgtfmahc F _hfroe Zfrrfat Dkr Lhys Ahw Nhrshy Whsmchaoh. .........................63J. Zembh teh _hfroe Zfrrfat ms Hxhouthc, Lhys Okashats tk Fa Mathrvmhw Zmte

teh DGM, fac Fc`mts tk _hacmaj teh Yshuckay`kus H-@fmbs tk Dkx 39,Fttfolmaj teh B.F. Sm`hs, fac Xsmaj teh Yshuckay` FH_Orfolhc. .............................68

MMM. BHJFB FAFB]_M_ ......................................................................................................................64F. Seh _hfroe Zfrrfat _ftmsdmhc teh Dkurte F`hac`hat. .....................................................64G. Seh _hfroe Zfrrfat Okatfmahc Ak @fthrmfb K`mssmkas fac F Drfals Ehfrmaj

Ms Akt Whqumrhc. ..............................................................................................................77

O. Lhys _tfth`hats tk teh Jkvhra`hat Zhrh Kgtfmahc Drk` fa Machphachat_kuroh fac _ekubc Gh Fc`mtthc Matk Hvmchaoh Hvha md teh Okurt Dmacs tehZfrrfat Chdhotmvh. .........................................................................................................74

C. Lhys Tfbmcby Zfmvhc Ems@mrfacfWmjets. .......................................................................74MT. OKAOBX_MKA ..............................................................................................................................7=



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SFGBH KD FXSEKWMSMH_

Dhchrfb Ofshs

Grkwa v. Mbbmakms,377 X._. 8=9 (6=:8) ..68

Okbkrfck v. Okaahbby,3:= X._. 68: (6=54) 76

Okttrhbb v. Srm`gbh,7967 ZB ?9373?: (H.C.Ofb. 7967) . 6

Drfals v. Chbfwfrh,3?5 X._. 683 (6=:5).64, 6:, 6=, 79

Mbbmakms v. Jfths,347 X._. 76? (X._. 6=5?)...........................................6?

Lybbk v. Xamthc _tfths,8?? X._. 7: (7996).66

@mrfacf v. Frmzkaf,?53 X._. 3?4 (6=44).. 76

@urrfy v. Xamthc _tfths,35: X._. 8?? (6=55).. 79

Xamthc _tfths v. Fcnfam,387 D.?c 6639 (=teOmr. 7994) ....69

Xamthc _tfths v. Ghrafrc _.,:=8 D.7c :3= (=te Omr. 6=54).76

Xamthc _tfths v. Ghrtrfac,=74 D.7c 5?5 (=teOmr. 6==6)..6?

Xamthc _tfths v. Gmachr,:4= D.7c 8=8 (=te Omr. 6=58).76

Xamthc _tfths v. Gbflh, Ak. 6>95-or-9753 KZZ,7969 ZB :97=85 (H.C. Ofb. Dhg. 78, 7969)...............................67

Ofsh 7>6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh ? kd 7=


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Xamthc _tfths v.Grkgst, 885 D.?c =57 (=teOmr. 799=) ......69, 66

Xamthc _tfths v. Oefvhz-@mrfacf,?94 D.?c =:? (=teOmr. 7997).....6:

Xamthc _tfths v. Oktthr`fa,:9= D.?c =87 (=teOmr. 796?) .............................................66

Xamthc _tfths v. Ok`prhehasmvh Cruj Shstmaj, Mao. (OCS MMM),476 D.?c 6647 (=teOmr. 7969)...67

Xamthc _tfths v. Orfmjehfc,8?= D.?c 69:? (=teOmr. 7995)....64, 6:, 6=, 79

Xamthc _tfths v. Orhws,897 D.?c 66?9 (=te Omr. 799:) .....64

Xamthc _tfths v. Jfrmgfy,63? D.?c 8?3 (=te Omr. 6==5)...76

Xamthc _tfths v. Jfrzf,=59 D.7c 834 (=teOmr. 6==7) ....6:

Xamthc _tfths v. Jmghrska,87: D.?c 557 (=teOmr. 7995)..69, 66

Xamthc _tfths v. Jrhftekush,7=: D._upp.7c 6743 (C. Kr. 799?)..63

Xamthc _tfths v. Efy,7?6 D.?c 4?9 (=teOmr. 7999)..66, 6:

Xamthc _tfths v. Ehrafachz-Hsofrshjf,554 D.7c 6849 (=teOmr. 6=5=)..63

Xamthc _tfths v. Lhbbhy,357 D.?c 693: (=teOmr. 799:)..6:

Xamthc _tfths v. Lhbbhy,=8? D.7c 847 (=teOmr. 6==7)..76, 77



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Xamthc _tfths v. Lm`,698 D.?c 68:= (=teOmr. 6==:)..77

Xamthc _tfths v. Bfoy,66= D.?c :37 (=teOmr. 6==:)..66, 63

Xamthc _tfths v. Bhka,345 X._. 5=: (6=53).68

Xamthc _tfths v. Bhwms,5?? D.7c 6?59 (=teOmr. 6=5:)....76, 77

Xamthc _tfths v. @faa,?5= D.?c 54= (=teOmr. 7993)........................................69

Xamthc _tfths v. @frtma,:56 D.7c 4:6 (=te Omr.6==?)..76, 77

Xamthc _tfths v. @oVumstha,:=8 D.7c 585 (=teOmr. 6=54)....63

Xamthc _tfths v. Yrmchfux-Zhatz,83? D.?c =83 (:teOmr. 7995)....................................................................68

Xamthc _tfths v. Whhvhs,769 D.?c 6936 (=te Omr. 7999) ..64

Xamthc _tfths v. Wuch,55 D.?c 68?5 (=teOmr. 6==4)...69

Xamthc _tfths v. _oehssk,:?9 D.?c 6939 (=teOmr. 796?)...............................66, 67, 6?, 63

Xamthc _tfths v. _hmvhr,4=7 D.?c ::3 (:teOmr. 7967).......63

Xamthc _tfths v. _ehtbhr,448 D.?c 6689 (=teOmr. 7966).76

Xamthc _tfths v. _em,878 D.?c :9= (=teOmr. 7995 ).......68



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Xamthc _tfths v. _mbvf,3:9 D. _upp. 7c 6797 (C. Efw. 7994).6:, 6=

Xamthc _tfths v. _tfahrt,:47 D.7c ::8 (=teOmr. 6=58)........................................64, 6:

Xamthc _tfths v. Sf`urf,4=3 D.7c 8=6 (=teOmr. 6=57)..67

Xamthc _tfths v. Tksgurje,497 D.?c 867 (?c Omr. 7969)..63

Xamthc _tfths v. Zubdhrcmajhr,

:57 D.7c 63:? (=teOmr. 6=54) .....6:, 6=

_tftuths

65 X._.O. ?:6.5

65 X._.O. 69?9(f)(8)..5

65 X._.O. 69?9(f)(4)..5

Okastmtutmkafb Yrkvmsmkas

X._. Okast. F`hac. MT .................................................................................................................69



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GHANF@MA G. ZFJAHWXamthc _tfths Fttkrahy@FSSEHZ C. _HJFBFssmstfat Xamthc _tfths Fttkrahy896 M _trhht, _umth 69-699_forf`hatk, OF =8563

Shbhpekah> (=64) 883-7:99Dfosm`mbh> (=64) 883-7=99

@]SEMBM WF@FAFotmaj Fssmstfat Fttkrahy JhahrfbOrm`mafb Cmvmsmka, Xamthc _tfths Chpfrt`hat kd NustmohNF@H_ _MBTHWSrmfb FttkrahyOk`puthr Orm`h fac Mathbbhotufb Yrkphrty _hotmka6?96 Ahw ]krl Fvhauh, _umth 499Zfsemajtka, CO 798?9Shbhpekah> (797) 863-6974

Fttkrahys dkr YbfmatmddXamthc _tfths kd F`hrmof

MA SEH XAMSHC _SFSH_ CM_SWMOS OKXWS

HF_SHWA CM_SWMOS KD OFBMDKWAMF

M. MASWKCXOSMKAFdthr f ahfrby twk-yhfr-bkaj mavhstmjftmka matk `ubtmpbh pshuckay`s rhspkasmgbh dkr kabmah

fttfols fjfmast _forf`hatk thbhvmsmka stftmka LSUB DKU39 (Dkx 39), fac teh whgsmth kd tehBks

Fajhbhs Sm`hsahwspfphr (B.F. Sm`hs), teh Dhchrfb Gurhfu kd Mavhstmjftmka (DGM) ubtm`fthby kgtfmahc

f shfroe wfrrfat dkr Chdhacfat @fttehw Lhys (Lhys) _hofuous, Ahw Nhrshy rhsmchaoh. Fjhats cmc

akt frrhst Lhys, gut tehy jfvh em`@mrfacfwframajs akahtehbhss. (Lhys Mathrvmhw Sr. 6-7, HOD Ak.

7?-8.) Lhys uachrstkkc fac rhspkachc tk quhstmkas, fac prkvmchc f wrmttha stfth`hat. Sehrh ms bmttbh

ckugt fs tk weft efpphahc ma teh mathrvmhw, ghofush teh DGM fucmk-rhokrchc teh hatmrh haokuathr. Fdthr

XAMSHC _SFSH_ KD F@HWMOF,

Ybfmatmdd,

v.

@FSSEHZ LH]_,

Chdhacfat.

OF_H AK. 7>6?-OW-999579 LN@

KYYK_MSMKA SK @KSMKA SK _XYYWH__

CFSH> Nfaufry 7=, 7963SM@H> =>99 f.`.OKXWS> Eka. Lm`ghrby N. @uhbbhr

Ofsh 7>6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh : kd 7=


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wfmvmaj ems @mrfacf rmjets, Lhys fc`mtthc tk ems mavkbvh`hat ma teh efolmaj kd teh B.F. Sm`hs, fac tk

shacmaj f shrmhs kd cmspfrfjmaj, sk`htm`hs terhfthamaj h-`fmbs tk Dkx 39 fs fa fajry dkr`hr

h`pbkyhh. (Lhys Mathrvmhw Sr. 3=, HOD Ak. 7?-8.)

Lhys wfs macmothc ka @froe 63, 796?. (HOD Ak. 6.) Lhys akw fsls teh Okurt tk supprhss emskrfb fac wrmttha stfth`hats tk teh DGM, fbkaj wmte teh DGMs rhokrcs kd Lhys krfb stfth`hat, madkr`ftmka

kgtfmahc drk` teh shfroe wfrrfat, fac ktehr hvmchaoh. Seh `ktmka sekubc gh chamhc.

