USA v. Keys: Motion to Suppress

8/13/2019 USA v. Keys: Motion to Suppress

1/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk e

@HR LFFEMK] LF OHU @KEAKYDHN;213 Yh`stln ]trkkt, ]uetk =33

Vknturh, Mh`eflrneh 5=33=Qk`? 73;-6;1-3933Fhx? 73;-6;1-3973

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OH]LN ]. @KEAKYDHN, ]IN 93===6ohyCmredenh`-`hwykr.dkKYEM O. @ENABYKN, ]IN 977;19kremCmredenh`-`hwykr.dk@HR LFFEMK] LF OHU @KEAKYDHN;213 Yh`stln ]trkkt, ]uetk =33Vknturh, Mh`eflrneh 5=33=Qk`? 73;-6;1-3933Fhx? 73;-6;1-3973

QLY KJK@HNA, SYL GHM VEMKtlrCtlrk`kjhna.mldQLY KJK@HNA, S.M.8;; Rhtkr ]trkktIrllj`yn, NU 88938Qk`? 287-97;-5925Fhx? 287-;31-;182

Httlrnkys flr Akfknahnt

DHQQGKR JKU]

[NEQKA ]QHQK] AE]QYEMQ ML[YQ

KH]QKYN AE]QYEMQ LF MH@EFLYNEH

[NEQKA ]QHQK],

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Mhsk Nl.? 8=-MY-33379 JOD

NLQEMK LF DLQELN HNA DLQELN QL][SSYK]] KVEAKNMK: DKDLYHNA[DLF SLENQ] HNA H[QGLYEQEK]

Ahtk? Ohnuhry 95, 9381Qedk? 5?33 hdS`hmk? Mlurtrlld =

QL QGK ML[YQ HNA QGK [NEQKA ]QHQK], QGYL[BG QGK [NEQKA ]QHQK]

HQQLYNKU?

S@KH]K QHJK NLQEMK QGHQln tgk hilvk ahtk hna tedk, lr hs slln tgkrkhftkr hs tgk

dhttkr mhn ik gkhra en tgk hilvk aksebnhtka mlurtrlld, lr sumg ltgkr mlurtrlld tl wgemg shea dlteln es

hssebnka, Akfknahnt Dhttgkw Jkys (Akfknahnt lr Dr. Jkys),iy hna tgrlubg mlunsk`, we`` dlvk

Mhsk 9?8=-mr-33379-JOD Almudknt 9= Fe`ka 89/8=/8= Shbk 8 lf =8


2/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

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tgk mlurt tl essuk hn lrakr supprkssenb kveaknmk skezka hs h rksu`t lf h skhrmg hna skezurk iy pl`emk

lffemkrs, tl wet?

8. Qgk huael rkmlraenb hna hny trhnsmrept lf Dr. Jkys sthtkdknt tl envkstebhtlrs ln Lmtlikr 1,9389.

9. Qgk pkrmkptelns, rkml``kmtelns hna liskrvhtelns lf tgk lffemkrs rk`htka tl tght thpka sthtkdknt.=. Dr. Jkys wrettkn sthtkdknt tl tgk blvkrndknt ahtka Lmtlikr 1, 9389.1. H`` prlpkrty hna enflrdhteln skezka aurenb tgk Lmtlikr 1, 9389 kxkmuteln lf h skhrmg whrrhnt

ln Dr. JkysNkw Okrsky rkseaknmk.

;. Hny ltgkr kveaknmk tgk mlurt fenas un`hwfu``y lithenka hna tgk fruets tgkrklf.Qges dlteln es dhak unakr Yu`k 89(i)(=)(M) lf tgk Fkakrh` Yu`ks lf Mredenh` Srlmkaurk ln tgk

brluna tght tgk skhrmg hna skezurk vel`htka Akfknahnts rebgts unakr tgk Flurtg hna Feftg Hdknadknts

tl tgk [netka ]thtks Mlnstetuteln.

Qges dlteln es ihska ln tgk htthmgka plents hna hutglreteks, tgk tkstedlny lf hny wetnkssks ht tgk

gkhrenb, tgk htthmgka akm`hrhtelns lf Akfknahnts mlunsk`, tgk fe`ks hna rkmlras en tges hmteln, hna hny

furtgkr kveaknmk lr hrbudknt tght tgk Mlurt dhy prlpkr`y rkmkevk ht lr ikflrk tgk gkhrenb

Ahtka? Akmkdikr 8=, 938=

Iy?\\\\\/s/ Ohy @keakrdhn\\\\\\\\\\\\Ohsln ]. @keakrdhnKrem O. @enabrkn

@HR LFFEMK] LF OHU @KEAKYDHN

Iy?\\\\\/s/ Qlr Kjk`hna\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

Qlr Kjk`hna

QLY KJK@HNA, S.M.

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3/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

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QHI@K LF MLNQKNQ]QHI@K LF H[QGLYEQEK] ................................................................................................................... v

DKDLYHNA[D LF SLENQ] HNA H[QGLYEQEK] ........................................................................ 8

ENQYLA[MQELN..................................................................................................................................... 8

]QHQKDKNQ LF FHMQ] ....................................................................................................................... 8

E. QGK ]KHYMG RHYYHNQ HNA HFFEAHVEQ. ....................................................................... 9H. KHY@U AKMKDIKY 9383 ][]SEMEL[] K-DHE@]. ........................................................... =I. MLDD[NEMHQELN IKQRKKN DKYMKY HNA DY. JKU] YKBHYAENBHNLNUDL[]. .................................................................................................................................. 1

M. ENQKYNH@ ENVK]QEBHQELN LF QGK AKMKDIKY 81, 9383 KAEQ] QL QGK @L]HNBK@K] QEDK] RKI]EQK. .......................................................................................................... ;

A. DY. JKU] S[I@E]GKA HYQEM@K] HMJNLR@KABENB HMMK]] QL QLS @KVK@GHMJKY] []ENB QGK NHDK HK]Mrhmjka............................................................................ ;

K. MGHQ @LB] ]KE_KA A[YENB LQGKY ENVK]QEBHQELN]. ............................................... ;F. LQGKY ES HAAYK]] ENFLYDHQELN. ................................................................................... 6B. O[]QEFEMHQELN FLY QGK IYKHAQG LF QGK ]KHYMG. ................................................... 6

EE. KWKM[QELN LF QGK RHYYHNQ. ........................................................................................ 83HYB[DKNQ ........................................................................................................................................... 83

E. QGK ]KHYMG RHYYHNQ H[QGLYE_KA HN LVKYIYLHA BKNKYH@ ]KHYMG LFH@@ LF DY. JKU] K@KMQYLNEM DKAEH................................................................................... 83

H. EN LYAKY QL MLNA[MQ RGL@K]H@K ]KE_[YK] LF K@KMQYLNEM DKAEH, QGKBLVKYNDKNQ D[]Q SYK]KNQ H FHMQ[H@ IH]E] FLY ALENB ]L, EQ D[]Q FL@@LR

H ]KBYKBHQELN SYLQLML@ FLY EAKNQEFUENB YK@KVHNQ ENFLYDHQELN, HNA EQ

D[]Q YKQ[YN EYYK@KVHNQ ENFLYDHQELN. ...................................................................... 89

I. QGK RHYYHNQ MLDS@KQK@U EBNLYK] MGEKF O[ABK JL_EN]JE] B[EAK@ENK]EN MLDSYKGKN]EVK AY[B QK]QENB EEE. .................................................................................. 81

Mhsk 9?8=-mr-33379-JOD Almudknt 9= Fe`ka 89/8=/8= Shbk = lf =8


4/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

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EE. HQ QGK QEDK HNAYKR] HSS@EKA FLY QGK RHYYHNQ, QGK FHMQ]][SSLYQENB SYLIHI@K MH[]K QL IK@EKVK DY. JKU] SL]]K]]KA HNU KVEAKNMK

RKYK ]QH@K. ....................................................................................................................................... 86

EEE. QGK HFFEAHVEQ MLNQHEN] AK@EIKYHQK LY YKMJ@K]]DE]YKSYK]KNQHQELN] HNA LDE]]ELN] YKX[EYENB H FYHNJ]GKHYENB. ................ 87

H. HNAYKR] HFFEAHVEQ MLNQHEN] AK@EIKYHQK LY YKMJ@K]]@U-DHAK]QHQKDKNQ] HNA LDE]]ELN]. ............................................................................................... 85

I. REQG QGK FH@]K ]QHQKDKNQ] HNA LDE]]ELN] MLYYKMQKA, QGK HFFEAHVEQALK] NLQ ][SSLYQ H FENAENB LF SYLIHI@K MH[]K. .................................................... 93

EV. QGK FY[EQ LF QGK SLE]LNL[] QYKK ALMQYENK YKX[EYK] ][SSYK]]ELN LFRYEQQKN HNA YKMLYAKA ]QHQKDKNQ] LF DY. JKU]. ..................................................... 98

V. DY. JKU] DEYHNAH RHEVKY RH] ENVH@EA IKMH[]K EQ RH] NLQVL@[NQHYU, JNLRENB HNA ENQK@@EBKNQ. .......................................................................... 99

H. DY. JKU] ENVL@[NQHYE@U RHEVKA GE]DEYHNAHYEBGQ]. .................................... 99I. DY. JKU] AEA NLQ JNLRENB@U HNA ENQK@@EBKNQ@U RHEVK GE]DEYHNAHYEBGQ]. ........................................................................................................................................... 9=

MLNM@[]ELN ....................................................................................................................................... 9;



5/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

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QHI@K LF H[QGLYEQEK]

Fkakrh` MhsksIrlwn v. E`ènles, 199 [.]. ;53 (852;) ..................................................................................................... 98

Mgesd v. Rhsgenbtln ]thtk, 668 F.=a =73 (5tg Mer. 9388) ....................................................................... 93

Ml`lrhal v. Mlnnk``y, 125 [.]. 8;2 (8576) ............................................................................................. 99

Ml`lrhal v. ]prenb, 125 [.]. ;61 (8572) ........................................................................................... 99, 91

Mllèabk v. Nkw Ghdpsgerk, 139 [.]. 11= (8528) .................................................................................. 83

Akrremj v. Sktkrsln, 591 F.9a 78= (5tg Mer. 8553) ............................................................................. 99, 9=

Aurghd v. [netka ]thtks, 13= F.9a 853 (5tg Mer. 8567) ........................................................................... 86

Frhnjs v. Ak`hwhrk, 1=7 [.]. 8;1 (8527) (Frhnjs)................................................................. 87, 93, 98

B`haakn v. [nswlrtg, =56 F.9a =2= (5tg Mer. 8567) .......................................................................... 99, 9=

En rk Brhna Oury ]uiplknhs Ahtka Akmkdikr 83, 8572, 596 F.9a 712 (5tg Mer. 8558) .......................... 88

Ohmjsln v. Aknnl, =27 [.]. =67 (8561) ................................................................................................... 99

@umkrl v. Jkriy, 8== F.=a 8955 (83tg Mer. 8557)..................................................................................... 9=

Derhnah v. Hrezlnh, =71 [.]. 1=6 (8566) .................................................................................... 99, 9=, 91

Dlrhn v. Iurienk, 12; [.]. 189 (8576) ................................................................................................... 9=

Nhralnk v. [netka ]thtks, =37 [.]. ==7 (85=5)........................................................................................ 98

Nex v. Re`èhds, 162 [.]. 1=8 (8571) ....................................................................................................... 98

Shytln v. Nkw Ulrj, 11; [.]. ;2= (8573) ................................................................................................ 83