MM. _SFSH@HAS KD WHBHTFAS DFOS_F. Seh DGM Mavhstmjfths Dmvh Cmddhrhat Yshuckay`kus H-@fmb Fookuats

Xshc ma Choh`ghr 7969 tk Efrfss Dkx 39.

Ka kr fgkut Choh`ghr 6, 7969, Grfacka @hrohr (@hrohr), teha h`pbkyhc fs f ahws prkcuohr

ft Dkx 39, rhohmvhc teh dmrst kd weft wkubc ghok`h f shrmhs kd uaskbmomthc, sk`htm`hs terhfthamaj h-

`fmbs sefrmaj f teh`h kd cmspfrfjmaj Dkx 39s gusmahss prfotmohs. (_hfroe Zfrrfat :, HOD Ak. 7?-6.)

@hrohr rhpkrthc teh h-`fmbs tk teh _forf`hatk dmhbc kddmoh kd teh DGM. (Mc. 5.)

6. _k`h kd teh Yshuckay`kus H-@fmb Fookuats Frh Bmalhc tk Lhys6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh 5 kd 7=


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fa h-`fmb teft efc ghha shat drk` teh F`hrmofa Ofaohr _komhty tk Ofaohr @fa. (Mc.) Seh h-`fmb drk`

teh F`hrmofa Ofaohr _komhty tk Ofaohr @fa okatfmahc madkr`ftmka sujjhstmaj teft Ofaohr @fa efc

okatfothc teh F`hrmofa Ofaohr _komhty usmaj teh h-`fmb fccrhss Ofaohr@fa39==Iyfekk.ok.ul, fac

prkvmchc teh okatfot af`h @FSSEHZ LH]_. (Mc.)Fbsk ka kr fgkut Choh`ghr ?, 7969, f Dkx 39 oustk`hr ok`pbfmahc fgkut rhohmvmaj uaskbmomthc

h-`fmb drk` teh fccrhss dkx39trutehrsIj`fmb.ok`. (Mc. 6?.)

Xbtm`fthby, teh DGM bhfrahc teft dmvh cmddhrhat h-`fmb fookuats efc ghha ushc tk efrfss Dkx 39

fac mts oustk`hrs. (Mc. 68.) Fbtekuje teh DGM bmalhc twk kd teh fookuats tk Lhys dkr teh rhfskas

chsormghc fgkvh, teh rh`fmamaj terhh fookuats whrh akt yht tmhc tk Lhys, fac MY fccrhss fafbysms

sujjhsthc teft teh hssfjhs whrh shat usmaj prkxy shrvhrs. (Mc.)

7. Lhys Okatfots @hrohr fac Yrhcmots teft tehB.F. Sm`hs

Zmbb Gh Efolhc.

Ka kr fgkut Choh`ghr 67, 7969, f phrska obfm`maj tk gh @fttehw Lhys, usmaj fa h-`fmb fccrhss

kd @fttehwIsfotkwa`hcmf.ok`, shat @hrohr fa h-`fmb obfm`maj tk efvh madmbtrfthc teh jrkup

Fakay`kus. (Mc. 64.) Lhys durtehr stfthc teft eh efc foohss tk duturh kphrftmkas kd Fakay`kus,

maobucmaj teksh fjfmast YfyYfb, F`fzka, Dkx Ahws, fac teh B.F. Sm`hs. (Mc.) Bfthr teft cfy, Lhys

spklh gy thbhpekah wmte @hrohr, fac cmsousshc Fakay`kus efolmaj fttfol fjfmast teh whgsmth Jfwlhr

(Mc.) Lhys tkbc @hrohr teft eh efc hathrhc fa Mathraht oeft rkk` wmte kvhr 7,999 `h`ghrs, fac `ht

sk`hkah wek mavmthc em` matk f prmvfth rkk` okatfmamaj 68 emjeby slmbbhc efolhrs. (Mc.)

Lhys durtehr tkbc @hrohr teft eh `fmatfmahc ok`puthr rhokrcs kd ems mathrfotmkas wmte

Fakay`kus, fac efc tkbc teh efolhrs fgkut ems pfst nkurafbms` hxphrmhaoh. (Mc.) Ekwhvhr, Lhys

chamhc fay mavkbvh`hat wmte teh suspmomkus h-`fmbs tk @hrohr chsormghc fgkvh. (Mc.)

G. Seh B.F. Sm`hs Ms Efolhc.Swk cfys bfthr, ka kr fgkut Choh`ghr 63, 7969, teh DGMs _forf`hatk dmhbc kddmoh bhfrahc teft f

shrvhr ghbkajmaj tk Srmguah @hcmf (Srmguah), teh pfrhat ok`pfay kd gkte tehB.F. Sm`hsfac Dkx 39,

efc ghha efolhc. (Mc. 65.) Fs f rhsubt, teh ehfcbmah fac gybmah kd f stkry fgkut Okajrhss whrh fbthrhc

wmtekut futekrmzftmka. (Mc.)

Srmguah h`pbkyhhs sphat ft bhfst ??? ekurs mavhstmjftmaj fac rhspkacmaj tk teh efol, ft fa

Ofsh 7>6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh = kd 7=


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hstm`fthc bfgkr okst kd $6:,489.39. (Mc. ?6.) Sems dmjurh ckhs akt maobuch teh okst kd efrcwfrh fac

skdtwfrh upjrfchs uachrtflha gy Srmguah fdthr teh efol, kr oksts maourrhc gy Dkx 39 rhbftmaj tk teh tehdt

kd mts h-`fmb bmst, kr fcvhrtmsmaj bksshs rhsubtmaj drk` hmtehr hvhat. (Mc.)

O. Mts Mavhstmjftmka Kajkmaj, teh DGM Akths teh Ykssmgbh Maokasmsthaoy Ghtwhha teh

H-@fmb Fccrhsshs Bhfcmaj tk Lhys, Thrsus Seksh Seft Efc Ghha Fakay`mzhc.

Ma f `h`krfacu` ghjua ka Dhgrufry 63, 7966 fac ok`pbhthc Choh`ghr 66, 7966, DGM _phomfb

Fjhat Nkea Ofuteha (Fjhat Ofuteha), kd teh DGMs _forf`hatk dmhbc kddmoh, su``frmzhc teh

mavhstmjftmka tk cfth, fac bfmc kut teh hvmchaoh teft teh DGM efc kgtfmahc ma mts hddkrts tk mchatmdy teh

futekr kd teh pshuckay`kus h-`fmbs chsormghc fgkvh. (DGM Choh`ghr 7966 @h`k, HOD Ak. 7?-7.)

Fjhat Ofuteha wrhstbhc wmte teh dfot teft wembh sk`h kd teh h-`fmbs rhfcmby bhc tk Lhys, ktehrs efc ghha

rkuthc terkuje prkxy shrvhrs fac rhjmsthrhc wmte pshuckay`s ma fa fppfrhat gmc tk prhvhat

mchatmdmoftmka. (Mc. 7.) Fjhat Ofuteha su``frmzhc ems fafbysms ma f pfrhatehtmofb akth>

(DGM Akth> Jmvha teh hddkrt tk emch teh mchatmty kd teh shachr vmf teh ush

kd dflh h-`fmbs fac prkxy shrvhrs, mt shh`s maokajrukus dkr teh sugnhot, md mt ms

machhc @fttehw Lhys, tk shac kut fa h-`fmb mchatmdymaj em`shbd gy af`h.)

(Mc.)

Fjhat Ofuteha what ka tk su``frmzh Lhys ok``uamoftmkas wmte @hrohr, okaobucmaj teh

sugstfaoh kd ems hbhotrkamo ok``uamoftmka wmte teh dkbbkwmaj qufbmdmhc kgshrvftmkas>

Gfshc ka teh fgkvh, mt fpphfrs @fttehw Lhys `fy akt efvh ghha teh

sugnhot ghemac teh ok`prk`msh ft DKU39. Mt fpphfrs teft Lhys ms mavkbvhc wmte

teh jrkup Fakay`kus fac `h`ghrs kd tems jrkup efolhc teh Y7Y shrvhr ka twk

koofsmkas. Seh matrusmka wfs fook`pbmsehc gy skomfbby hajmahhrmaj sk`hkah tk

prkvmcmaj f ushr pfsswkrc. Lhys cmc efvh foohss tk Y7Y. Ems Swmtthr fookuat

`fy efvh ghha ok`prk`mshc.

(Mc. 8< h`pefsms fcchc.)



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C. Seh _forf`hatk Dmhbc Kddmoh Srfasdhrs teh Mavhstmjftmka tk teh Bks Fajhbhs Dmhbc

Kddmoh.

Ma f `h`krfacu` cfthc Nuah 4, 7966, Fjhat Ofuteha su``frmzhc teh DGMs pbfa tk trfasdhr teh

ofsh fjfmast Lhys tk mts Bks Fajhbhs kddmoh ghofush kd ems fgkvh-omthc fafbysms kd teh hvmchaoh fjfmastLhys fs mt ourrhatby stkkc, teh Bks Fajhbhs bkoftmka kd teh Y7Y shrvhr, fac tehmr hddhot ka vhauh. (DGM

Nuah 7966 @h`k, HOD Ak. 7?-?.)

Fjhat Ofuteha sujjhsthc teft f bkjmofb sthp dkr teh mavhstmjftmka wkubc gh tk kgtfma hvmchaoh

drk` Lhys rhjfrcmaj Fakay`kus, hmtehr gy sugpkhaf kr shfroe wfrrfat. (Mc. 3.) Ekwhvhr, Fjhat

Ofuteha akthc teft ghofush Lhys okasmchrhc em`shbd f nkurafbmst, suoe fa mavhstmjftmvh sthp wkubc

rhqumrh teh Fttkrahy Jhahrfbs okaourrhaoh.6 (Mc.) Fjhat Ofuteha kpmahc teft teh Bks Fajhbhs kddmoh

efc f skbmc gfsms tk shhl suoe hvmchaoh drk` Lhys. (Mc.)

H. Seh DGM _ugshquhatby Kgtfmas Ahw Hvmchaoh Symaj Lhys tk teh Efolmaj kdteh B.F. Sm`hs fac teh Yshuckay`kus H-`fmbs tk Dkx 39.

6. Mathraht Oeft Bkjs _ekw Seft Lhys Yrkvmchc Fakay`kus Zmte

Yfsswkrcs dkr tehB.F. Sm`hs.