]hdp`k v. Kydhn, 165 F.9a 785 (5tg Mer. 8529) ....................................................................................... 91

]brl v. [netka ]thtks, 972 [.]. 936 (85=9) .............................................................................................. 86

Qhbuk v. @luesehnh, 111 [.]. 165 (8573) ................................................................................................. 9=

Qhy`lr v. Dhaalx, =66 F.=a 559 (5tg Mer. 9331) ...................................................................................... 9=

[netka ]thtks v. Mgksgkr, 627 F.9a 8=;= (5tg Mer. 8579) ......................................................................... 85

[netka ]thtks v. Mldprkgknsevk Arub Qkstenb, Enm., ;25 F.=a 575 (5tg Mer. 9335) (MAQ EE).............. 81

[netka ]thtks v. Mldprkgknsevk Arub Qkstenb, Enm., 698 F.=a 8869 (5tg Mer. 9383) (MAQ EEE).... 88, 8=

81, 8;

[netka ]thtks v. Ak@kln, 525 F.9a 268 (5tg Mer. 8559)............................................................................ 85

Mhsk 9?8=-mr-33379-JOD Almudknt 9= Fe`ka 89/8=/8= Shbk ; lf =8


6/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk ve



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[netka ]thtks v. Alzekr, 711 F.9a 238 (5tg Mer. 8577) ............................................................................. 86

[netka ]thtks v. Frhnj, 5;6 F.9a 729 (5tg Mer. 8558) .............................................................................. 91

[netka ]thtks v. Bhnn, 2=9 F.9a 281 (5tg Mer. 8571) ............................................................................... 86

[netka ]thtks v. Brhnt, 679 F.=a 792 (5tg Mer. 9389) ............................................................................... 86

[netka ]thtks v. Brkhny, 595 F.9a ;9= (5tg Mer. 8558) ............................................................................ 86

[netka ]thtks v. Brkhtglusk, 952 F.]upp.9a 8961 (A. Lr. 933=) ...................................................... 82, 87

[netka ]thtks v. Bukrrkrl, 712 F.9a 8=6= (5tg Mer. 8577) ....................................................................... 99

[netka ]thtks v. Ge``, 1;5 F.=a 566 (5tg Mer. 9336) ............................................................................ 8=, 81

[netka ]thtks v. Ohwhrh, 121 F.=a ;6; (5tg Mer. 9332) ............................................................................ 85

[netka ]thtks v. @hmy, 885 F.=a 219 (5tg Mer. 8552) .......................................................................... 86, 82

[netka ]thtks v. Dlntlyh-Hrrui`h, 215 F.9a 233 (88tg Mer. 857;) .......................................................... 91

[netka ]thtks v. ]detg, 6=7 F.9a 8=8 (5tg Mer. 8578) ............................................................................... 99

[netka ]thtks v. ]thnkrt, 269 F.9a 22; (5tg Mer. 857;) ............................................................................. 85

[netka ]thtks v. Qhdurh, 651 F.9a ;58 (5tg Mer. 8579)................................................................ 89, 8=, 81

[netka ]thtks v. Qlwnk, 552 F.9a ;=2 (5tg Mer. 855=).............................................................................. 88

Rlnb ]un v. [netka ]thtks, =28 [.]. 128 (856=) ..................................................................................... 98

]thtutks87 [.].M. 83=3 ......................................................................................................................................... 8

87 [.].M. =;38 ....................................................................................................................................... 9=

87 [.].M. =28 ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Mlnstetutelnh` Srlveselns[.]. Mlnst. hdkna. EV .............................................................................................................. 8, 88, 8=, 81

[.]. Mlnst. hdkna. V.................................................................................................................................. 8



7/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

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DKDLYHNA[D LF SLENQ] HNA H[QGLYEQEK]

ENQYLA[MQELN

Qges mhsk envl`vks h skezurk tght blks tl tgk vkry gkhrt lf wght tgk Flurtg Hdknadknt prlgeiets.

Flr nl rkhsln ltgkr tghn h``lwenb tgk FIE tl fesg flr k`kmtrlnem ahth, h dhbestrhtk hutglrezka hna tgk

blvkrndknt kxkmutka h wgl`ksh`k skezurk lf Akfknahnt Dhttgkw Jkys k`kmtrlnem dkaeh. Qgk whrrhnt

whs unsupplrtka iy hny fhmts rkquerenb sumg h skezurk hna unhmmldphneka iy hny prltlml` aksebnka tl

prkvknt h bknkrh` ruddhbenb, hna tgkrkflrk tgk skezurk vel`htka tgk Flurtg Hdknadkntsprlgeieteln ln

bknkrh` whrrhnts.

Qges bknkrh` skhrmg `ka aerkmt`y tl h plèmk entkrvekw lf Dr. Jkys, aurenb wgemg gk envlùnthre`y

whevka ges Feftg Hdknadknt rebgt hbhenst sk`f-enmredenhteln. Haaetelnh``y, tgk mermudsthnmks

surrlunaenb tgk entkrvekw sglw tght Dr. Jkys aea nlt phrtemephtk jnlwenb`y, vlùnthre`y, lr

entk`èbknt`y. Hs sumg, Dr. Jkys sthtkdknts dust ik supprksska hs vel`htevk lf ges Feftg Hdknadknt

rebgts hna lf tgk fruet lf tgk pleslnlus trkk almtrenk.

]QHQKDKNQ LF FHMQ]

Dr. Jkys whs enaemtka en h tgrkk-mlunt enaemtdknt en Dhrmg 81, 938=. (Almjkt kntry # 8.)

Mlunt 8 h``kbks h mlnsperhmy tl entkntelnh``y mhusk unhutglrezka ahdhbk tl h prltkmtka mldputkr veh h

jnlwenb trhnsdesseln lf h prlbrhd, enflrdhteln, mlak, hna mlddhna, en vel`hteln lf 87 [.].M. =28

hna 87 [.].M. 83=3(h)(;)(H), (m)(1)(I). Mlunt 9 h``kbks h suisthntevk vel`hteln lf 87 [.].M.

83=3(h)(;)(H), (m)(1)(I). Hna mlunt = h``kbks h jnlwenb httkdptka trhnsdesseln lf h prlbrhd,

enflrdhteln, mlak, hna mlddhna wetg tgk entknt tl mhusk ahdhbk tl h prltkmtka mldputkr en vel`hteln lf

87 [.].M. 83=3(h)(;)(H), (i).

Qgksk mghrbks stkd frld kaets tl lnk phrhbrhpg lf h stlry ln tgk @ls Hnbk`ks Qedks wkisetk ln

Akmkdikr 81, 9383. Qght ahy, usenb tgk @ls Hnbk`ks Qedks/Qreiunk Mldphnys mlntknt dhnhbkdknt

systkd (MD]), tgk uskr nbhrmeh h``kbka`y h`tkrka h phrhbrhpg lf h `htedks.mld stlry. Qgk hrtem`ks

tet`k hna iyènk lrebenh``y hppkhrka hs fl``lws?

Srkssurk iueàs en Glusk tl phss thx-mut phmjhbk

Glusk Akdlmrhtem `khakr ]tkny Glykr skks vkry blla tgenbs en tgk thx -mut akh`, wgemgdhny rkprksknthtevks lpplsk. Iut wetg tgk ie`` skt tl m`khr tgk ]knhtk, rkùmthnt GluskAkdlmrhts hrk fkkènb tgk gkht tl phss et.



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DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

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Iy @esh Dhsmhrl, Qreiunk Rhsgenbtln Iurkhu8

Hftkr tgk denlr kaets iy nbhrmeh, tgk hrtem`ks tet`k hna iyènk h``kbka`y rkha?

Srkssurk iueàs en Glusk tl k`kmt MGESSU 8==2

Glusk Akdlmrhtem `khakr ]tkny Glykr skks vkry blla tgenbs en tgk akh` mut wgemg we``skk uikr sjea Mgeppy 8==2 thjk ges rebgtfu` p`hmk, hs gkha lf tgk ]knhtk, rkùmthnt GluskAkdlmrhts tlà tl ][MJ EQ [S.

Iy MGESSU] NL 8 FHN, Qreiunk Rhsgenbtln Iurkhu

Qgk hrtem`ks suisthntevk mlntknt whs nlt h`tkrka, hna wkisetk hadenestrhtlrs rkstlrka tgk lrebenh` en `kss

tghn hn glur.

E. QGK ]KHYMG RHYYHNQ HNA HFFEAHVEQ.Ln Lmtlikr =, 9389, ]pkmeh` Hbknt Bhirek` Hnarkws (Hnarkws) suidettka hn Hppèmhteln

hna Hffeahvet flr ]khrmg Rhrrhnt tl skhrmg Dr. Jkys rkseaknmk en ]khmhumus, Nkw Okrsky. (Htthmgka

gkrktl hs Akf.s Kx. H.) [netka ]thtks Dhbestrhtk Ouabk Demghk` H. Ghddkr sebnka tgk whrrhnt. Qgk

whrrhnt es en flur phrts? Htthmgdknts H, I, M, hna A. Htthmgdknt H aksmreiks tgk p`hmk tl ik skhrmgka:

Htthmgdknt I aksmreiks tgk etkds tl ik skezka: hna Htthmgdknt M nhdks tgk h``kbka lffknsks flr wgemg

tgk blvkrndknt slubgt kveaknmk.

Htthmgdknt A lf tgk skhrmg whrrhnt es Hnarkws hffeahvet en supplrt tgkrklf. (]kk Akf.s Kx. H,

Htthmgdknt A (Hnarkws Hff.).) En Lmtlikr 9383, Dr. Jkys whs kdp`lyka ht JQW@ Flx 13 (Flx

13) en ]hmrhdkntl hs h Rki Srlaumkr. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 7.) Hdlnb ltgkr tgenbs, Dr. Jkys

rksplnseieèteks enmùaka dhnhbenb Flx 13s Fhmkillj hna Qwettkr hmmlunts. (Ea.) Nkhr tgk kna lf tght

dlntg, h Flx 13 kdp`lykk nhdka Irhnaln Dkrmkrrkfkrrka tl en tgk hffeahvet ln`y hs tgk

Srlaumkrh``kbka`y tkrdenhtka Dr. Jkys kdp`lydknt. (Ea.) Hmmlraenb tl Dkrmkr, Dr. Jkys tgkn

mghnbka tgk phsswlras tl tgk Fhmkillj hna Qwettkr hmmlunts, ak`ktka 6,333 fl``lwkrs, hna plstka

gkhaènks frld ltgkr, mldpktenb sthtelns. (Ea.) Hftkr flur ahys, Dkrmkr rkbhenka mlntrl` lf tgk

hmmlunts. (Ea.)

8Qgk lrebenh` hrtem`k es ste`` hvhe`hi`k ln tgk @ls Hnbk`ks Qedks wkisetk, ht gttp?//hrtem`ks.`htedks.mld/9383/akm/81/nkws/`h-

pn-glykr-thx-vltk-9383898;.



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DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

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H. KHY@U AKMKDIKY 9383 ][]SEMEL[] K-DHE@].Nkxt, Hnarkws hffeahvet aksmreiks sldksuspemelus k-dhe`s frld h nudikr lf frkk k-dhe`

hmmlunts? flxduàkr1355Cyhgll.ml.uj, myikrtrl``65xCgltdhe`.mld, wh`tkrsjennkr;355Cyhgll.ml.uj,

mhnmkrdhn1355Cyhgll.ml.uj, hna flx13trutgkrsCbdhe`.mld. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 5-8;.) Qgksk k-

dhe`s wkrk rk`htka tl hn h``kbka mldprldesk lf tgk S9S ]krvkr, h skrvkr lwnka iy Qreiunk Dkaeh,

Flx 13s phrknt mldphny. (Ea.ht 2.)

Ln Akmkdikr 8, 9383, flxduàkr1355Cyhgll.ml.uj h``kbka`y sknt Dkrmkr h dksshbk

subbkstenb tgk wretkr gha lithenka k-dhe` haarkssks lf h`` Flx 13 mustldkrs. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 5.) Qgk

twl kxmghnbka skvkrh` kdhe`s, hna flxduàkr1355 mlntenuka tl aesphrhbk Flx 13s iusenkss prhmtemks.

(Ea.)

Qgk nkxt ahy, myikrtrl``65xCgltdhe`.mld sknt Dkrmkr hn k-dhe`. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 83.) Qges

k-dhe` mlnthenka h flrwhraka mlpy lf h aeffkrknt k-dhe` dksshbk, h``kbka`y sknt frld Flx 13 kdp`lykk

O.G. (Ea.) Qgk dksshbk frld O.G. m`hedka tght flxduàkr1355 whs Dr. Jkys. (Ea.) Rgkn qukstelnka

hilut tgk k-dhe` iy Dkrmkr, O.G. akneka sknaenb tgk dksshbk hmmusenb flxduàkr1355 lf ikenb Dr.

Jkys. (Ea.) Hmmlraenb tl Hnarkws hffeahvet, tgk pkrsln wgl mrkhtka tgk myikrtrl``65x hmmlunt m`hedka

tl ik Dr. Jkys, hna rkbestkrka tgk hmmlunt usenb h ]hmrhdkntl zep mlak, 5;791. (Ea.ht 88.) Hnarkws

eakntefeka ES haarkss 57.937.15.21 hs tgk ln`y haarkss uska tl hmmkss tgk hmmlunt. (Ea.) Qges haarkss

rksl`vka tl h `lmhteln en ]hmrhdkntl, Mhèflrneh. (Ea.) Furtgkr httkdpts tl eakntefy myikrtrl``65x wkrk

nlt summkssfu`. (Ea.)

Ln Akmkdikr =, Flx 13 rkmkevka h strhnbk k-dhe` frld MhnmkrDhn1355Cyhgll.ml.lj.

(Hnarkws Hff. ht 89.) @ejk tgk prkvelus k-dhe`, MhnmkrDhn1355s k-dhe` mlnthenka h flrwhraka mlpy

lf h aeffkrknt dksshbk. (Ea.) Qgk flrwhraka dksshbk whs frld tgk Hdkremhn Mhnmkr ]lmekty tl

MhnmkrDhn1355, hna et enaemhtka tght MhnmkrDhn1355 gha bevkn ges mlnthmt nhdk hs Dhttgkw Jkys

tl tgk Hdkremhn Mhnmkr ]lmekty. (Ea.) Qght shdk ahy h Flx 13 mustldkr rkplrtka rkmkevenb hn

unslèmetka k-dhe frld flx13trutgkrsCbdhe`.mld. (Ea.ht 8=.)

Fenh``y, ln Akmkdikr 6, 9383, Dkrmkr rkmkevka hn k-dhe` en tgk flrd lf h prkss rk`khsk frld

Rh`tkr]jennkr;355Cyhgll.ml.uj. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 81.) Qges k-dhe` rkfkrrka tl Dkrmkrs Fhmkillj

phbk. (Ea.)



10/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 1



8

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89

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85

93

98

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9=

91

9;

96

92

97

Hnarkws hffeahvet kxp`hens wgy gk enmùaka ES haarkss enflrdhteln flr ln`y tgk

myikrtrl``65xCgltdhe`.mld hmmlunt?

Flx Duàkr, Rh`tkr ]jennkr, hna Mhnmkr Dhn hrk mghrhmtkrs frld tgk Flxtk`kveseln sglw Qgk W-Fe`ks. ]uiplknhs essuka flr tgksk hmmlunts aktkrdenka ketgkrtght tgk enflrdhteln whs unhvhe`hi`k lr tght tgk hmmlunt uska whs iy h prlxy skrvkr.Ihska ln dy trhenenb hna kxpkreknmk, E hd hwhrk tght prlxy skrvkrs hrk uska iy pklp`kln tgk Entkrnkt tl hvlea ghvenb tgker hmtevety trhmka ihmj tl tgkd.

(Hnarkws Hff. ht 8;.)

Qglubg Hnarkws hffeahvetdhak nl dknteln lf et, FIE hbknt Olgn Mhutgkn kxprksska aluits

hilut Dr. Jkys envl`vkdknt en tgk h``kbka irkhmg lf tgk S9S skrvkr. En h rkplrt ahtka Fki 81, 9388,

Mhutgkn wrltk h nltk? Bevkn tgk kfflrt tl geak tgk eakntety lf tgk sknakr veh tgk usk lf fhjk k-dhe`s hna

prlxy skrvkrs, et skkds enmlnbrulus flr tgk suiokmt, ef et es enakka Dhttgkw Jkys, tl skna lut hn k-dhe`

eakntefyenb gedsk`f iy nhdk. (]kkFki. 88 Ykplrt lf Olgn Mhutgkn, htthmgka gkrktl hs Akf.s Kx. I.)

Qgk shdk rkplrt dkntelns tght Dr. Jkys whs gedsk`f h vemted lf h mldprldeska Qwettkr hmmlunt. (Ea.)

Ihska en phrt ln tgksk fhmts, Mhutgkn wrltk, et hppkhrs Dhttgkw Jkys dhy nlt ghvk ikkn tgk suiokmt

ikgena tgk mldprldesk ht FLW13. (Ea.) Hnltgkr rkplrt ahtka Ounk 6, 9388 hutglrka iy Mhutgkn

kxprksska sede`hr skntedknts. (]kkOunk 6 Ykplrt lf Olgn Mhutgkn, htthmgka gkrktl hs Akf.s Kx. M.) Gk

tglubgt et e``lbemh` tght tgk rkh` ghmjkr wluà eakntefy gedsk`f sl livelus`y wge`k blenb tl sumg `knbtgs

tl hvlea aktkmteln tgrlubg tgk usk lf prlxy skrvkrs. (Ea.) Gk tglubgt Dr. Jkys whs bknuenk`y

ihff`ka iy h``kbhtelns gk mldprldeska tgk k-dhe` skrvkr. (Ea.) Yhtgkr, Mhutgkn vekwka Dr. Jkys

envl`vkdknt hs èjk`y ln`y h olurnhèstem entkrkst. (Ea.)

I. MLDD[NEMHQELN IKQRKKN DKYMKY HNA DY. JKU] YKBHYAENBHNLNUDL[].

Ln Akmkdikr 89, 9383, usenb DhttgkwCshmtlwndkaeh.mld, Dr. Jkys sknt Dkrmkr hn k-dhe`.

(Hnarkws Hff. ht 86.) En tgk k-dhe`, Dr. Jkys sthtka gk gha enfe`trhtka tgk brlup Hnlnydlus,9hna

9Hnarkws hffeahvet alks nlt k`hilrhtk ln wgl lr wght tgk brlup Hnlnydlus es. H prlpkr trkhtdknt wluà rkquerk vlùdks

iut flr tgk purplsks lf tges Dlteln et suffemks tl aksmreik Hnlnydlus hs hn enflrdh` entkrnhtelnh` ml``kmtevk lf aebeth`

hmtevests. Qgky hrk jnlwn flr tgk gebg-prlfe`k ghmjtevest (h plrtdhntkhu lf ghmjkr hna hmtevest) hmtelns lf sldk lf tgk

dkdikrs.



11/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk ;



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89

8=

81

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82

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85

93

98

99

9=

91

9;

96

92

97

tlà Dkrmkr gk gha hmmkss tl futurk Hnlnydlus lpkrhtelns, enmùaenb hbhenst tgk @ls Hnbk`ks Qedks.

(Ea.)

Hrluna tgk shdk tedk, Dkrmkr hna Dr. Jkys spljk iy pglnk. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 82.)

Hmmlraenb tl Dkrmkr, Dr. Jkys m`hedka gk gha hmmkss tl h prevhtk mght rlld wetg 8; gebg`y sje``ka

ghmjkrs hffeèhtka wetg Hnlnydlus. (Ea.) Dkrmkr mlnfrlntka Dr. Jkys hilut tgk suspemelus k-dhe`s

aesmusska hilvk, hna Dr. Jkys akneka hny envl`vkdknt. (Ea.)

M. ENQKYNH@ ENVK]QEBHQELN LF QGK AKMKDIKY 81, 9383 KAEQ] QL QGK@L] HNBK@K] QEDK] RKI]EQK.

Hnarkws hffeahvet sthtks tght ihska ln hn entkrnh` envkstebhteln, tgk pkrsln wgl h`tkrka tgk @ls

Hnbk`ks Qedks gkhaènk uska Qreiunk MD] hmmlunts Hnln89=1 hna Hrskfhmk. (Hnarkws Hff. ht

87.) Hna h Qreiunk kdp`lykk liskrvka h uskr nhdka sghrpek thjenb mrkaet flr tgk kaets en sldk

Hnlnydlus EYM mghnnk`s. (Ea.)

A. DY. JKU] S[I@E]GKA HYQEM@K] HMJNLR@KABENB HMMK]] QL QLS@KVK@ GHMJKY][]ENB QGK NHDK HK]Mrhmjka.

En Dhrmg hna Ounk 9388, Dr. Jkys puièsgka hrtem`ks ln ges wkisetk, prlaumkrdhttgkw.mld,

hmjnlw`kabenb tght gk gha hmmkss tl tgk prevhtk entkrnktfkas mghtrlld, tght gk gha prlveaka tgk

Bhwjkr wkisetk (bhwjkr.mld) wetg lnk lf alzkns lf `lbs thjkn aurenb tght hmmkss, tght gk gha

eakntefeka gedsk`f hs h olurnhèst, hna tght gk gha liskrvka tgk nltlrelus ]hiu en tgk mghtrlld.

(Hnarkws Hff. ht 85-93.) Dr. Jkys h`sl hmjnlw`kabka prlveaenb smrkknsglts tl Shrdy L`sln, hutglr

lf Rk Hrk HnlnydlusZ@ett`k, Irlwn hna Ml, 9389T. (Ea.ht 92-97.)

Ln Dhrmg 6, 9388, Dr. Jkys puièsgka h smrkknsglt lf ges phrtemephteln en tgk mghtrlld.

(Hnarkws Hff. ht 98.) Qwl edhbks lf tges smrkknsglt hrk htthmgka hs kxgeiets tl Hnarkws hffeahvet.

(]kk ea.) Qgk smrkknsglt sglws Ml``lquy, h mght prlbrhd, en h mghtrlld. (Ea.) H`tglubg Dr. Jkys

uskrnhdk whs dlst`y iùrrka, tgk smrkknsglt hppkhrs tl sglw tght et knaka wetg h a hna tght hnltgkr

uskr rkfkrrka tl tgk uskrnhdk hs HK]. (Ea.)

K. MGHQ @LB] ]KE_KA A[YENB LQGKY ENVK]QEBHQELN].En Akmkdikr 9388, envkstebhtlrs aesmlvkrka h mght `lb skezka pursuhnt tl h skhrmg whrrhnt en

wgemg tgk uskrnhdk Jhy`h kxprkssks h ikèkf tght Dr. Jkys whs HK]Mrhmjka. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 99.)