_mx `kates bfthr, teh DGM kgtfmahc hvmchaoh teft bkjma orhchatmfbs dkr teh B.F. Sm`hs efc ghha

jmvha tk Fakay`kus gy f dkr`hrB.F. Sm`hsh`pbkyhh usmaj teh `kamlhr FH_Orfolhc, fac teft Lhys

efc ushc teft `kamlhr ma ems oeft shssmkas wmte Fakay`kus. Ma Choh`ghr 7966, teh DGM ghjfa

rhvmhwmaj hvmchaoh phrtfmamaj tk teh efolmaj kd f bkofb ok`pfay ofbbhc EGJfry. (_hfroe Zfrrfat 77,

HOD Ak. 7?-6.) Zembh hxf`mamaj hvmchaoh kgtfmahc vmf shfroe wfrrfat, mavhstmjftkrs aktmohc fa

Mathraht oeft rhokrc, fppfrhatby drk` @froe 7966, ma wemoe Lfybf, f akw-okavmothc efolhr fac

`h`ghr kd Fakay`kus, cmsousshc Lhys.7 (Mc.) Lfybf wrkth tems lhys dfjjkt wh temal ms

6_hh 75 O.D.W. 89.69< X_F@ =-6?.399 (chsormgmaj futekrmzftmka rhqumrh`hats mamavhstmjftmkas fac prkshoutmkas mavkbvmaj `h`ghrs kd teh ahws `hcmf).

7Lfybf, weksh rhfb af`h ms Wyfa Folrkyc, wfs shathaohc tk temrty `kates m`prmska`hat gyf okurt ma teh Xamthc Lmajck` ma @fy 796?. Bubz_ho efotmvmsts efachc bkaj nfmb shathaohs dkrefolmaj, Seh Jufrcmfa (@fy 64, 796?), ettp>//www.tehjufrcmfa.ok`/thoeakbkjy/796?/`fy/64/bubzsho-efoltmvmsts-bkajhst-nfmb-shathaohs-efolmaj. Folrkyc fbsk dfohs efolmaj-rhbfthc oefrjhs ma teh _kutehraCmstrmot kd Ahw ]krl.



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FH_Orfolhc wek wfs fa hx nkurafbmst (Mc.) Lfybf durtehr wrkth gut ma teft jfwlhr frtmobh mt sfys

ems af`h ms @ftt Lhys bkb ehs akt sk maakohat fac wh efvh bkjs kd em` tkk, eh wfs teh kah wek jfvh

us pfsswkrcs dkr BF tm`h, dkx39 fac sk`h ktehrs, eh efc suphrushr ka f bkt kd hcmf\.P (Mc.)

Fbsk ma Choh`ghr 7966, teh DGM kgtfmahc fccmtmkafb Mathraht oeft rhokrcs drk` f ok`puthr maKemk ghbkajmaj tk f susphothc `h`ghr kd Fakay`kus wek ushc teh `kamlhr Kwha, f`kaj ktehrs.

(Mc. 7?.) Seh oeft rhokrcs sekwhc FH_Orfolhc shacmaj f ushr af`h fac pfsswkrc dkr tehB.F. Sm`hs

tk `h`ghrs kd Fakay`kus. (Mc.) Sehsh oefts frh hxohrpthc ghbkw>

Cho 95 79>88>67 _fgu? teft wkubc gh amoh tk jht foohss tk dkx. bht `h lakw md M

ofa jht foohss. M wfat tk shh md M ofa jht durtehr ma

Cho 95 79>8=>79 FH_Orfolhc M` akt f efolhr

Cho 95 79>8=>7? FH_Orfolhc M` fa hx-h`pbkyhh

Cho 95 76>99>3: FH_Orfolhc ushr> faka67?3

Cho 95 76>99>89 FH_Orfolhc pfss> ok``ka7

Cho 95 76>96>7? FH_Orfolhc jk duol sk`h semt up!

Cho 95 76>96>7= sefrpmh tefals vhry `uoe

Cho 95 76>96>?7 _fgu FH_Orfolhc> tefal yku.

(Mc.)

7. Fafbysms kd MY Fccrhsshs Okatfmahc ma teh Mathraht Oeft Whokrcs

Bhfcs Gfol tk Lhys.

Seh DGM ok`pfrhc teh MY fccrhss ushc gy FH_Orfolhc wmte teh MY fccrhsshs ushc ma teh

pshuckay`kus h-`fmbs tk Dkx 39, fac dkuac f `ftoe> ka Nfaufry 8, 7966, FH_Orfolhc efc ushc teh

?_fgu, weksh rhfb af`h ms Ehotkr Ufvmhr @kashjur, pbhfchc jumbty ka Fujust 68, 7966 ma teh_kutehra Cmstrmot kd Ahw ]krl tk f 67-okuat madkr`ftmka oefrjmaj em` wmte ok`puthr efolmajokaspmrfomhs fac ktehr orm`hs, maobucmaj f sugstfatmvh efolmaj oefrjh mamtmfbby dmbhc ma teh HfsthraCmstrmot kd Ofbmdkramf rhbfthc tk teh efol kd EGJfry, Mao. _mx Efolhrs ma teh Xamthc _tfths fac FgrkfcOefrjhc dkr Orm`hs Fddhotmaj Kvhr Kah @mbbmka Tmotm`s, Xamthc _tfths Fttkrahys Kddmoh, _kutehraCmstrmot kd Ahw ]krl (@froe 4, 7967),ettp>//www.nustmoh.jkv/usfk/ays/prhssrhbhfshs/@froe67/folrkychtfbmacmot`hatpr.pcd. Seh HfsthraCmstrmot kd Ofbmdkramf ofsh ms Xamthc _tfths v. @kashjur, 7>66-or-??7-@OH.



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sf`h MY fccrhss fs teh ushr kd teh dkx`ubchr39==Iyfekk.ok.ul fookuat chsormghc fgkvh. (Mc. 78.)

Durtehr`krh, fdthr FH_Orfolhc wfs gfaahc drk` teh FakaKps oeft shrvhr kvhr foousftmkas teft eh efc

bhflhc madkr`ftmka tk teh `hcmf, FakaKps ushrs maobucmaj Lfybf mchatmdmhc FH_Orfolhc fs bkjjmaj

gfol ma uachr teh sbmjetby-`kcmdmhc ushraf`h F7_Orfolhc, usmaj fa MY fccrhss teft teh DGM bhfrahcefc ghha fssmjahc tk Lhys ma _forf`hatk gy FS&S. (Mc. 74.)

?. Seh DGMs _forf`hatk Dmhbc Kddmoh Kphas f Ahw Ofsh Fjfmast Lhys.

Gfshc ka tems ahw hvmchaoh, ma Nfaufry 7967, teh DGMs _forf`hatk dmhbc kddmoh kphahc f ahw

mavhstmjftmka kd Lhys, fac fjrhhc tk wkrl mt nkmatby wmte teh Bks Fajhbhs dmhbc kddmoh. (_hh Jkv.s Hx. F

ft : (DGM Nfaufry 7967 @h`k). Fay oefrjhs fjfmast Lhys wkubc gh grkujet ma teh Hfsthra Cmstrmot kd

Ofbmdkramf. (Mc.) Fjhat Ofuteha wrkth teft Whohat madkr`ftmka efs frmsha m`pbmoftmaj Lhys ma teh

krmjmafb matrusmkas, fac mt ms fatmompfthc teft eh wmbb gh macmothc ma teh ahxt dhw whhls. (Mc. 7.) Fjhat

Ofuteha durtehr wrkth Ma bmjet kd teh fgkvh hxoefajh wehrhma @fttehw Lhys fbsk lakwa fs

FH_Orfolhc fc`mtthc tk ghmaj f dkr`hr DKU39 h`pbkyhh, fac turahc kvhr teh ushraf`hs fac pfsswkrc

tk _efrpmh fac ktehrs, _forf`hatk tk kpha ofptmkahc `ftthr. (Mc. :.)

3. Lhys Yugbmomzhs Seft Eh Mathrfothc wmte Fakay`kus Xsmaj teh @kamlhr

FH_Orfolhc.

Ka @froe 4, 7967, Lhys pksthc ka ems whgsmth, prkcuohr`fttehw.ok`, fa m`fjh kr sorhhasekt kd

fa Mathraht oeft, fac wrkth teh dkbbkwmaj ghahfte teh m`fjh> Curmaj `y kgshrvfaoh kd

Fakay`kus/Bubz_ho efolhrs ma f oeft rkk` ofbbhc MathrahtDhcs, . . . Bkj rhokrchc Choh`ghr 77,

7969. (_hfroe Zfrrfat 79, HOD Ak. 7?-6.) Seh m`fjh kgsourhc teh ushraf`h kd teh oeft pfrtmompfat

weksh sorhha efc ghha ofpturhc, gut faktehr pfrtmompfat ma teh oeft rkk` fccrhsshc em` fs FH_. (Mc.

76.)

Seha, ka Nuah 8, 7967, teh gkkl Zh Frh Fakay`kus, gy Yfr`y Kbska, wfs pugbmsehc. (Mc. 7:.)

Ma teh gkkl, Kbska wrkth> Kwhas qukth . . . ok`hs drk` sorhhasekts kd teh #MathrahtDhcs oeft rkk`

`fch gy drhhbfaoh nkurafbmst @fttehw Lhys, wemoe whrh h-`fmbhc tk `h gy Lhys ma hfrby 7966. Lhys

wfs mavmthc tk kgshrvh teh jkmajs-ka ma MathrahtDhcs drk` Choh`ghr kd 7969 tk Nfaufry kd 7966. Eh

ushc teh amolaf`h FH_Orfolhc. (Mc.< h`pefsms fcchc.)

Hfrbmhr, ka @fy 78, 7967, Lhys efc ushc teh skomfb ahtwkrlmaj shrvmoh Swmtthr tk pkst fgkut ems

Ofsh 7>6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh 6? kd 7=


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mavkbvh`hat ma teh gkkl Zh Frh Fakay`kus, pkstmaj Sems ms teh gkkl M` ma. ]ku sekubc temal fgkut

guymaj mt. (Mc. 75.) Ma ems pkst, Lhys bmalhc tk teh gkkl. (Mc.)