12/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 6



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Jhy`h h`sl wrltk, `l` gks nlt sl ennlmknt hna wk ghvk `lbs lf ged tll, gk whs tgk lnk wgl bhvk us

phsswlras flr tgk @H tedks, flx13 hna sldk ltgkrs, gk gha supkruskr ln h `lt lf dkaeh.

Hrluna tgk shdk tedk, Hnarkws aesmlvkrka `lbs lithenka aurenb h aeffkrknt skhrmg lf aebeth`

dkaeh ik`lnbenb tl h pkrsln h``kbka tl ghvk uska tgk nhdk Lwkn hna Elwh. (Hnarkws Hff. ht

9=.) En tgksk `lbs, HK]Mrhmjka shys, ed nlt h ghmjkr. ZT ed hn kx-kdp`lykk . . . uskr? hnln89=1

ZT phss? mlddln9 ZT bl fumj sldk sget up! (Ea.) Qges uskrnhdk/phsswlra mldienhteln h``kbka`y

brhntka hmmkss tl tgk Qreiunk Mldphny MD]. (Ea.ht 91.) Ltgkr `lbs frld tges skezurk, htthmgka tl tgk

hffeahvet hs Kxgeiet M, subbkst tght (h) HK]Mrhmjka hsjka ef hnylnk whs entkrkstka en akfhmenb tgk @H

Qedks: (i) HK]Mrhmjka m`hedka tl ik hn kx-kdp`lykk: (m) HK]Mrhmjka hsjka ef hnylnk whntka tl

purmghsk hn k-dhe` èst: hna (1) HK]Mrhmjka aea h`` tges en tgk entkrnktfkashna Lpkrhteln Shyihmj

mghtrllds. (Ea.)

F. LQGKY ES HAAYK]] ENFLYDHQELN.Hnarkws hffeahvet sthtks tght ht hn unspkmefeka ahtk hna tedk en Ohnuhry 9388 HK]Mrhmjka uska

ES haarkss 27.895.993.16 tl mlnnkmt tl h mghnnk` ln tgk HnlnLps mght skrvkr. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 9;.)

Qges haarkss whs tgk lnk uska iy tgk sknakr lf hn k-dhe` frld flxduàkr1355Cyhgll.ml.uj tl Flx

13 hs aksmreika . . . hilvk. (Ea.) Ln Ohnuhry ;, 9388, sglrt`y hftkr HK]Mrhmjka whs ihnnka frld tgk

shdk skrvkr, H9]Mrhmjka mlnnkmtka usenb ES haarkss 2;.;=.828.931, wgemg whs h``kbka`y rkbestkrka

tl Dr. Jkys ht tgk tedk. (Ea.ht 9;.)

B. O[]QEFEMHQELN FLY QGK IYKHAQG LF QGK ]KHYMG.Htthmgdknt I tl tgk whrrhnt hppèmhteln prlveaks h ile`krp`htk èst lf tgk etkds Hnarkws slubgt

tl skhrmg, mlpy, edhbk hna skezk?

h. Hny mldputkr kquepdknt lr aebeth` akvemks ik`lnbenb tl DHQQGKR JKU] tght hrkmhphi`k lf ikenb uska tl mlddet tgk ]pkmefeka Fkakrh` Lffknsks, lr tl mrkhtk, hmmkss,

lr stlrk kveaknmk, lr enstrudknthèteks lf sumg mredks, hs skt flrtg en Htthmgdknt I:

i. Hny mldputkr kquepdknt lr aebeth` akvemks ik`lnbenb tl DHQQGKR JKU] uska tlfhmeèthtk tgk trhnsdesseln, mrkhteln, aesp`hy, knmlaenb, lr stlrhbk lf ahth, enmùaenb

wlra prlmkssenb kquepdknt, dlakds, almjenb sthtelns, dlnetlrs, prentkrs, p`lttkrs,

knmrypteln akvemks, hna lptemh` smhnnkrs tght ik`lnb tl JKU] hna hrk mhphi`k lf



13/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 2



8

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98

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91

9;

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ikenb uska tl mlddet lr furtgkr tgk mredks lutènka hilvk, lr tl mrkhtk, hmmkss,

prlmkss, lr stlrk kveaknmk hna enstrudknthèteks lf sumg mredks, hs skt flrtg en

Htthmgdknt I:

m. Hny dhbnktem, k`kmtrlnem, lr lptemh` stlrhbk akvemk mhphi`k lf stlrenb ahth, sumg hsf`lppy aesjs, ghra aesjs, thpks, MA-YLDs, MA-Ys, MA-YRs, AVAs, lptemh` aesjs,

prentkr lr dkdlry iuffkrs, sdhrt mhras, SM mhras, dkdlry mh`mu`htlrs, k`kmtrlnem

aeh`krs, k`kmtrlnem nltkilljs, pkrslnh` aebeth` hssesthnts, hna mk`` pglnks ik`lnbenb tl

DHQQGKR JKU] tght hrk mhphi`k lf ikenb uska tl mlddet lr furtgkr tgk mredks

lutènka hilvk, lr tl mrkhtk, hmmkss, lr stlrk kveaknmk hna enstrudknthèteks lf sumg

mredks, hs skt flrtg en Htthmgdknt I:

a. Hny almudknthteln, lpkrhtenb `lbs, hna rkfkrknmk dhnuh`s rkbhraenb tgk lpkrhteln lftgk mldputkr kquepdknt, stlrhbk akvemks, lr slftwhrk ik`lnbenb tl DHQQGKR

JKU]:

k. Hny hppèmhtelns, uteèty prlbrhds, mldpe`krs, entkrprktkrs, hna ltgkr slftwhrkik`lnbenb tl DHQQGKR JKU] uska tl fhmeèthtk aerkmt lr enaerkmt mlddunemhteln

wetg tgk mldputkr ghrawhrk, stlrhbk akvemks, lr ahth ik`lnbenb tl JKU] tl ik

skhrmgka:

f. Hny pgysemh` jkys, knmrypteln akvemks, alnb`ks, lr sede`hr pgysemh` etkds ik`lnbenbtl DHQQGKR JKU] wgemg hrk nkmksshry tl bhen hmmkss tl JKU]s mldputkr

kquepdknt, stlrhbk akvemks, lr ahth:

b. Hny phsswlras, phsswlra fe`ks, tkst jkys, knmrypteln mlaks, lr ltgkr enflrdhtelnik`lnbenb tl DHQQGKR JKU] nkmksshry tl hmmkss tgk mldputkr kquepdknt,

stlrhbk akvemks, lr ahth: hna

g. H`` rkmlras, almudknts, prlbrhds, hppèmhtelns, lr dhtkreh`s mrkhtka, dlaefeka, lrstlrka en hny flrd, enmùaenb aebeth` flrd, ln hny mldputkr lr aebeth` akvemks

ik`lnbenb tl DHQQGKR JKU], tght sglw tgk hmtuh` uskr(s) lf tgk mldputkrs lr

aebeth` akvemks aurenb hny tedk pkrela en wgemg tgk akvemk whs uska tl mlddet tgk

mredks rkfkrknmka hilvk, enmùaenb tgk wki irlwskrs gestlry: tkdplrhry Entkrnkt

Mhsk 9?8=-mr-33379-JOD Almudknt 9= Fe`ka 89/8=/8= Shbk 8= lf =8


14/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 7



8

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91

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fe`ks: mlljeks, illjdhrjka, lr fhvlretk wki phbks: kdhe` haarkssks uska frld tgk

mldputkr: DHM EAs hna/lr Entkrnkt Srltlml` haarkssks uska iy tgk mldputkr: kdhe`,

ensthnt dksshbks, hna ltgkr k`kmtrlnem mlddunemhtelns: haarkss illjs: mlnthmt èsts:

rkmlras lf slmeh` nktwlrjenb hna lnènk skrvemk ushbk: hna slftwhrk tght wluà h``lw

ltgkrs tl mlntrl` tgk aebeth` akvemk sumg hs verusks, Qrlohn glrsks, hna ltgkr flrds lf

dhèmelus slftwhrk (lr h`tkrnhtevk`y, tgk `hmj lf slftwhrk tght wluà h``lw ltgkrs tl

mlntrl` tgk akvemk).

e. H`` rkmlras, almudknts, prlbrhds, hppèmhtelns, lr dhtkreh`s mrkhtka, dlaefeka, lrstlrka en hny flrd, enmùaenb aebeth` flrd, ln hny mldputkr lr aebeth` akvemk

ik`lnbenb tl DHQQGKR JKU], tght sglw kveaknmk lf mluntkr-flrknsem prlbrhds

(hna hsslmehtka ahth) tght hrk aksebnka tl kèdenhtk ahth frld tgk mldputkr lr aebeth`

akvemk.

o. H`` rkmlras, almudknts, prlbrhds, hppèmhtelns, lr dhtkreh`s mrkhtka, dlaefeka, lrstlrka en hny flrd, enmùaenb en aebeth` flrd, ln hny mldputkr lr aebeth` akvemk

ik`lnbenb tl DHQQGKR JKU], tght sglw mlntkxtuh` enflrdhteln nkmksshry tl

unakrsthna tgk kveaknmk, mlntrhihna, fruets, lr enstrudknthèteks aksmreika en

Htthmgdknt I.

(]kk Akf.s Kx. H, Htthmgdknt I.) Hnarkws lffkrka tgk fl` lwenb ile`krp`htk oustefemhteln flr tges irlha

skezurk?

h. ]khrmgenb mldputkr systkds es h gebg`y tkmgnemh` prlmkss wgemg rkquerks spkmefemkxpkrtesk hna spkmehèzka kquepdknt. Qgkrk hrk sl dhny typks lf mldputkr ghrawhrk

hna slftwhrk en usk tlahy tght et es edplssei`k tl irenb tl tgk skhrmg setk h`` lf tgk

nkmksshry tkmgnemh` dhnuh`s hna spkmehèzka kquepdknt nkmksshry tl mlnaumt h

tglrlubg skhrmg. En haaeteln et dhy h`sl ik nkmksshry tl mlnsu`t wetg mldputkr

pkrslnnk` wgl ghvk spkmefem kxpkrtesk en tgk typk lf mldputkr, slftwhrk hppèmhteln

lr lpkrhtenb systkd tght es ikenb skhrmgka.

i. ]khrmgenb mldputkr systkds rkquerks tgk usk lf prkmesk, smekntefem prlmkaurks wgemghrk aksebnka tl dhenthen tgk entkbrety lf tgk kveaknmk hna tl rkmlvkr geaakn, krhska,



15/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 5



8

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89

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86

82

87

85

93

98

99

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91

9;

96

92

97

mldprksska, knmryptka lr phsswlra-prltkmtka ahth. Mldputkr ghrawhrk hna stlrhbk

akvemks dhy mlnthen illiy trhps tght akstrly lr h`tkr ahth ef mkrthen prlmkaurks hrk

nlt smrupu`lus`y fl``lwka. ]enmk mldputkr ahth es phrtemu`hr`y vu`nkrhi`k tl

enhavkrtknt lr entkntelnh` dlaefemhteln lr akstrumteln, h mlntrl``ka knverlndknt, sumg

hs h `hw knflrmkdknt `hilrhtlry, es kssknteh` tl mlnaumtenb h mldp`ktk hna hmmurhtk

hnh`yses lf tgk kquepdknt hna stlrhbk akvemks frld wgemg tgk ahth we`` ik kxtrhmtka.

m. Qgk vlùdk lf ahth stlrka ln dhny mldputkr systkds hna stlrhbk akvemks we``typemh``y ik sl `hrbk tght et we`` ik gebg`y edprhmtemh` tl skhrmg flr ahth aurenb tgk

kxkmuteln lf tgk pgysemh` skhrmg lf tgk prkdesks. H senb`k dkbhiytk lf stlrhbk sphmk

es tgk kquevh`knt lf ;33 alui`k-sphmka phbks lf tkxt. H senb`k bebhiytk lf stlrhbk

sphmk, lr 8,333 dkbhiytks, es tgk kquevh`knt lf ;33,333 alui`k-sphmka phbks lf tkxt.

]tlrhbk akvemks mhphi`k lf stlrenb ;33 bebhiytks (BI) lf ahth hrk nlw mlddlnp`hmk

en aksjtlp mldputkrs. Mlnskquknt`y, khmg nln-nktwlrjka, aksjtlp mldputkr fluna

aurenb h skhrmg mhn khse`y mlnthen tgk kquevh`knt lf 9;3 de`èln phbks lf ahth, wgemg,

ef prentka lut, wluà rksu`t en h sthmj lf phpkr lvkr tkn de`ks gebg. Furtgkr, h ;33 BI

arevk mluà mlnthen hs dhny hs hpprlxedhtk`y 9;3 fu`` run dlveks lr 1;3,333 slnbs.

a. Mldputkr uskrs mhn httkdpt tl mlnmkh` ahth wetgen mldputkr kquepdknt hna stlrhbkakvemks tgrlubg h nudikr lf dktglas, enmùaenb tgk usk lf ennlmulus lr des`khaenb

fe`knhdks hna kxtknselns. Flr kxhdp`k, fe`ks wetg tgk kxtknseln .opb lftkn hrk

edhbk fe`ks: glwkvkr, h uskr mhn khse`y mghnbk tgk kxtknseln tl .txt. tl mlnmkh` tgk

edhbk hna dhjk et hppkhr tght tgk fe`k mlnthens tkxt. Mldputkr uskrs mhn h`sl httkdpt

tl mlnmkh` ahth iy usenb knmrypteln, wgemg dkhns tght h phsswlra lr akvemk, sumg hs h

alnb`k lr jkymhra, es nkmksshry tl akmrypt tgk ahth entl rkhahi`k flrd. En

haaeteln, mldputkr uskrs mhn mlnmkh` ahth wetgen hnltgkr skkdenb`y unrk`htka hna

ennlmulus fe`k en h prlmkss mh``ka stknlbrhpgy. Flr kxhdp`k, iy usenb stknlbrhpgy

h mldputkr uskr mhn mlnmkh` tkxt en hn edhbk fe`k wgemg mhnnlt ik vekwka wgkn tgk

edhbk fe`k es lpknka. Qgkrkflrk, h suisthnteh` hdlunt lf tedk es nkmksshry tl kxtrhmt

Mhsk 9?8=-mr-33379-JOD Almudknt 9= Fe`ka 89/8=/8= Shbk 8; lf =8


16/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 83



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hna slrt tgrlubg tgk ahth tght es mlnmkh`ka lr knmryptka tl aktkrdenk wgktgkr et es

kveaknmk, mlntrhihna, lr enstrudknthèteks lf h mredk.

(Hnarkws Hff. ht =2.) En èbgt lf tgksk mlnmkrns, Hnarkws rkqukstka pkrdesseln tl skhrmg, mlpy,

edhbk hna skezk tgk mldputkr ghrawhrk (hna hsslmehtka pkrepgkrh`s) tght hrk ikèkvka tl mlnthen sldk lr

h`` lf tgk kveaknmk aksmreika en tges whrrhnt, hna tl mlnaumt hn lff-setk skhrmg lf tgk edhbk . . . . (Ea.ht

=7, =7a.)

EE. KWKM[QELN LF QGK RHYYHNQ.Ln Lmtlikr 1, 9389, hbknts mlnaumtka tgk skezurk hutglrezka iy tgk whrrhnt ht Dr. Jkys

rkseaknmk. Qgk hbknts skezka lnk `hptlp mldputkr hna twl kxtkrnh` ghra arevks. Qgky h`sl tllj h

nudikr lf pgltlbrhpgs hna mlnaumtka h rkmlraka entkrvekw lf Dr. Jkys.

Ht hilut 8?=3 hd tgk nebgt ikflrk tgk kxkmuteln lf tgk skhrmg whrrhnt, Dr. Jkys htk h snhmj hna

tllj twl ;3 db alsks lf Qrhzlalnk, h`sl jnlwn hs Aksyrk`, hn hnte-akprksshnt lftkn prksmreika tl

enaumk s`kkp. (Akm`. lf Dhttgkw Jkys (Jkys Akm`.) ht =, 1:skk h`slAkm`. lf Ar. Ihrry Mlbkn

(Mlbkn Akm`.)ht 1.) Qgk mlddln seak kffkmts lf Qrhzlalnk enmùak mlnfuseln, fhtebuk, hna

nkrvlusnkss. (Mlbkn Akm`. ht 2.) Dr. Jkys fk`` hs`kkp iktwkkn 9?33 hna 9?=3 hd. (Jkys. Akm`. ht

;.) Hwljkn ikflrk 6?33 frld h akkp s`kkpiy fkakrh` hbknts, gk whs arlwsy, mlnfuska hna

flrbktfu`. (Ea.ht 2, 5.) Hbknts knmlurhbka hna lithenka wrettkn hna lrh` sthtkdknts frld Dr. Jkys,

akspetk tgk fhmt tght Dr. Jkys gha kxprksska mlnmkrns hilut ges sthtk lf dena. (Ea.ht 7.)

HYB[DKNQ

E. QGK ]KHYMG RHYYHNQ H[QGLYE_KA HN LVKYIYLHA BKNKYH@ ]KHYMG LFH@@ LF DY. JKU] K@KMQYLNEM DKAEH.

Iy pkrdettenb tgk skezurk lf kvkry mlnmkevhi`k typk lf k`kmtrlnem dkaeh, tgk Lmtlikr =, 9389

skhrmg whrrhnt whs unmlnstetutelnh``y lvkrirlha hna tgk dlakrn kquevh`knt lf h bknkrh` whrrhnt. Et es

fhdeèhr gestlry tght enaesmredenhtk skhrmgks hna skezurks mlnaumtka unakr tgk hutglrety lf bknkrh`

whrrhntswkrk tgk eddkaehtk kve`s tght dltevhtka tgk frhdenb hna halpteln lf tgk Flurtg Hdknadknt.

Shytln v. Nkw Ulrj, 11; [.]. ;2=, ;7= (8573): skk h`sl Mllèabk v. Nkw Ghdpsgerk, 139 [.]. 11=, 162

(8528) (tgk spkmefem kve` .. . higlrrka iy tgk ml`lnests . . . es nlt tght lf entruselnpkr sk, iut lf h

bknkrh`, kxp`lrhtlry ruddhbenb en h pkrslns ik`lnbenbs). Ql prkvknt tgk hiusk lf sumg enaesmredenhtk



17/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 88



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ruddhbenb, tgk Flurtg Hdknadknt rkquerks khmg whrrhnt tl phrtemu`hr`y aksmreiZkT tgk p`hmk tl ik

skhrmgka, hna tgk pkrslns lr tgenbs tl ik skezka. [.]. Mlnst. hdkna. EV. Qght es, skhrmg whrrhnts dust

ik spkmefem. [netka ]thtks v. Qlwnk, 552 F.9a ;=2, ;11 (5tg Mer. 855=). ]pkmefemety ghs twl hspkmts?

phrtemu`hrety hna irkhatg. Ea.(qultenbEn rk Brhna Oury ]uiplknhs Ahtka Akmkdikr 83, 8572, 596

F.9a 712, 7;6-;2 (5tg Mer. 8558)). Nlt ln`y dust h whrrhnt m`khr`y sthtk wght es slubgt,iut ets smlpk

dust h`sl ik èdetka iy tgk prlihi`k mhusk ln wgemg tgk whrrhnt es ihska. Ea.(shdk).

Qgk Flurtg Hdknadknts spkmefemety rkquerkdknts dhjk mldputkr skhrmgks kspkmeh``y aeffemu`t.

Ln lnk ghna, mldputkrs hrk phrtemu`hr`y vu`nkrhi`k tl bknkrh` ruddhbenb. H senb`k mldputkr, ghra

aesj, lr []I arevk dhy mlnthen enflrdhteln hilut kvkry hspkmt lf h pkrslns èfk. Kvkn mgkhp stlrhbk

dkaeh mhn stlrk de`èlns lf phbks lf enflrdhteln, pkrslnh` pemturks, hna entedhtk akthe`s lf lnks èfk.

Dlrklvkr, tgk mlntknt lf h mldputkr fe`k dhy nlt ik livelus wetglut lpknenb tgk fe`k etsk`f. Qgk

blvkrndknts enhieèty tl aktkrdenk wgktgkr h fe`k es mlnmkh`ka, mldprksska, krhska, lr illiy-trhppka

wetglut kxhdenenb et mrkhtks h plwkrfu` enmkntevk tl skezk dlrk rhtgkr tghn `kss? .. . @kts thjk

kvkrytgenb ihmj tl tgk `hi, ghvk h blla `llj hrluna hna skk wght wk debgt studi`k ln. [netka ]thtks

v. Mldprkgknsevk Arub Qkstenb, Enm., 698 F.=a 8869, 8823-28 (5tg Mer. 9383) (kn ihnm) (pkr murehd)

(MAQ EEE). Qgk vkry nhturk lf mldputkr skhrmgks rhesks tgk ldenlus spkmtkr lf bknkrh` whrrhnts.

Ln tgk ltgkr ghna, et dhy ik aeffemu`t flr hn lffemkr hpp`yenb flr h skhrmg whrrhnt tl ik vkry

spkmefem. Glw dhny mldputkrs lr stlrhbk akvemks alks tgk suspkmt plsskss< Hna wgemg lnks hrk ejk`y

tl mlnthen kveaknmk< Aea tgk suspkmt usk h `hptlp mldputkr, h thi`kt, lr h sdhrtpglnk< Furtgkr, tgk

tkmgnemh` hspkmts lf mldputkr skhrmgks mhn ik mldpèmhtka. ]lrtenb tgrlubg bebhiytks lf enflrdhteln

thjks tedk. Enflrdhteln dhy ik knmryptka lr ltgkrwesk unrkhahi`k. En rhrk ensthnmks, sldk ghrawhrk lr

slftwhrk dhy mlnthen illiy trhps tght akstrly lr h`tkr ahth ef mkrthen prlmkaurks hrk nlt smrupu`lus`y

fl``lwka. Hs sumg, mlurts ghvk rkmlbnezka h `kbetedhtk nkka tl smllp up `hrbk quhnteteks lf ahth, hna

seft tgrlubg et mhrkfu``y flr mlnmkh`ka lr aesbueska pekmks lf kveaknmk . . . . MAQ EEE, 698 F.=a ht 8826.

Qges nkka, glwkvkr, alks nlt yekà tl tgk Flurtg Hdknadknt.



18/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 89



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H. EN LYAKY QL MLNA[MQ RGL@K]H@K ]KE_[YK] LF K@KMQYLNEMDKAEH, QGK BLVKYNDKNQ D[]Q SYK]KNQ H FHMQ[H@ IH]E] FLY

ALENB ]L, EQ D[]Q FL@@LR H ]KBYKBHQELN SYLQLML@ FLY

EAKNQEFUENB YK@KVHNQ ENFLYDHQELN, HNA EQ D[]Q YKQ[YN

EYYK@KVHNQ ENFLYDHQELN.