D. Seh DGM Kgtfmahc F _hfroe Zfrrfat Dkr Lhys Ahw Nhrshy Whsmchaoh.Ka Kotkghr ?, 7967, @fjmstrfth Nucjh @moefhb F. Ef``hr, kd teh Xamthc _tfths Cmstrmot Okurt

dkr teh Cmstrmot kd Ahw Nhrshy, mssuhc f shfroe wfrrfat futekrmzmaj teh DGM tk shfroe Lhys _hofuous,

Ahw Nhrshy fpfrt`hat. (HOD Ak. 7?-6.) Seh wfrrfat fppbmoftmka maobuchc, gut wfs akt bm`mthc tk, teh

dfots chsormghc fgkvh, fac chsormghc Lhys ush kd `ubtmpbh Mathraht pshuckay`s, fbkaj wmte prkxy

shrvhrs, ma krchr tk okaohfb ems mchatmty. (Mc. 8-?7.) Seh jkvhra`hat dmbhc teh wfrrfat wmtekut shfb.

6. Seh Zfrrfat Fppbmoftmka Chsormghc Hvmchaoh Fs Whohat fs @froe fac

@fy 7967.

Seh wfrrfat fppbmoftmkas prkgfgbh ofush stfth`hat maobuchc Lhys fots kd @froe fac @fy 7967,

chsormghc fgkvh. (Mc. 8-?7.)

7. Seh Zfrrfat Bm`mthc Zeft teh DGM Okubc _hmzh.

Ma mts Fttfoe`hat G (MSH@_ SK GH _HM^HC), teh wfrrfat sht kut bm`mtftmkas ka weft okubc

gh shmzhc. (Mc. pp. 8-5.) Sehsh bm`mtftmkas whrh tmhc tk sphomdmhc kddhashs (65 X._.O. ?:6

(okaspmrfoy), 69?9(f)(8) (trfas`mttmaj `fbmomkus okch), fac 69?9(f)(4) (trfddmolmaj ma pfsswkrcs))< teh

fttfols ka teh Srmguah shrvhr ghtwhha Choh`ghr 6, 7969, fac teh prhshat< rhokrcs rhbftmaj tk trfddmolmaj

ma pfsswkrcs< fac rhokrcs rhbftmaj tk 76 sphomdmo pshuckay`s, maobucmaj teksh chsormghc fgkvh, teft

whrh cmsousshc ma teh wfrrfat fppbmoftmka. (Mc.)

Ma krchr tk shfroe dkr teh mth`s okatfmahc wmtema tehsh bm`mtftmkas, teh wfrrfat futekrmzhc fjhats

tk shfroe, okpy, m`fjh fac shmzh teh dkbbkwmaj mth`s dkr kddsmth rhvmhw\.P (Mc. p. 4.) Sehsh dkbbkwmaj

mth`s whrh chdmahc ma tha ofthjkrmhs, wemoe okubc gh su``frmzhc fs okvhrmaj ok`puthrs, cmjmtfb

hqump`hat, kr hbhotrkamo stkrfjh `hcmf ghbkajmaj tk Lhys teft whrh ofpfgbh kd ok``mttmaj kr stkrmaj

hvmchaoh kd teh fdkrh`hatmkahc kddhashs< rhbfthc ckou`hatftmka fac skdtwfrh< foohss-okatrkb chvmohs

ahohssfry tk foohss Lhys ok`puthrs fac cftf< rhokrcs sekwmaj wek wfs usmaj Lhys chvmoh tk ok``mt

teh fdkrh`hatmkahc kddhashs< hvmchaoh kd skdtwfrh chsmjahc tk hbm`mafth cftf< fac okathxtufb

madkr`ftmka ahohssfry tk uachrstfac mth`s dfbbmaj wmtema Fttfoe`hat G. (Mc. pp. 4-5.)

Yursufat tk tems wfrrfat, teh DGM shmzhc drk` Lhys f bfptkp ok`puthr fac twk hxthrafb efrc



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crmvhs.

?. _ugshquhat Hxf`maftmka kd Lhys Ok`puthr Whvhfbhc Hvmchaoh kd tehB.F.

Sm`hsFttfols.

Dkrhasmo hxf`maftmka kd Lhys bfptkp rhvhfbhc sfvhc sorhhasekts sekwmaj Lhys ush kd tehpshuckay` FH_Orfolhc ma Mathraht oeft, fac ems okavhrsftmkas wmte Fakay`kus efolhrs, maobucmaj f

efolhr usmaj teh pshuckay` _efrpmh. (_hh Jkv.s Hx. G ft 3-: (Mamtmfb Lhys Ok`puthr Whvmhw).)

_efrpmh grfjjhc fgkut hcmtmaj faB.F. Sm`hsstkry fac stfthc teft eh efc ftth`pthc tk fbthr teh drkat pfjh

bfykut kd tehB.F. Sm`hs, gut efc ghha bkolhc kut gyB.F. Sm`hsok`puthr phrskaahb. (Mc. 4-:.) Lhys

kddhrhc tk ehbp _efrpmh rhjfma foohss tk tehB.F. Sm`hsgut teha cmsokvhrhc teft eh tkk efc ghha bkolhc

kut kd tehB.F. Sm`hsok`puthr systh`. (Mc.)

J. Zembh teh _hfroe Zfrrfat ms Hxhouthc, Lhys Okashats tk Fa Mathrvmhw Zmte teh

DGM, fac Fc`mts tk _hacmaj teh Yshuckay`kus H-@fmbs tk Dkx 39, Fttfolmaj teh

B.F. Sm`hs, fac Xsmaj teh Yshuckay` FH_Orfolhc.

Lhys wfs akt frrhsthc curmaj teh wfrrfats hxhoutmka. Akahtehbhss, twk DGM fjhats rhfc Lhys

ems@mrfacfwframajs fac mathrvmhwhc em` ma ems fpfrt`hat wembh teh wfrrfat wfs ghmaj hxhouthc.

(Lhys Mathrvmhw Sr., 6-7, HOD Ak. 7?-8.) Seh fjhats fslhc Lhys wehtehr eh prhdhrrhc tk gh mathrvmhwhc

ma f cmddhrhat rkk` wmtema teh fpfrt`hat gut, ft Lhys rhquhst, tehy rh`fmahc ma teh sf`h rkk`. (Mc. 7-

?.) Seh fjhats grkujet Lhys wfthr. (Mc. 67.) Seh mathrvmhw bfsthc fgkut twk ekurs fac wfs fucmk-

rhokrchc gy teh DGM. Lhys fc`mtthc tk shbhotmaj teh pshuckay` FH_Orfolhc ma krchr tk fpphfr

futehatmo kr lakwbhcjhfgbh tk `h`ghrs kd Fakay`kus. (Mc. 64-6:.) Lhys hxpbfmahc ems shbhotmka> eh

lahw teft ZmlmBhfls efc prhvmkusby rhbhfshc f cftf dmbh haorypthc usmaj teh FH_ haoryptmka fbjkrmte`,

fac fbtekuje Lhys cmc akt lakw weft FH_ wfs, eh lahw teft Fakay`kus wkubc. (Mc.)

Lhys durtehr fc`mtthc tflmaj sorhhasekts kd Mathraht oefts eh wmsehc tk rhtfma, fac folakwbhcjhc

pfrtmompftmaj ma teh oeft rhdhrhaohc ma teh shfroe wfrrfat fppbmoftmka. (Mc. 6=-75.) Eh fafbkjmzhc ems

smtuftmka tk teft kd f dkr`hr amjet `fafjhr ft f rhtfmb stkrh wek stmbb efc teh lhys tk teh stkrh. (Mc. ?4.)

Lhys fbsk hxpbfmahc wey eh wfathc tk tfbl tk teh DGM> Sems ms kah kd teh rhfskas wey M` tfblmaj tk

yku fs kppkshc tk sfymaj, yku lakw, M wfat f bfwyhr, kr M wfat tk tfbl tk, yku lakw, okuashb ft Srmguah,

kr, fjfma M` skrry, Whuthrs kr faytemaj bmlh teft ms ghofush, yku lakw, M cmc mt. (Mc. 8?.)



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Lhys fbsk hxprhsshc wkrry kvhr weft wkubc efppha md teh DGMs mavhstmjftmka kd em` ghof`h

pugbmo> @y okaohra ms tems hvhatufbby jhttmaj kut tehrh uachr `y af`h, u`, fac M lakw teft tehrh frh

wfys teft, yku lakw, bmlh ofbbmaj `h f okkphrftmaj wmtahss kr, kr sk`htemaj bmlh teft. Sehrhs, wefthvhr

ma ykur fgmbmty tk `mam`fbmzh \smoP teh m`pfot. (Mc. 48-44.) Eh fcchc Zhbb, pfrt kd teh mssuh ms tefttems kddhash wfs o-o-ok``mtthc fjfmast f ahws krjfamzftmka. (Mc. 44.)

MMM. BHJFB FAFB]_M_F. Seh _hfroe Zfrrfat _ftmsdmhc teh Dkurte F`hac`hat.

Lhys frjuhs teft teh shfroe wfrrfat wfs uaokastmtutmkafbby kvhrgrkfc fac teh `kchra

hqumvfbhat kd f jhahrfb wfrrfat. (Chd.s @kt. _upprhss 69, HOD Ak. 7?.) Seh orux kd ems frju`hat ms

teft f ok`puthr shfroe wfrrfat ms kvhrgrkfc uabhss teh `fjmstrfth dkbbkws teh jumchbmahs sht kut ma teh

okaourrmaj kpmamka ma Xamthc _tfths v. Ok`prhehasmvh Cruj Shstmaj, Mao. (OCS MMM), 476 D.?c 6647

(=teOmr. 7969). Ekwhvhr, hvha Lhys fc`mts tehsh jumchbmahs frh akt bfw. (Chd.s @kt. _upprhss 63,

HOD Ak. 7?.) Lhys frju`hat dfmbs uachr Amate Omroumt prhohchat.

6. Seh Zfrrfat Zfs _uddmomhatby Yfrtmoubfr fac Akt Kvhrgrkfc.

Ok`puthrs bmh ft teh ohathr kd tems ofsh> teh vmotm`B.F. Sm`hsok`puthr wfs fttfolhc gy ktehr

ok`puthrs ft teh cmrhotmka kd tehmr ushrs, kah kd wek` wfs Lhys. Ma teh wfrrfat chsormghc fgkvh, teh

jkvhra`hat hstfgbmsehc prkgfgbh ofush tk shfroe Lhys ok`puthrs fac cmjmtfb `hcmf dkr hvmchaoh kd

sphomdmo ok`puthr orm`hs. Jmvha teh wfrrfats bm`mtftmkas tk hau`hrfthc orm`hs fac f cfth rfajh, mt wfs

rhfskafgbh dkr teh DGM tk shmzh Lhys ok`puthr, fac twk kd ems hxthrafb efrc crmvhs.

Seh Dkurte F`hac`hat rhqumrhs teft f wfrrfat chsormgh wmte pfrtmoubfrmty teh temajs tk gh

shmzhc. X._. Okast. f`hac. MT. _hfroe wfrrfats `ust gh sphomdmo ma gkte pfrtmoubfrmty fac grhfcte.

Xamthc _tfths v. Grkgst, 885 D.?c =57, ==? (=teOmr. 799=). Seh chsormptmka kd teh temajs tk gh shmzhc

`ust gh sphomdmo hakuje tk hafgbh teh kddmohrs okacuotmaj teh shfroe rhfskafgby tk mchatmdy teh temajs

futekrmzhc tk gh shmzhc. Mc. Ekwhvhr, teh shfroe wfrrfat ahhc kaby gh rhfskafgby sphomdmo, rftehr tefa

hbfgkrfthby chtfmbhc. Mc. (quktmaj Xamthc _tfths v. Wuch, 55 D.?c 68?5, 6886 (=teOmr. 6==4)). Seh

sphomdmomty rhqumrhc vfrmhs chphacmaj ka teh omrou`stfaohs kd teh ofsh fac teh typh kd mth`s mavkbvhc.

Mc. Sems pfrtmoubfrmty fbsk hasurhs teft teh `fjmstrfth mssumaj teh wfrrfat ms dubby fpprmshc kd teh sokph

kd teh shfroe fac ofa teus foourfthby chthr`mah wehtehr teh hatmrh shfroe ms suppkrthc gy prkgfgbh



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ofush. Mc. (quktmaj Xamthc _tfths v. @faa, ?5= D.?c 54= ft 5:: (=teOmr. 7993)).

Seh Amate Omroumt fppbmhc tems dbhxmgbh stfacfrc tk teh shfroe fac shmzurh kd hbhotrkamo `hcmf ma

Xamthc _tfths v. Jmghrska, 87: D.?c 557 (=teOmr. 7995). Ma Jmghrska, teh Amate Omroumt upehbc f cmstrmot

okurts chamfb kd chdhacfat Jmghrskas `ktmka tk supprhss hvmchaoh dkuac ka Jmghrskas ok`puthr. Sehokurt ehbc teft teh wfrrfat ft mssuh chsormghc teh mth`s tk gh shfroehc fac shmzhc fs pfrtmoubfrby fs

okubc gh rhfskafgby hxphothc jmvha teh afturh kd teh orm`h fac teh hvmchaoh \teh jkvhra`hatP teha

pksshsshc. Mc. ft 554 (quktmaj Xamthc _tfths v. Fcnfam, 387 D.?c 6639, 663= (=teOmr. 7994)). Seh okurt

teha okaobuchc teft teh wfrrfat wfs akt f jhahrfb wfrrfat, fac akthc teft teh Amate Omroumt efs bkaj

ehbc teft f shfroe wfrrfat futekrmzmaj teh shmzurh kd `fthrmfbs fbsk futekrmzhs teh shfroe kd kgnhots teft

okubc okatfma teksh `fthrmfbs. Mc.

Xachr Amate Omroumt bfw, mt ms fpprkprmfth tk shmzh ok`puthrs fac hbhotrkamo `hcmf wehrh, fs

ehrh, teh fddmcfvmt suppkrts teh okaobusmka teft f ok`puthr wfs ushc tk ok``mt teh kddhash. _hh Grkgst,

885 D.?c =57 (ekbcmaj teft teh shmzurh kd ok`puthrs, ok`pfot cmsls, dbkppy cmsls, efrc crmvhs, fac ktehr

stkrfjh `hcmf wfs phr`mssmgbh gfshc ka teh cmsokvhry kd kah fppfrhat oembc pkrakjrfpey pektkjrfpe

ghfrmaj Mathraht-typh `frlmajs)< Xamthc _tfths v. Efy, 7?6 D.?c 4?9, 4?: (=teOmr. 7999) (ekbcmaj f

jhahrmo obfssmdmoftmka futekrmzmaj teh shmzurh kd fa hatmrh ok`puthr systh` fac vmrtufbby hvhry

ckou`hat ma \teh chdhacfatsP pksshssmka wmtekut rhdhrhaomaj oembc pkrakjrfpey kr fay ktehr pfrtmoubfr

kddhash okacuot wfs phr`mssmgbh)6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh 6: kd 7=


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7. Seh Jkvhra`hat Zfs Akt Whqumrhc tk Dkbbkw Sfùrf/OCS MMMYrkohcurhs.

Chdhacfats frju`hat ms dkrhobkshc gy Xamthc _tfths v. _oehssk, :?9 D.?c 6939 (=teOmr. 796?).

Ma _oehssk, teh Amate Omroumt rhvhrshc f cmstrmot okurts krchr jrfatmaj f `ktmka tk supprhss gfshc ka teh

jkvhra`hats dfmburh tk dkbbkw teh shfroe prktkokbs sujjhsthc gy teh okaourrmaj kpmamka ma Xamthc _tfths

v. Ok`prhehasmvh Cruj Shstmaj, Mao. (OCS MMM), 476 D.?c 6647, 66:: (=teOmr. 7969). Ma _oehssk,

pkbmoh kgtfmahc f wfrrfat futekrmzmaj f shfroe kd _oehssks rhsmchaoh dkr \fPay ok`puthr kr hbhotrkamo

hqump`hat kr cmjmtfb cftf stkrfjh chvmohs teft frh ofpfgbh kd ghmaj ushc dkr oembc-pkrakjrfpey

pksshssmka fac trfddmolmaj. :?9 D.?c ft 693?. Seh wfrrfat phr`mtthc kdd-smth hxf`maftmka, fafbysms, fac

rhokvhry kd cftf, fac okatfmahc ahmtehr prktkokbs dkr smdtmaj terkuje teh cftf, akr fay prkvmsmka dkr teh

rhtura kd aka-hvmchatmfry prkphrty. Mc.

Xpka rhvmhwmaj teh wfrrfat, teh Amate Omroumt okaobuchc teft mts bfol kd hbhotrkamo cftf shfroe

prktkokbs ahmtehr vmkbfthc teh Dkurte F`hac`hat, akr wfs maokasmsthat wmte OCS MMM kr mts prhchohsskr

ofsh, Xamthc _tfths v. Sfùrf, 4=3 D.7c 8=6 (=teOmr. 6=57). Mc. ft 693:. Seh okurt hxpbfmahc teft

_oehssks sohafrmk cmc akt m`pbmofth teh rhfb okaohra fam`ftmaj teh okurt ma OCS MMMfac Sfùrf>

prhvhatmaj teh jkvhra`hat drk` kvhrshmzmaj cftf fac teha usmaj teh prkohss kd mchatmdymaj fac

shjrhjftmaj shmzfgbh hbhotrkamo cftf tk grmaj okastmtutmkafbby prkthothc cftf matk pbfma vmhw. Mc. ft

6935, quktmaj OCS MMM, 476 D.?c ft 66:6 (phr ourmf` kpmamka).

Seh Amate Omroumt durtehr okatrfsthc _oehssks smtuftmka wmte OCS MMMfac Sfùrf, aktmaj teft

teh jkvhra`hat prkphrby hxhouthc teh wfrrfat dkr _oehssks rhsmchaoh, shmzmaj kaby teh chvmohs okvhrhc

gy teh wfrrfat fac dkr wemoe mt efc sekwa prkgfgbh ofush. Mc. ft 693=. Gfshc ka hvmchaoh teft _oehssk

pksshsshc fac cmstrmguthc f oembc pkrakjrfpey vmchk ka f phhr-tk-phhr dmbh-sefrmaj ahtwkrl, pkbmoh efc

prkgfgbh ofush tk ghbmhvh teft _oehssk wfs f oembc pkrakjrfpey okbbhotkr fac teus tk shfroe _oehssks

ok`puthr systh` dkr fay hvmchaoh kd pksshssmka kd kr chfbmaj ma oembc pkrakjrfpey. Mc. Ma ktehr

wkrcs, _oehssks hatmrh ok`puthr systh` fac fbb ems cmjmtfb stkrfjh chvmohs whrh susphot. Mc.

_hh fbsk Xamthc _tfths v. Gbflh, Ak. 6>95-or-9753 KZZ, 7969 ZB :97=85, ft *3 (H.C. Ofb.

Dhg. 78, 7969) (Sehrh ms ak bhjfb rhqumrh`hat teft f shfroe wfrrfat maobuch f sphomdmoftmka kd teh

prhomsh `faahr ma wemoe teh shfroe ms tk gh hxhouthc. (Omtftmkas k`mtthc.) Fs teh Shate Omroumt efs

hxpbfmahc, wembh f shfroe wfrrfat ùst chsormgh wmte pfrtmoubfrmty teh kgnhot kd teh shfroe, teh



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`htekckbkjy ushc tk dmac teksh kgnhots ahhc akt gh chsormghc> tems okurt efs ahvhr rhqumrhc wfrrfats tk

okatfma f pfrtmoubfrmzhc ok`puthr shfroe strfthjy. (Omtftmkas k`mtthc.) Fdthr f ok`puthr shfroe, \mPt ms

uarhfbmstmo tk hxphot f wfrrfat tk prksphotmvhby rhstrmot teh sokph kd f shfroe gy cmrhotkry, dmbh af`h kr

hxthasmka kr tk ftth`pt tk struoturh shfroe `htekcsteft prkohss ùst rh`fma cyaf`mo.Ehrh, fs ma _oehssk, teh jkvhra`hat prkphrby hxhouthc teh wfrrfat dkr Lhys rhsmchaoh, shmzmaj

kaby teh chvmohs okvhrhc gy teh wfrrfat fac dkr wemoe mt efc sekwa prkgfgbh ofush. Gfshc ka hvmchaoh

teft Lhys efc pfrtmompfthc ma fac stmbb pksshsshc cmjmtfb hvmchaoh kd f efolmaj fttfol fjfmast tehB.F.

Sm`hs, pkbmoh efc prkgfgbh ofush tk shfroe Lhyss ok`puthrs fac cmjmtfb `hcmf dkr hvmchaoh kd

okaspmrfoy, ok`puthr efolmaj, fac pfsswkrc-trfddmolmaj. Fs ma _oehssk, Lhys hatmrh ok`puthr systh`

fac fbb ems cmjmtfb stkrfjh chvmohs whrh susphot.