Ql prkvknt kvkry whrrhnt hutglrezenb h mldputkr skhrmg frld funmtelnenb hs h bknkrh` whrrhnt,

tgk Nentg Mermuet rkquerks sumg whrrhnts fl``lw h nudikr lf ru`ks? (8) tgk blvkrndknt dust prlveak h

fhmtuh` oustefemhteln flr h irlha skhrmg hna skezurk lf tgk mldputkr: (9) tgk skhrmg dust ik dlnetlrka iy

h nkutrh`, akthmgka dhbestrhtk: (=) tgk blvkrndknt dust skh` hna glà almudknts pknaenb ouaemeh`

hpprlvh` lf h furtgkr skhrmg: (1) `hrbk-smh`k rkdlvh` es ln`y hpprlprehtk wgkrk ln-setk slrtenb es

enfkhsei`k hna nl tgkrk es nl prhmtemh` h`tkrnhtevk: (;) tgk blvkrndknt dust prldpt`y rkturn almudknts

lutseak tgk smlpk lf tgk skhrmg.

Qgksk ru`ks ghvk tgker rllts en h mhsk akmeaka ikflrk mldputkrs wkrk mlddlnp`hmk. En [netka

]thtks v. Qhdurh, 651 F.9a ;58 (5tg Mer. 8579), tgk FIE skrvka h whrrhnt ln h iusenkss hmmluntenb

akphrtdknt flr spkmefem rkmlras. Rgkn tgk iusenkss kdp`lykks rkfuska tl gk`p tgk hbknts `lmhtk tgk

spkmefem rkmlras tgk whrrhnt hutglrezka tgkd tl skezk, tgk hbknts skezka h`` lf tgk rkmlras flr tgk ykhrs en

quksteln. Ea.ht ;51-5;. Akspetk thjenb `hrbk quhnteteks lf almudknts nlt aksmreika en tgk whrrhnt, tgk

blvkrndknt hrbuka tgk skhrmg whs nkvkrtgk`kss rkhslnhi`k ikmhusk tgk almudknts wkrk entkrdenb`ka

hna et whs aeffemu`t tl skphrhtk tgk aksmreika almudknts frld tgk errk`kvhnt lnks. Ea.ht ;5;. Qgk mlurt

rkokmtka tges hrbudknt?

Et es truk tght h`` etkds en h skt lf fe`ks dhy ik enspkmtka aurenb h skhrmg, prlveaka tghtsuffemeknt`y spkmefem bueakènks flr eakntefyenb tgk almudknts slubgt hrk prlveaka en tgkskhrmg whrrhnt hna hrk fl``lwka iy tgk lffemkrs mlnaumtenb tgk skhrmg. Glwkvkr, tgkwgl`ksh`kskezurkflr `htkr akthe`ka kxhdenhteln lf rkmlras nlt aksmreika en h whrrhnt essebnefemhnt`y dlrk entrusevk, hna ghs ikkn mghrhmtkrezka hs tgk jena lf envkstebhtlryarhbnkt tght tgk flurtg hdknadknt whs aksebnka tl prkvknt. Rk mhnnlt shnmteln tgk

prlmkaurk fl``lwka iy tgk Blvkrndknt en tges mhsk.

Ea.(kdpghses en lrebenh`) (entkrnh` flltnltk hna methtelns ldettka).

Qgk Qhdurhmlurt prlveaka bueahnmk flr tgk mldphrhtevk`y rhrk tedks wgkn enflrdhteln

mhnnlt fkhsei`y ik slrtka ln setk. Qhdurh, 651 F.9a ht ;5;-56. Qgk blvkrndknt sgluà skh` hna glà

tgk almudknts pknaenb ouaemeh` hpprlvh` flr h furtgkr skhrmg. Ea. H dhbestrhtk sgluà brhnt prelr



19/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 8=



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hpprlvh` flr `hrbk-smh`k rkdlvh` lf dhtkreh` . . . ln`y wgkrk ln-setk slrtenb es enfkhsei`k hna nl ltgkr

prhmtemh` h`tkrnhtevk kxests.Ea.ht 565 (kdpghses haaka). Qgk kssknteh` shfkbuhra rkquerka es tght

wgl`ksh`k rkdlvh` dust ik dlnetlrka iy tgk ouabdknt lf h nkutrh`, akthmgka dhbestrhtk. Ea.(flltnltk

ldettka). H`tglubg sumg wgl`ksh`k skezurks dhy ik dlrk mlnvkneknt wetglut ouaemeh` phrtemephteln, tgky

hrk nlt rkhslnhi`k. Ea. Dlrklvkr, tgk blvkrndknt dust rkturn lut-lf-smlpk almudknts hftkr

skbrkbhteln? hny unnkmksshry ak`hy dhy rksu`t en hn unrkhslnhi`k hna tgkrkflrk unmlnstetutelnh`

dhnnkr lf kxkmutenb tgk whrrhnt. Ea.ht ;52.

Nkhr`y twknty-fevk ykhrs `htkr, en [netka ]thtks v. Ge``, 1;5 F.=a 566, 52= (5tg Mer. 9336), tgk

Nentg Mermuet rkvesetka Qhdurhen tgk mlntkxt lf h irlha skezurk lf h`` mldputkr dkaeh.

Hmjnlw`kabenb sebnefemhnt prli`kds engkrknt en mldputkr skhrmgks, tgk mlurt nkvkrtgk`kss rkfuska tl

bevk tgk blvkrndknt hn hutldhtem i`hnj mgkmj flr irlha mldputkr skhrmgks hna skezurks. Ea.ht 521-

2;. Yhtgkr, tl oustefy h wgl`ksh`k skezurk lf k`kmtrlnem dkaeh, tgk blvkrndknt dust ste`` akdlnstrhtk tl

tgk dhbestrhtkfhmtuh``ywgy sumg h irlha skhrmg hna skezurk hutglrety es rkhslnhi`k en tgk mhsk ht ghna.

Ea.ht 52; (kdpghses en lrebenh`). Qgk mlurt rkmlbnezka tght en sldk mhsks, tgk blvkrndknt we`` ghvk nl

ihses flr ikèkvenb tgky we`` hmtuh``y knmluntkr tgk jena lf tkmgnl`lbemh` prli`kds tght wluà dhjk hn

eddkaehtk lnsetk skhrmg hna sk`kmtevk rkdlvh` lf rk`kvhnt kveaknmk edprhmtemhi`k. Ea. Ql bevk tkktg tl

tges prkfkrknmk flr lnsetk skhrmgks lvkr wgl`ksh`k skezurk,Ge``rkquerks sldk tgrksglà sglwenb ikflrk

tgk blvkrndknt dhy skezk tgkghysthmj tl `llj flr tgk nkka`k. Ea.

Dlst rkmknt`y, en MAQ EEE, 698 F.=a 8869, hn kn ihnm phnk` lf tgk Nentg Mermuet hbhen hppèka

Qhdurhs`lbem tl mldputkr skhrmgks. Qgk plent lf Qhdurhprlmkaurks es tl dhenthen tgk prevhmy lf

dhtkreh`s tght hrk entkrdenb`ka wetg skezhi`k dhtkreh`s, hna tl hvlea turnenb h èdetka skhrmg flr

phrtemu`hr enflrdhteln entl h bknkrh` skhrmg . . . . Ea.ht 8823. Rge`k tgk blvkrndknt ghs h `kbetedhtk

nkka flr irlha mldputkr skhrmgks, tght nkka mrkhtks h skrelus resj tght kvkry whrrhnt flr k`kmtrlnem

enflrdhteln we`` ikmldk, en kffkmt, h bknkrh` whrrhnt, rknakrenb tgk Flurtg Hdknadknt errk`kvhnt. Ea.

ht 8826. Qlih`hnmk tgk nkkas lf `hw knflrmkdknt wetg tgk prevhmy ht tgk gkhrt lf tgk Flurtg

Hdknadknt,tgk kn ihnm phnk`s pkr murehd lpeneln knalrskaQhdurhhs h wlrjhi`k frhdkwlrj. Ea.

ht 8822.



20/31

DLQELN QL ][SSYK]]

Shbk 81



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Gkrk, tgk blvkrndknt fhe`ka tl fl``lw tgkNentg Mermuetsprkmkaknts en Qhdurh,Ge``, hna MAQ

EEE. Qgk wgl`ksh`k skezurk lf Dr. Jkys k`kmtrlnem dkaeh whs nlt dlnetlrka iy h nkutrh`, akthmgka

dhbestrhtk. Nlr aea tgk blvkrndknt thjk hny prkmhutelnhry dkhsurks tl prkvknt h bknkrh` skhrmg.

Yhtgkr tgk blvkrndknt skezka kvkrytgenb sl tgky mluà ruddhbk en Dr. Jkys pkrslnh` hna prlfksselnh`

èfk ht tgker `kesurk. Qgk hbknts aea nlt rkturn hny errk kvhnt almudknts lr ahth tl Dr. Jkys unte` mlunsk`

rkmkevka aesmlvkry. Qgksk fheùrks vel`htka tgk prltkmtevk dkhsurks rkquerka iy Qhdurhhna MAQ EEE.

Furtgkrdlrk, Hnarkwsile`krp`htk hffeahvet aksmreiks tgk aeffemu`ty lf mldputkr skhrmgks en

bknkrh` tkrds, rhtgkr tghn en spkmefem fhmtuh` tkrds tght hpp`y tl Dr. Jkys mhsk. Et prlveaks nl ihses tl

hntemephtk tgk nkka flr hny kxltem flrknsem kquepdknt lr spkmehèzka pkrslnnk`. Rlrsk, Hnarkws mhn

plent tl nl rkhsln tl ikèkvk Dr. Jkys ahth wluà ik geaakn lrprltkmtka iy slpgestemhtka illiy trhps.

Yhtgkr, tgk kveaknmk en tgk hffeahvet subbksts Dr. Jkys whs h run-lf-tgk-de`` Dhm uskr wetglut hny

spkmeh` ghmjenb sje``s. Hna wge`k tgk ahth en dlakrn stlrhbk dkaeh es lftkn vlùdenlus, hna tgk

mlntknt lf h fe`k dhy nlt ik hpphrknt unte` et es lpknka, nketgkr lf tgksk fhmts kxp`hen wgy tgk FIE mglsk

tl skezk kvkrytgenb, rhtgkr tghn sedp`y mlpyenb tgk fe`ks. En sglrt, tgk hffeahvet fhe`s tl prlveak h fhmtuh`

ihses flr wgl`ksh`k skezurk en tges mhsk, hsGe``rkquerks.

I. QGK RHYYHNQ MLDS@KQK@U EBNLYK] MGEKF O[ABK JL_EN]JE]B[EAK@ENK] EN MLDSYKGKN]EVK AY[B QK]QENB EE E.

Dlrklvkr, tl hssest blvkrndknt hbknts pkrflrdenb mldputkr skhrmgks hna skezurks, Mgekf Ouabk

H`kx Jlzensjes fevk-ouabk mlnmurrknmk en Mldprkgknsevk Arub Qkstenb EEEprlveaks fevk mlnmrktk

bueakènks, nlnk lf wgemg wkrk fl``lwka gkrk. Mgekf Ouabk Jlzensjes bueakènks hrk ihska `hrbk`y ln

tgk rkhslnenb en tgk mlurts pkr murehd lpeneln. Rge`k nlt `hw,=tgky hrk entknaka tl prlveak tgk

blvkrndknt h shfk ghrilr, wge`k ht tgk shdk tedk prltkmtenb tgk vhùks lf tgk Flurtg Hdknadknt.