Seus, uachr teh rhohat fac gmacmaj prhohchat kd _oehssk, teh jkvhra`hat wfs akt rhqumrhc tk

dkbbkw Sfùrf/OCS MMMprkohcurhs. Hvha md tems Okurt whrh tk okaobuch teft teh jkvhra`hat sekubc

efvh maokrpkrfthc suoe prkohcurhs, mt ghfrs aktmaj teft ahmtehr Sfùrfakr OCS MMMrhsubthc ma teh

supprhssmka kd hvmchaoh chspmth teh fgshaoh kd prhofutmkafry prkohcurhs. _oehssk, :?9 D.?c ft 6986

a.=.3

?. Seh Zfrrfat Fppbmoftmka Hstfgbmsehc Yrkgfgbh Ofush fac Zfs Akt _tfbh.

Seh Kotkghr ?, 7967 shfroe wfrrfat wfs gfshc ka fa fddmcfvmt teft chsormghc hvhats teft efc

koourrhc ma @froe fac @fy 7967. (_hfroe Zfrrfat 79, 7:-75, HOD Ak. 7?-6.) _maoh teh cfth kd teh

B.F. Sm`hsefol, Lhys efc sfvhc fac sefrhc sorhha sekts kd ems oefts wmte Fakay`kus. (Mc. 76, 7:.)

Eh ushc Swmtthr tk prk`kth f gkkl ma wemoe ems sorhha sekts fpphfrhc. Machhc, teh fddmcfvmt stfthc teft

Lhys whg gbkj, www.prkcuohr`fttehw.ok`, ms stmbb fotmvh fac okatfmas stkrmhs jkmaj gfol tk @fy

7969, maobucmaj stkrmhs fgkut Fakay`kus drk` fpprkxm`fthby Choh`ghr 7969. (Mc. ?4). Seus,

sugstfatmfb hvmchaoh suppkrthc teh fddmfats kpmamka teft Lhys wfs prkuc kd ems foemhvh`hat fac bmlhby

tk efvh lhpt rhokrcs kd mt. Seh wfrrfat wfs akt gfshc ka oruch sthrhktyphs kd ok`puthr ushrs fac

3_mttmaj ma Ahw Nhrshy, @fjmstrfth Ef``hr wkubc efvh ghha gkuac gy teh Semrc Omroumtsrhnhotmka kd kah kd teh OCS MMMjumchbmahs. Xamthc _tfths v. _tfgmbh, 4?? D.?c 76=, 736 a.64 (?c Omr.7966) (chobmamaj tk dkrswhfr pbfma vmhw ma dfvkr kd fbbkwmaj teh okatkurs kd teh pbfma vmhw ckotrmah tkchvhbkp maorh`hatfbby terkuje teh akr`fb okursh kd dfot-gfshc fcnucmoftmka (quktmaj Xamthc _tfths v.@faa, 8=7 D.?c ::= ft :58 (:teOmr. 7969)).

Ofsh 7>6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh 6= kd 7=


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nkurafbmsts, Chd.s @kt. tk _upprhss 65, gut masthfc ka kgshrvftmka kd Lhys shbd-prk`ktmka gfshc ka

ems foohss tk f emje-bhvhb Fakay`kus oeft rkk`.

F `fjmstrfths chthr`maftmka kd prkgfgbh ofush ms fddkrchc jrhft chdhrhaoh gy rhvmhwmaj

okurts. Mbbmakms v. Jfths, 347 X._. 76?, 7?4 (X._. 6=5?). F trmfb okurts chthr`maftmka teft fa fddmcfvmtprkvmchc prkgfgbh ofush tk mssuh f shfroe wfrrfat wmbb gh upehbc uabhss obhfrby hrrkahkus. Xamthc _tfths

v. Ghrtrfac, =74 D.7c 5?5, 536 (=teOmr. 6==6). Md teh okurt dmacs teft uachr teh tktfbmty kd teh

omrou`stfaohs teh `fjmstrfth efc f sugstfatmfb gfsms dkr okaobucmaj teft prkgfgbh ofush hxmsthc, teh

wfrrfat wmbb gh upehbc. Xamthc _tfths v. Ehrafachz-Hsofrshjf, 554 D.7c 6849 ft 684? (quktmaj Xamthc

_tfths v. @oVumstha, :=8 D.7c 585, 546 (=teOmr. 6=54)).

Madkr`ftmka uachrbymaj f wfrrfat ms akt stfbh md tehrh ms suddmomhat gfsms tk ghbmhvh, gfshc ka f

okatmaumaj pftthra kr ktehr jkkc rhfskas, teft teh mth`s tk gh shmzhc frh stmbb ka teh prh`mshs. _oehssk,

:?9 D.?c ft 693: (quktmaj Xamthc _tfths v. Bfoy, 66= D.?c :37, :38-34 (=teOmr. 6==:) (mathrafb quktftmka

`frls fac omtftmka k`mtthc)). MaBfoy, wemoe Lhys fbsk omths, teh Amate Omroumt okaobuchc teft tha-

`kate-kbc madkr`ftmka wfs akt stfbh. Mc. ft :38. SehBfoy okurts fafbysms fbsk turahc ka teh shfroe

wfrrfat fddmcfvmts cmsoussmka kd ekw oembc-pkrakjrfpey okbbhotkrs emjeby vfbuh tehmr shxufbby hxpbmomt

`fthrmfbs. Mc. ft :34. Kah omroumt okurt efs ehbc teft jmvha teh phrsmsthat afturh kd cmjmtfb hvmchaoh,

stfbhahss ms rfrhby hvha f ushdub okaohpt. Xamthc _tfths v. _hmvhr, 4=7 D.?c ::3 (:teOmr. 7967)

(_tfbhahss ms emjeby rhbhvfat tk teh bhjfbmty kd f shfroe dkr f phrmsefgbh kr okasu`fgbh kgnhot, bmlh

okofmah, gut rfrhby rhbhvfat weha mt ms f ok`puthr dmbh. Ok`puthrs fac ok`puthr hqump`hat frh akt teh

typh kd hvmchaoh teft rfpmcby cmssmpfths kr chjrfchs.) (quktmaj Xamthc _tfths v. Tksgurje, 497 D.?c

867, 87= (?cOmr. 7969)).

Ehrh, teh jkvhra`hat maobuchc dmvh-`kate-kbc fac shvha-`kate-kbc hvmchaoh ma mts shfroe

wfrrfat fppbmoftmka. Sems hvmchaoh wfs ft bhfst terhh `kates drhsehr tefa teft fpprkvhc gy tehBfoy

okurt. Durtehr`krh, ofsh-sphomdmo dfots dfvkrhc teh madhrhaoh teft Lhys wfs stmbb `fmatfmamaj hvmchaoh.

Fdthr fbb, ka ems pugbmoby fvfmbfgbh gbkj, Lhys stmbb lhpt pksts fgkut Fakay`kus drk` twk yhfrs hfrbmhr.

(_hfroe Zfrrfat ?4, HOD Ak. 7?-6.) Fs maBfoy, teh shfroe wfrrfat fddmcfvmt ma tems ofsh hxpbfmahc

teft Lhys emjeby vfbuhc tems hvmchaoh ghofush eh wfs prkuc kd ems mathrfotmkas wmte Fakay`kus, fac

gfshc ka hvmchaoh, rhjfrchc teh hpmskch fs fa fook`pbmse`hat teft eh wfats tk pugbmse fac rhohmvh



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orhcmt dkr ma teh duturh. (Mc.) Fbtekuje tehBfoyokurt rhbmhc ka jhahrfb kgshrvftmkas fgkut oembc-

pkrakjrfpey okbbhotkrs, ehrh teh Okurt ofa pkmat tk Lhys pugbmoftmka kd tems hvmchaoh tk ems kwa

whgsmth, fac ems Swmtthr pksts fs sphomdmo hvmchaoh kd ekw emjeby Lhys vfbuhc mt.

Lhys stfbhahss frju`hats fbb dfmb. Eh omths fa Krhjka cmstrmot okurt kpmamka, Xamthc _tfths v.

Jrhftekush, 7=: D._upp.7c 6743 (C. Kr. 799?), wemoe ms cmstmajumsefgbh ghofush mt fccrhsshc temrthha-

`kate-kbc hvmchaoh. @krhvhr, Jrhftekushefs ghha ormtmomzhc gy teh _hvhate Omroumt fs okatfmamaj

kvhrby-rhstrmotmvh fafbysms kd prkgfgbh ofush. _hh X._. v. Yrmchfux-Zhatz, 83? D.?c =83, =47 (:teOmr.

7995) (\SPeh jkvhra`hat ms akt rhqumrhc tk prkvh teft \chdhacfatP kwahc teh sf`h ok`puthr ghtwhha

rhsmchaohs ma krchr tk hstfgbmse prkgfgbh ofush.) Seus, mt wfs rhfskafgbh dkr teh jkvhra`hat tk fssu`h

teft Lhys grkujet ems ok`puthrs fac cmjmtfb `hcmf wmte em` weha eh `kvhc drk` Ofbmdkramf tk Ahw

Nhrshy.

Mt ms m``fthrmfb wehtehr Lhys pksthc tk ems whgsmth f sorhhasekt kd oeft bkjs, kr oeft bkjs

teh`shbvhs> ma hmtehr ofsh, tehy ok`prmshc rhohat hvmchaoh kd Lhys mavkbvh`hat ma teh orm`hs uachr

mavhstmjftmka. Seh `fjmstrfth wfs madkr`hc hxfotby kd teh cmddhrhaoh, dkr wefthvhr mt wfs wkrte. Ma teh

wfrrfat fppbmoftmka, teh DGM foourfthby chsormghc teh pkstmaj fs fa m`fjh, fac f okathxtufb

sorhhasekt, fac fttfoehc teh m`fjh sk teft teh `fjmstrfth okubc rhvmhw mt em`shbd. Dmafbby, fs hxpbfmahc

fgkvh, teh shfroe wfrrfat fddmcfvmt cmc akt rhby ka sthrhktyphs, gut masthfc fafbyzhc Lhys ghefvmkr

sphomdmofbby fac rhfskafgby okaobuchc teft Lhys wfs bmlhby prhshrvmaj teh oeft bkj sorhhasekts fs vfbuhc

`h`hatks kd ems mathrfotmkas wmte Fakay`kus.

3. Seh Jkkc Dfmte Hxohptmka tk teh Hxobusmkafry Wubh Fppbmhs Ehrh.

Hvha md tems Okurt chthr`mahs teft teh wfrrfat ms chdmomhat, mt sekubc stmbb chay Lhys `ktmka tk

supprhss uachr teh jkkc dfmte hxohptmka tk teh hxobusmkafry rubh. \SPeh `frjmafb kr akahxmsthat

ghahdmts prkcuohc gy supprhssmaj hvmchaoh kgtfmahc ma kgnhotmvhby rhfskafgbh rhbmfaoh ka f sugshquhatby

mavfbmcfthc shfroe wfrrfat ofaakt nustmdy teh sugstfatmfb oksts kd hxobusmka. Xamthc _tfths v. Bhka, 345

X._. 5=:, =77 (6=53). Zeha kddmohrs kgtfma f shfroe wfrrfat teft ms bfthr chh`hc mavfbmc, teh

hxobusmkafry rubh wmbb akt fppby uabhss teh kddmohrs whrh cmsekahst kr rholbhss ma prhpfrmaj tehmr

fddmcfvmt kr okubc akt efvh efrgkrhc fa kgnhotmvhby rhfskafgbh ghbmhd ma teh hxmsthaoh kd prkgfgbh ofush.

Mc. ft =74.



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Ehrh, @fjmstrfth Nucjh Ef``hr wfs akt `msbhc gy madkr`ftmka ma teh fddmcfvmt, eh cmc akt

wekbby fgfacka ems nucmomfb rkbh, fac teh fddmcfvmt wfs akt sk bfolmaj ma macmomf kd prkgfgbh ofush fs tk

rhachr kddmomfb ghbmhd ma mts hxmsthaoh hatmrhby uarhfskafgbh. Mc. ft =7? (quktmajGrkwa v. Mbbmakms, 377

X._. 8=9, 466 (6=:8) (Ykwhbb, N., okaourrmaj ma pfrt)). _hh fbsk Xamthc _tfths v. _em, 878 D.?c :9=, :?6(=teOmr. 7995) (okaobucmaj teft hvha md teh wfrrfat wfs chdmomhat, hxhoutmaj jkvhra`hat fjhats whrh

hatmtbhc tk teh jkkc dfmte hxohptmka)< Xamthc _tfths v. Orhws, 897 D.?c 66?9, 6639 (=te Omr. 799:)

(dmacmaj teft teh "f`kuat kd wkrl teft what matk teh pkbmoh mavhstmjftmka, survhmbbfaoh, fac hxhoutmka kd

shfroe wfrrfat" ehbphc hstfgbmse teh jkvhra`hat's jkkc-dfmte rhbmfaoh).

G. Seh _hfroe Zfrrfat Okatfmahc Ak @fthrmfb K`mssmkas fac F Drfals Ehfrmaj Ms

Akt Whqumrhc.

Lhys shhls f Drfalsehfrmaj gfshc ka twk fbbhjhcby `fthrmfb k`mssmkas ma teh shfroe wfrrfat

fddmcfvmt. Kah obfm`hc k`mssmka cmc akt okaohra f dfot ft fbb. Wftehr, mt mavkbvhc fa fjhats

prhbm`mafry kpmamka ghdkrh eh bhfrahc kd>

F shmzhc stfth`hat gy Lfybf teft Lhys fs FH_Orfolhc efc ghha teh skuroh dkr tehB.F. Sm`hsbkjma orhchatmfbs (DGM Nfaufry 7967 @h`k ?) fbsk, m cmcakt jmvh yku teksh pfsswkrcs dkr rhshfroe. m wfat yku tk duol semt up. (_hfroe Zfrrfat 33, HOD Ak.7?-6.)



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sekubc efvh stfthc ma teh fddmcfvmt teft tems _forf`hatk MY fccrhss wfs fc`mamsthrhc gy Okòfst, wembh

Lhys wfs f oustk`hr kd FS&S. (Mc.) Ekwhvhr, teh maobusmka kd tems madkr`ftmka ma teh fddmcfvmt wkubc

akt efvh rh`kvhc prkgfgbh ofush. Lhys wfs fbrhfcy f susphot ma teh mavhstmjftmka gfshc ka ktehr

hvmchaoh, fac jmvha ems bkoftmka ma _forf`hatk ft teh tm`h kd teh kddhashs, teh ush kd f _forf`hatk MYfccrhss ghbkajmaj tk Okòfst, FS&S, kr fay Mathraht _hrvmoh Yrkvmchr wkubc efvh kaby fcchc tk

prkgfgbh ofush. Seh fddmcfvmt cmc akt kvhrstfth teh hvmchaoh gy, h.j., stftmaj teft teh MY fccrhss

okrrhspkachc tk Lhys rhsmchaoh.

Durtehr`krh, tehrh frh f au`ghr kd hxpbfaftmkas wey Lhys okubc efvh ushc faktehr _forf`hatk

MY fccrhss ma teh okursh kd ems okacuot> eh okubc efvh foohsshc teh Mathraht drk` f ofd, teh ek`h kd

drmhacs kr df`mby, kr faktehr bkoftmka, pkssmgby ma krchr tk durtehr okaohfb ems mchatmty. Fs teh Amate

Omroumt stfthc ma Orfmjehfc, f shfroe wfrrfat fddmfat ahhc akt prkvmch madkr`ftmka fgkut hvhry tehkry,

ak `ftthr uabmlhby, teft wkubc okatrkvhrt teh jkkc-dfmte ghbmhd teft prkgfgbh ofush hxmsthc dkr teh shfroe.

8?= D.?c ft 6956.

Lhys dmafb frju`hats frh teft teh fddmcfvmt dfmbhc tk `hatmka teft prkxy shrvhrs kdtha shrvh fs

prkxmhs dkr `fay phkpbh ft f tm`h, fac `fch ak hddkrt tk hxpbfma teh `kate-bkaj jfp ghtwhha

dkxùbchr39==s fac FH_Orfolhcs ush kd teh sf`h MY fccrhss. Sehsh frju`hats ùst dfmb fs whbb.

Seh fddmcfvmt chdmahs f Yrkxy _hrvhr fs fotmaj fs fa mathr`hcmfry dkr rhquhsts drk` obmhats shhlmaj

rhskurohs drk` ktehr shrvhrs. (_hfroe Zfrrfat ft 6?, d, HOD Ak. 7?-6.) Seh fddmcfvmt durtehr stfths

teft prkxy shrvhrs frh ushc gy phkpbh ka teh Mathraht tk fvkmc efvmaj tehmr fotmvmty trfohc gfol tk

teh`. (Mc. 68.) Sehsh chdmamtmkas frh wrmttha ma teh pburfb fac ma ak wfy shrvhc tk `msbhfc teh

`fjmstrfth matk ghbmhvmaj teft f prkxy shrvhr ofa kaby gh ushc gy kah phrska. Seh fddmcfvmt akwehrh

stfths teft Lhys wfs teh skbh ushr kd fay prkxy shrvhr. Ehrh, tehrh ms ak k`mssmka, akt tk `hatmka f

`fthrmfb k`mssmka fddhotmaj prkgfgbh ofush.

Fs dkr teh `kate-bkaj jfp, teh fddmcfvmt bfmc kut mts hxmsthaoh dkr teh `fjmstrfths rhvmhw, gut teh

jkvhra`hat wfs akt rhqumrhc tk hxpbfma ekw teft tm`h bfpsh fddhots teh fafbysms. (Chd.s @kt. tk

_upprhss 79, HOD Ak. 7?)< shh Orfmjehfc, 8?= D.?c ft 6956.



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O. Lhys _tfth`hats tk teh Jkvhra`hat Zhrh Kgtfmahc Drk` fa Machphachat _kuroh

fac _ekubc Gh Fc`mtthc Matk Hvmchaoh Hvha md teh Okurt Dmacs teh Zfrrfat

Chdhotmvh.

Lhys ftth`pts tk bmal teh DGMs hxhoutmka kd teh shfroe wfrrfat tk ems vkbuatfry, @mrfacmzhcstfth`hats tk teh DGM. Ekwhvhr, Lhys stfth`hats tk teh DGM whrh kgtfmahc vmf fa machphachat skuroh

drk` teh shfroe wfrrfat, fac sekubc gh fc`mtthc matk hvmchaoh hvha md teh Okurt supprhsshs hvmchaoh

kgtfmahc drk` teh wfrrfat. Hvmchaoh teft wkubc ktehrwmsh gh sugnhot tk teh hxobusmkafry rubh mjet

ahvhrtehbhss gh fc`mssmgbh md mt wfs fbsk kgtfmahc terkuje f bfwdub machphachat skuroh. _hh @urrfy v.

Xamthc _tfths, 35: X._. 8?? (6=55).

Lhys su``frmby okaobuchs teft teh mathrvmhw wfs f cmrhot rhsubt kd teh shfroe fac shmzurh fac

tehrhdkrh drumt kd teh pkmskakus trhh, gut teh Amate Omroumt efs h`pbkyhc f `ubtm-dfotkr thst tk chthr`mah

teh fc`mssmgmbmty kd stfth`hats `fch gy f chdhacfat weksh prkphrty wfs shfroehc mbbhjfbby. Xamthc

_tfths v. _ehtbhr, 448 D.?c 6689 (=teOmr. 7966). Md teh Okurt okaobuchs teft teh shfroe wfs uabfwdub,

wemoe mt sekubc akt, teh Okurt sekubc kaby teha ekbc f ehfrmaj tk fppby teh _ehtbhrdfotkrs tk teh

mathrvmhw.

C. Lhys Tfbmcby Zfmvhc Ems @mrfacfWmjets.Lhys frjuhs teft ems wrmttha fac rhokrchc krfb stfth`hats tk teh DGM sekubc gh supprhsshc

ghofush, fbtekuje teh DGM @mrfacmzhc Lhys, eh cmc akt wfmvh ems rmjets lakwmajby, mathbbmjhatby, fac

vkbuatfrmby. Lhys gfshs ems frju`hat ka ems obfm` teft, hfrbmhr ka teh `kramaj kd teh shfroe wfrrfats

hxhoutmka, eh tkkl ckugbh ems prhsormghc cksfjh kd f `hcmoftmka ofbbhc Srfzkckah. Ma fccmtmka tk ems

kwa chobfrftmka chsormgmaj ems fgush kd Srfzkckah (Chob. kd @fttehw Lhys 7, HOD Ak. 7?-4), Lhys

prhshats fa fddmcfvmt drk` f ckotkr kd Ksthkpftey wek efs fppfrhatby ahvhr `ht Lhys, gut gfshs ems

okaobusmkas ka okasubtftmkas wmte chdhash okuashb, fac bmsthamaj tk pkrtmkas kd Lhys rhokrchc krfb

stfth`hats. (Chob. kd Cr. Gfrry @. Okjha, HOD Ak. 7?-:.)