MAQ EEE, 698 F.=a ht 8827 (Jlzensje, M.O., mlnmurrenb). En sglrt flrd, tgksk bueakènks hrk?

=Mgekf Ouabk Jlzensjes bueakènks wkrk lrebenh``y enmùaka en tgk phnk`s dholrety lpeneln. ]kk [netka ]thtks v.

Mldprkgknsevk Arub Qkstenb, Enm., ;25 F.=a 575, 8331-32 (5tg Mer. 9335) (MAQ EE). Glwkvkr, tgk lpeneln whs

suiskquknt`y rkveska, hna tgk bueakènks wkrk dlvka tl tgk pùrhètys mlnmurrknmk. ]kk MAQ EEE, 698 F.=a ht 887= (Mh``hghn,

O., mlnmurrenb en phrt hna aesskntenb en phrt) (Qgk mlnmurrknmk es nlt olenka iy h dholrety lf tgk kn ihnm phnk` hna

hmmlraenb`y tgk subbkstka bueakènks hrk nlt Nentg Mermuet `hw.).



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8. Dhbestrhtk ouabks sgluà ensest tght tgk blvkrndknt whevk rkèhnmk upln tgk p`henvekw almtrenk en aebeth` kveaknmk mhsks.

9. ]kbrkbhteln hna rkahmteln lf k`kmtrlnem ahth dust ik alnk ketgkr iy spkmehèzkapkrslnnk` lr hn enakpknaknt tgera phrty. Ef tgk skbrkbhteln es tl ik alnk iy

blvkrndknt mldputkr pkrslnnk`, tgk blvkrndknt dust hbrkk en tgk whrrhnt

hppèmhteln tght tgk mldputkr pkrslnnk` we`` nlt aesm`lsk tl tgk envkstebhtlrs hny

enflrdhteln ltgkr tghn tght wgemg es tgk thrbkt lf tgk whrrhnt.

=. Rhrrhnts hna suiplknhs dust aesm`lsk tgk hmtuh` resjs lf akstrumteln lf enflrdhtelnhs wk`` hs prelr kfflrts tl skezk tght enflrdhteln en ltgkr ouaemeh` flrh.

1. Qgk blvkrndknt's skhrmg prltlml` dust ik aksebnka tl unmlvkr ln`y tgk enflrdhtelnflr wgemg et ghs prlihi`k mhusk, hna ln`y tght enflrdhteln dhy ik kxhdenka iy tgk

mhsk hbknts.

;. Qgk blvkrndknt dust akstrly lr, ef tgk rkmepeknt dhy `hwfu``y plsskss et, rkturn nln-rksplnsevk ahth, jkkpenb tgk essuenb dhbestrhtk enflrdka hilut wgkn et ghs alnk sl

hna wght et ghs jkpt.

Ea.ht 8873 (shdk) (entkrnh` methtelns ldettka).

Qgk blvkrndknt ebnlrka tgksk bueakènks. Ferst, nketgkr tgk blvkrndknt nlr tgk hutglrezenb

dhbestrhtk dhak hny dknteln lf tgk p`hen vekw almtrenk. H`tglubg Akfknahnt alks nlt kxpkmt tgk

blvkrndknt tl rk`y ln tgk p`hen vekw almtrenk en tges mhsk, tgk fheùrk tl hmjnlw`kabk tgk sèppkry s`lpk

lf k`kmtrlnem p`hen vekw akdlnstrhtks h aesrkbhra flr tgk bueakènks. ]kmlna, tgk blvkrndknt aea nlt usk

spkmehèzka pkrslnnk` lr hn enakpknaknt tgera phrty tl skbrkbhtk rk`kvhnt frld errk`kvhnt ahth.

Enstkha, tgk blvkrndknt skezka h`` lf Dr. Jkys dkaeh hna rkdlvka et flr `kesurk`y ruddhbenb. Qgera,

tgk whrrhnt prlveaks nl phrtemu`hr ihses flr tgk mlnokmturk tght tgkrk debgt ik geaakn, knmryptka, lr

illiy-trhppka ahth. Hnarkws hffeahvet eakntefeka nl hmtuh` resjs lf enflrdhteln akstrumteln, hna nl

fhmtssupplrtenb tgk prlplseteln tght Dr. Jkys kquepdknt lr ahth dhy ghvk ikkn illiy-trhppka.

Enakka, et fhe`s tl oustefy hnytgenb dlrk entrusevk tghn pùbbenb en hn kxtkrnh` []I arevk hna

mlpy/phstenb ahth. Flurtg, tgk whrrhnt mlnthens nl phrtemu`hr skhrmg prltlml`. Hs h rksu`t, tgk

blvkrndknts bknkrh`skhrmg hna skezurk swkpt up `hrbk vlùdks lf enflrdhteln wetglut prlihi`k mhusk.



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Hna feftg, tgk blvkrndknt ghs jkpt h`` enflrdhteln et skezka. H`tglubg Dr. Jkys ghs rkmkevka h mlpy lf

ges lwn ahth, gk whs rkquerka tl prlveak ges lwn dkaeh. Nltgenb ghs ikkn rkturnka: enakka, tgk

enaemtdknt skkjs flrfketurk lf h`` k`kmtrlnem dkaeh skezka pursuhnt tl tgk whrrhnt, wetglut rkbhra flr ets

rk`kvhnmk.

En sud, tgk Lmtlikr =, 9389 whrrhnt en tges mhsk hutglrezka skezurk lf kvkry mlnmkevhi`k jena lf

k`kmtrlnem dkaeh, wetg nl phrtemu`hrezka skhrmg prltlml`s lr ltgkr shfkbuhras tl skbrkbhtk rk`kvhnt frld

errk`kvhnt enflrdhteln. Et hutglrezka tgk dlakrn kquevh`knt lf h bknkrh` skhrmg. Qgk whrrhnt whs

unmlnstetutelnh``y lvkrirlha, hna ets fruets dust ik supprksska.

EE. HQ QGK QEDK HNAYKR] HSS@EKA FLY QGK RHYYHNQ, QGK FHMQ]][SSLYQENB SYLIHI@K MH[]K QL IK@EKVK DY. JKU] SL]]K]]KA HNU

KVEAKNMK RKYK ]QH@K.

Hseak frld tgk lvkrirkhatg prli`kd, tgk fhmts en ]pkmeh` Hbknt Hnarkws supplrtenb hffeahvet

wkrk sedp`y tll sth`k tl supplrt tgk prlplseteln tght tgk Lmtlikr 1, 9389 skhrmg wluà turn up hny

kveaknmk lf wrlnbalenb. [nakr tgk sth`knkss almtrenk, hn hffeahvet supplrtenb h skhrmg whrrhnt dust

ik ihska ln fhmts sl m`lsk`y rk`htka tl tgk tedk lf tgk essuk lf tgk whrrhnt hs tl oustefy h fenaenb lf

prlihi`k mhusk ht tght tedk. [netka ]thtks v. @hmy, 885 F.=a 219, 21; (5tg Mer. 8552) (qultenbAurghd

v. [netka ]thtks, 13= F.9a 853, 85= (5tg Mer. 8567):]brl v. [netka ]thtks, 972 [.]. 936, 983, ;= ].Mt.

8=7, 813 (85=9))(kdpghses haaka) (entkrnh` qulthteln dhrjs ldettka). ]th`knkss es kvhùhtka en èbgt

lf tgk phrtemu`hr fhmts lf tgk mhsk hna tgk nhturk lf tgk mredenh` hmtevety hna prlpkrty slubgt. [netka

]thtks v. Brkhny, 595 F.9a ;9=, ;9; (5tg Mer. 8558). Qgus, wge`k h sebnefemhnt bhp en tedk mhn aedenesg

tgk prlihieèty tght tgk kveaknmk we`` ik unmlvkrka en tgk skhrmg, skk [netka ]thtks v. Brhnt, 679 F.=a

792, 7=; (5tg Mer. 9389), tgk dkrk `hpsk lf suisthnteh` hdlunts lf tedk es nlt mlntrl`ènb en h quksteln

lf sth`knkss. [netka ]thtks v. Alzekr, 711 F.9a 238, 232 (5tg Mer. 8577). Enstkha, tgk whrrhnt sgluà ik

upgkà ef tgkrk es h suffemeknt ihses tl ikèkvk, ihska ln h mlntenuenb phttkrn lrltgkr blla rkhslns, tght

tgk etkds tl ik skezka hrk ste`` ln tgk prkdesks. [netka ]thtks v. Bhnn, 2=9 F.9a 281, 299 (5tg Mer.

8571). Rgkrk tgk kveaknmk slubgt es lf hn lnblenb mredenh` iusenkss lf h nkmksshre`y `lnb-tkrd nhturk

. . . rhtgkr tghn tght lf h mldp`ktka hmt, brkhtkr `hpsks lf tedk hrk pkrdettka . . . . Brkhny, 595 F.9a ht

;9;.

http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9489932947034523173&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9489932947034523173&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9489932947034523173&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9489932947034523173&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17637570021889456427&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17637570021889456427&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17637570021889456427&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17637570021889456427&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17637570021889456427&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17637570021889456427&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9489932947034523173&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9489932947034523173&q=omission&hl=en&as_sdt=4,60,72,73,78,79,80,86,88,93,114,129,134,135,141,142,143,149,151,156,258,259,260,261,310,311,321,322,323,324,373,374,383&as_ylo=2009


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Hnarkws hffeahvet prlveaks nl rkhsln tl suspkmt hny lnblenb mredenh` iusenkss oustefyenb tgk

`hpsk lf tedk iktwkkn tgk ahtk lf tgk mredk, Akmkdikr 81, 9383, hna tgk ahtk lf tgk whrrhnt, Lmtlikr =,

9389. Qgk nkhr`y 99-dlntg ak`hy es tll `lnb tl supplrt tgk skhrmg. ]kk [netka ]thtks v. Brkhtglusk,

952 F.]upp.9a 8961, 8929 (A. Lr. 933=) (fenaenb h tgertkkn dlntg ak`hy en Entkrnkt mgeà plrnlbrhpgy

mhsks sedp`y tll `lnb. . . hisknt kveaknmk lf lnblenb lr mlntenulus mredenh` hmtevety). H`tglubg ht

`khst lnk mlurt ghs upgkà h skhrmg flr mgeà plrnlbrhpgy hftkr h tkn-dlntg ak`hy, tght skhrmg whs

upgkà ikmhusk tgk hffeahvet en supplrt lf tgk whrrhnts prlveaka blla rkhsln tl ikèkvk tgk kveaknmk

wluà ste`` ik prksknt. ]kk @hmy, 885 F.=a 219, 216.

Gkrk, Hnarkwsspkmu`htevk oustefemhtelns flr tgk ak`hy fh`` sglrt lf ksthièsgenb prlihi`k mhusk

tght Dr. Jkys rkthenka kveaknmk. Gk sthtka ges ikèkf tght Dr. Jkys wluà rkthen sumg kveaknmk flr sl

`lnb ikmhusk?