F wfmvhr kd@mrfacfrmjets `ust gh `fch lakwmajby, mathbbmjhatby, fac vkbuatfrmby. _hh Xamthc

_tfths v. Gmachr, :4= D.7c 8=8, 8== (=te Omr. 6=58) (omtmaj@mrfacf, ?53 X._. ft 3:= ). Yurpkrthc

@mrfacfwfmvhrs frh fafbyzhc uachr f tktfbmty kd teh omrou`stfaohs. _hh Xamthc _tfths v. Ghrafrc _.,

:=8 D.7c :3=, :86 (=te Omr. 6=54). Xachr tems thst, teh prkshoutmka efs teh gurcha kd prkvmaj gy f



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prhpkachrfaoh kd teh hvmchaoh teft f vfbmc@mrfacfwfmvhr koourrhc. _hh Xamthc _tfths v. Jfrmgfy, 63?

D.?c 8?3, 8?4 (=te Omr. 6==5) (omtmaj Okbkrfck v. Okaahbby, 3:= X._. 68:, 645 (6=54)). Ma krchr dkr f

wfmvhr tk gh `fch lakwmajby fac mathbbmjhatby, mt ùst gh sekwa teft teh fooushc wfs fwfrh kd "teh

afturh kd teh rmjet ghmaj fgfackahc fac teh okashquhaohs kd teh chomsmka tk fgfacka mt." Jfrmgfy, 63?D.?c ft 8?4.

Seh Amate Omroumt fac cmstrmot okurts wmtema mt efvh ehbc teft sm`pby ghmaj uachr teh madbuhaoh kd

`hcmoftmka ckhs akt hqufth tk okhromka. _hh Okttrhbb v. Srm`gbh, 7967 ZB ?9373?: (H.C.Ofb. 7967)

(SPeh Okurt akths teft `hrhby ghmaj uachr teh madbuhaoh kd f `hcmoftmka ckhs akt okastmtuth ghmaj

okhrohc.) Od. Xamthc _tfths v. @frtma, :56 D.7c 4:6, 4:7:3 (=te Omr.6==?) (stfth`hats `fch tk pkbmoh

ft f ekspmtfb whrh vkbuatfry chspmth f chdhacfat's ghmaj ma pfma fac uachr teh madbuhaoh kd Ch`hrkb, f

pfma-lmbbmaj `hcmoftmka, wehrh eh wfs okasomkus, rhbftmvhby okehrhat curmaj teh quhstmkamaj, fac sft up

fac spklh drhhby)< Xamthc _tfths v. Lhbbhy, =8? D.7c 847, 848-44 (=teOmr. 6==7), cmsfpprkvhc ka ktehr

jrkuacs ma Xamthc _tfths v. Lm`, 698 D.?c 68:=, 6856 (=teOmr. 6==:) (ghmaj ka teh vhrjh kd ehrkma

wmtecrfwfb wfs ehbc masuddmomhat tk ch`kastrfth mavkbuatfrmahss wehrh teh chdhacfat hxemgmthc teh

fgmbmty tk temal rftmkafbby fac wehrh tehrh whrh ak omrou`stfaohs kd okhromka)< Xamthc _tfths v. Bhwms,

5?? D.7c 6?59, 6?5354 (=te Omr.6=5:) (stfth`hats tflha ft f ekspmtfb shvhrfb ekurs fdthr teh chdhacfat

wfs fc`mamsthrhc f jhahrfb fahstehtmo whrh ehbc tk gh vkbuatfry wehrh teh chdhacfat purpkrthc tk dhhb

fbb rmjet, wfs rhspkasmvh, fac ch`kastrfthc uam`pfmrhc rhokbbhotmka).

Fjfmast tems futekrmty, Lhys frju`hat dfmbs dkr ùbtmpbh rhfskas.

6. Srfzkckah Ms Yrm`frmby Fa Fatm-Chprhssfat fac @fy Efvh Ghahdmthc Lhys.

Dmrst, Srfzkckah `fy efvh fotufbby m`prkvhc Lhys `hatfb duaotmkamaj fac rftmkafb dfoubtmhs,

fac tehrhdkrh ems fgmbmty tk wfmvh ems@mrfacfrmjets vfbmcby. Ma faswhr tk teh quhstmka Zey ms tems

`hcmoftmka prhsormghc; teh Aftmkafb Mastmtuths kd Ehfbte (AME) rhpkrt teft Srfzkckah ms ushc tk trhft

chprhssmka. Srfzkckah ms ma f obfss kd hcmoftmkas ofbbhc shrktkama `kcubftkrs. Mt wkrls gy maorhfsmaj

teh f`kuat kd shrktkama, f afturfb sugstfaoh ma teh grfma teft ehbps `fmatfma `hatfb gfbfaoh.

@hcbmahYbus, F shrvmoh kd teh X._. Aftmkafb Bmgrfry kd @hcmomah, Aftmkafb Mastmtuths kd Ehfbte,

Srfzkckah(Cho. ?9, 796?), ettp>//www.ab`.ame.jkv/`hcbmahpbus/crujmadk/`hcs/f4569?5.et`b. Seh

AME durtehr rhpkrts teft Srfzkckah ms fbsk sk`htm`hs ushc tk trhft maskàmf, soemzkperhamf, fac faxmhty.

Ofsh 7>6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh 7: kd 7=


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Ma teh Amate Omroumt ofshs omthc fgkvh, chdhacfats wek efc majhsthc pkwhrdub crujs suoe fs

Ch`hrkb fac ehrkma whrh stmbb ehbc tk efvh `fch vkbuatfry stfth`hats, hvha weha ghmaj mathrvmhwhc ft f

ekspmtfb. Ma@frtma, teh chdhacfat wfs fwflh fac rhbftmvhby okehrhat wembh ghmaj quhstmkahc ma ems

ekspmtfb ghc fdthr ghmaj manurhc ma fa hxpbksmka. :56 D.7c ft 4:3. Seh Amate Omroumt fpprkvmajby qukthcteh cmstrmot okurts okaobusmka teft fbtekuje teh chdhacfat wfs manurhc fac uachr `hcmofb ofrh ft teh

tm`h teh stfth`hats whrh `fch, teh typh, cksfjh, fac soehcubh kd pfmalmbbmaj afroktmo fc`mamsthrhc tk

\@frtmaP wfs akt suddmomhat tk kvhrghfr ems wmbb tk rhsmst teh quhstmkamaj kr m`pfmr ems rftmkafb dfoubtmhs.

Mc. Ma bmjet kd tehsh ofshs mavkbvmaj strkajhr `hcmoftmkas, Lhys majhstmka kd Srfzkckah okubc akt efvh

prhvhathc em` drk` wfmvmaj ems@mrfacfrmjets vfbmcby.

7. Seh Fucmk Whokrcmaj fac Srfasormpt kd Lhys _tfth`hats tk teh DGM Yrkvh

Seft Lhys Zfmvhc Ems Wmjets Lakwmajby, Mathbbmjhatby, fac Tkbuatfrmby.

Seh DGM rhokrchc mts okavhrsftmka wmte Lhys, fac Lhys efs fttfoehc f trfasormpt kd tems rhokrcmaj

tk ems `ktmka. (Lhys Mathrvmhw Sr., HOD Ak. 7?-8.) Sems trfasormpt ms mtshbd teh obhfrhst hvmchaoh teft

Lhys wfs hatmrhby ofpfgbh kd rftmkafb fotmka terkujekut teh mathrvmhw. Dkr hxf`pbh, nust fdthr Lhys

ok`pbfmas kd ghmaj mathrrupthc fdthr rhohmvmaj ems@mrfacfwframajs, Lhys okadmr`s teft eh efc spklha

ghdkrh wmte Fjhat Ofuteha, fac whmjes ma ka wehrh teh mathrvmhw sekubc koour. (Mc. 7-?.) Bfthr ma teh

mathrvmhw, Lhys ok`pfrhc ems okacuot tk teft kd f amjet `fafjhr wek, fdthr hacmaj ems h`pbky`hat, stmbb

rhtfmahc f lhy tk f peysmofb gumbcmaj. (Mc. ?4.)

Lhys durtehr hxpbfmahc wey eh efc chomchc tk tfbl tk teh DGM, sfymaj Sems ms kah kd teh rhfskas

wey M` tfblmaj tk yku fs kppkshc tk sfymaj, yku lakw, M wfat f bfwyhr, kr M wfat tk tfbl tk, yku lakw,

okuashb ft Srmguah, kr, fjfma M skrry, Whuthrs kr faytemaj bmlh teft ms ghofush, yku lakw, M cmc mt. (Mc.

8?.)

Ft teh mathrvmhws okaobusmka, Lhys hxprhsshc ems chsmrh teft teh mavhstmjftmka akt gh pugbmomzhc>

M, M wkubc mchfbby bmlh tems akt tk gh rhbhfshc tk teh pugbmo fac, gut M uachrstfac teft, yku lakw, teh

Drhhck` kd Madkr`ftmka Fot fac tehrhs fbb tehsh cmddhrhat temajs teft. (Mc. 43). @y okaohra ms tems

hvhatufbby jhttmaj kut tehrh uachr `y af`h, u`, fac M lakw teft tehrh frh wfys teft, yku lakw, bmlh

ofbbmaj `h f okkphrftmaj wmtahss kr, kr sk`htemaj bmlh teft. Sehrhs, wefthvhr ma ykur fgmbmty tk



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`mam`fbmzh \smoP . . . teh m`pfot. . . . Zhbb, pfrt kd teh mssuh ms teft tems kddhash wfs o-o-ok``mtthc

fjfmast f ahws krjfamzftmka. (Mc. 48).

MT. OKAOBX_MKADkr fbb teh dkrhjkmaj rhfskas, tems Okurt sekubc chay Lhys `ktmka tk supprhss ma mts hatmrhty.

Cfthc> Nfaufry ?, 7963

Gy>

GHANF@MA G. ZFJAHWXamthc _tfths Fttkrahy

/s/ @FSSEHZ C. _HJFB@FSSEHZ C. _HJFBFssmstfat Xamthc _tfths Fttkrahy

Cfthc> Nfaufry ?, 7963

Gy>

@]SEMBM WF@FA

Fotmaj Fssmstfat Fttkrahy JhahrfbXamthc _tfths Chpfrt`hat kd Nustmoh, Orm`mafbCmvmsmka

/s/ NF@H_ _MBTHWNF@H_ _MBTHWSrmfb FttkrahyOk`puthr Orm`h fac Mathbbhotufb Yrkphrty _hotmka

Ofsh 7>6?-or-99957-LN@ Ckou`hat 73 Dmbhc 96/9?/63 Yfjh 7= kd 7=

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