(8). . . tgkrk es prlihi`k mhusk tl ikèkvk tght JKU] phrtemephtka en mlddettenb tgk ]pkmefekaFkakrh` Lffknsks:

(9)kveaknmk lf ]pkmefeka Fkakrh` Lffknsks, enmùaenb tgk mght `lbs aesmusska en phrhbrhpg 98(skk h`slKxgeiets H hna I htthmgka gkrktl) whs rkthenka ln JKU]s mldputkr hs rkmknt`y hs

Dhrmg 6, 9389, plst-ahtenb ges dlvk frld ]hmrhdkntl, Mhèflrneh tl ]khmhumus, Nkw Okrsky:

(=)JKU] prksknt`y dhenthens tgk wkisetk www.prlaumkrdhttgkw.mld, ln wgemg gk ghs sthtkatght gk hmtevk`y dlnetlrs tgk Entkrnkt hna upahtks ges wkisetk frld ges rkseaknmk:

(1)ihska ln dy trhenenb hna kxpkreknmk, hna tgk envkstebhteln tl ahtk, E jnlw tght JKU] esprlfemeknt wetg mldputkrs hna rk`htka tkmgnl`lby, hna tght enaeveauh`s sumg hs JKU]

bknkrh``y rkthen tgker mldputkrs hna httknahnt aebeth` dkaeh wgkn dlvenb frld lnk rkseaknmk

tl hnltgkr: hna

(;)ihska ln dy trhenenb hna kxpkreknmk, E hd hwhrk tght ahth, kvkn ef ak`ktka, we`` rkdhen ln hmldputkr unte` lvkrwrettkn.

Hnarkws furtgkr sthtka ges ikèkf tght Dr. Jkys wluà rkthen ahth frld ges entkrhmteln wetg Hnlnydlus

ht gldk ikmhusk gk rkbhras tges hs hn hmmldpèsgdknt tght gk whnts tl puièsg hna rkmkevk mrkaet flr en

tgk futurk.

Mhsk 9?8=-mr-33379-JOD Almudknt 9= Fe`ka 89/8=/8= Shbk 9= lf =8


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Qgksk oustefemhtelns fhe` flr ht `khst tgrkk rkhslns. Ferst, hna dlst livelus`y, tgkrk es sedp`y nl

kveaknmk prkskntka gkrk lf hny lnblenb mredenh` hmtevety. Brkhtglusk, 952 F.]upp.9a ht 8929.

Srlihi`k mhusk tght Dr. Jkys phrtemephtka en tgk @H Qedks kaet es nlt etsk`f prlihi`k mhusk tght Dr.

Jkys wluà ghvk kveaknmk lf et 99 dlntgs `htkr, hftkr h mrlss-mluntry dlvk. ]kmlna, tgk smrkknsglt Dr

Jkys plstka tl ges wkisetk ln Dhrmg 6, 9389 whs h smrkknsglt, nlt mght `lbs. Qgkrk es nl kveaknmk

Dr. Jkys kvkr rkmlraka lr jkpt hny sumg mght `lbs. Hna oust ikmhusk h senb`k fe`k es puièsgka ln h

wkisetk alks nlt dkhn tght sede`hr fe`ks rkseak ln pkrslnh` mldputenb kquepdknt, kvkn wgkrk tgk

hadenestrhtlr upahtks tgk setk rkdltk`y frld gldk. Qgera, hna dlst trluiènb, Hnarkws hffeahvet rkèks

ln mruak stkrkltypks lf mldputkr uskrs hna olurnhèsts. Hmmlraenb tl Hnarkws, enaeveauh`s sumg hs

JKU]tglsk h``kbka`y prlfemeknt wetg mldputkrs hna rk`htka tkmgnl`lbyhrk dlrk èjk`y tl rkthen

stlrhbk dkaeh flr `lnb pkrelas lf tedk. ]ede`hr`y, ikmhusk Dr. Jkys whs hmtenb hs h olurnhèst aurenb

ges entkrhmtelns wetg Hnlnydlus, Hnarkws gypltgksezka tghtgk gkà ln tl ges ahth tl rkmkevk mrkaet

flr et en tgk futurk. Qgksk bknkrhèzhtelns `hmj flunahteln. Qgk blvkrndknt mhnnlt nkutkr tgk sth`knkss

almtrenk flr h`` olurnhèsts hna ltgkr mldputkr-prlfemeknt pklp`k ln sumg h fèdsy ihses, wetglut rkbhra

flr tgk fhmts lf tgk mhsk.

En sglrt, iy Lmtlikr =, 9389, blvkrndknt hbknts nl `lnbkr gha prlihi`k mhusk tl suspkmt tght

Dr. Jkys plssksska hny kveaknmk lf tgk mredk. Hnarkws fhe`ka tl akdlnstrhtk hny kveaknmk lf lnblenb

mredenh` hmtevety, hna ges hsskrtelns tght hbknts wluà fena kveaknmk lf prelr mredenh` hmtevety wkrk ihska

ln s`kebgt-lf-ghna hna mruak bknkrhèzhtelns. [nakr tgksk mermudsthnmks, tgk whrrhnt sgluà ik quhsgka

hna h`` kveaknmk lithenka tgkrkfrld supprksska.

EEE. QGK HFFEAHVEQ MLNQHEN] AK@EIKYHQK LY YKMJ@K]]DE]YKSYK]KNQHQELN] HNA LDE]]ELN] YKX[EYENB H FYHNJ]GKHYENB.

Et es wk``-sktt`ka tght h akfknahnt dhy mgh``knbk h whrrhnt iy mgh``knbenb tgk trutgfu`nkss lf

sthtkdknts tgkrken. Rgkrk h akfknahnt (8) dhjks h suisthnteh` prkèdenhry sglwenb tght h fh`sk

sthtkdknt jnlwenb`y hna entkntelnh``y, lr wetg rkmj`kss aesrkbhra lf tgk trutg, whs enmùaka iy tgk

hffehnt en tgk whrrhnt hffeahvet, hna (9) akdlnstrhtks tght tgk h``kbka`y fh`sk sthtkdknt es nkmksshry tl

tgk fenaenb lf prlihi`k mhusk, tgk Flurtg Hdknadknt rkquerks tght h gkhrenb ik gkà ht tgk akfknahnts

rkqukst. Frhnjs v. Ak`hwhrk, 1=7 [.]. 8;1, 8;;-;6 (8527) (Frhnjs). Ql lithen hFrhnjsgkhrenb,



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tgk akfknahnt nkka nlt akdlnstrhtk m`khr prllf lf akmkpteln: tgk quksteln lf prllf es rkskrvka flr tgk

kveakntehry gkhrenb. [netka ]thtks v. ]thnkrt, 269 F.9a 22;, 278 (5tg Mer. 857;) (metenb [netka ]thtks v.

Mgksgkr, 627 F.9a 8=;=, 8=69 (5tg Mer. 8579)). Frhnjsgkhrenbs hrk nlt èdetka tl sglwenbs lf fh`sk

hfferdhtevk sthtkdknts, iut hrk h`sl hpprlprehtk wgkrk h whrrhnt hffeahvet mlnthens akèikrhtk lr rkmj`kss

ldesselns lf fhmts tght tkna tl des`kha. ]thnkrt, 269 F.9a ht 273-78:skk h`sl[netka ]thtks v. Ohwhrh,

121 F.=a ;6;, ;79 (5tg Mer. 9332) (hfferdenb ]thnkrt). Rgkrk h whrrhnt es mgh``knbka flr ldesselns

tknaenb tl des`kha, prlihi`k mhusk dust ik rkmlnseakrka wetg tgk ldettka enflrdhteln enmùaka. [netka

]thtks v. Ak@kln, 525 F.9a 268, 261 (5tg Mer. 8559).

H. HNAYKR] HFFEAHVEQ MLNQHEN] AK@EIKYHQK LY YKMJ@K]]@U-DHAK]QHQKDKNQ] HNA LDE]]ELN].

Qgk skhrmg whrrhnt hffeahvet mlnthens twl des`khaenb dhtkreh` ldesselns. Ferst, Hnarkws

ldettka hny rkfkrknmk tl FIE hbknt Olgn Mhutgkns almudkntka ikèkftght Dr. Jkys whs nlt rksplnsei`k

flr tgk suspemelus k-dhe`ssknt tl Flx 13 en khr`y Akmkdikr, 9383. Mhutgkns rkplrts prlveak

mldpk`ènb rkhslns tl ikèkvk Dr. Jkys whs nlt rksplnsei`k. Et wluà ghvk ikkn enmlnbrulus hna

e``lbemh` flr Dr. Jkys tl aesm`lsk ges eakntety en tgk suspemelus k-dhe`s. Enakka, Dr. Jkys whs

bknuenk`y ihff`ka iytgk eakh. Mhutgkns lpeneln whs tght Dr. Jkys entkrkst en tgk ghmjenb

mlddunety whs olurnhèstem, nlt mredenh`. Ukt nlnk lf tges enflrdhteln whs aesm`lska en Hnarkws

hffeahvet.

]kmlna, Hnarkws sk`kmtevk usk lf ES haarkss enflrdhteln lvkrsthtks tgk prkmeseln lf tght

kveaknmk. Ferst, en aesmussenb tgk suspemelus k-dhe`s, akspetk envkstebhtenb khmg lf tgkd, Hnarkws

eakntefeka ln`y h senb`k ES haarkss wgemg gk m`heds rksl`vka tl h `lmhteln en ]hmrhdkntl, Mhèflrneh.1

Dr. Jkys èvka en ]hmrhdkntl ht tgk tedk hna uska HQ&Q hs hn Entkrnkt ]krvemk Srlveakr. Ukt

almudknts rkmkevka en aesmlvkry enaemhtk tght tges ES haarkss whs hadenestkrka iy Mldmhst. (]kk

Mldmhst Yksplnsk tl Blvkrndknt ]uiplknh, Akf.s Kx. A.) Hnarkws enmùseln lf tges ES haarkss hna

ets h``kbka `lmhteln wkrk mh`mu`htka tl edpèmhtk Dr. Jkys, akspetk ltgkr kveaknmk tght aea nlt plent tl

1Hnarkws kxp`henka tght ZsTuiplknhs flr tgksk ZltgkrT hmmluntsaktkrdenka ketgkr tght tgk enflrdhteln whs unhvhe`hi`k lr

tght tgk hmmlunt uska whs iy h prlxy skrvkr. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 8;.) Gk lffkrka nl furtgkr akthe`s.

Mhsk 9?8=-mr-33379-JOD Almudknt 9= Fe`ka 89/8=/8= Shbk 9; lf =8


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ged ht h``. ]kmlna, tgk ln`y ES haarkss Hnarkws teka tl tgk HK]Mrhmjka nemjnhdk whs

27.895.993.16, wgemg flrtuetlus`y whs h``kbka`y h`sl uska iy flxduàkr1355Cyhgll.ml.uj.

Srksudhi`y, tges es tgk ES haarkss lf h prlxy skrvkr, wgemg hmts hs hn entkrdkaehry flr rkquksts frld

mèknts skkjenb rkslurmks frld ltgkr skrvkrs. (Hnarkws Hff. ht 1f.) Iut nketgkr Hnarkws aksmrepteln

lf h prlxy skrvkr nlr ges aesmusseln lf tges ES haarkss enmùaks tgk fhmt tght prlxy skrvkrs lftkn skrvk hs

prlxeks flr dhny pklp`k ht h tedk. Nlr alks Hnarkws dhjk hny kfflrt tl kxp`hen tgk dlntg-`lnb bhp en

tedk iktwkkn flxduàkr1355s usk lf tgk ES haarkss hna HK]Mrhmjkas usk lf tgk ES haarkss, lr glw

tght tedk `hpsk hffkmts tgk hnh`yses. En sglrt, Hnarkws usk lf ES haarkss enflrdhtelnwhs mh`mu`htka tl

gebgèbgt enflrdhteln plentenb tl Dr. Jkys wge`k denedezenb enflrdhteln subbkstenb sldklnk k`sk whs

rksplnsei`k.

Qgksk ldesselns wkrk nlt dkrk`y nkbèbknt. Hnarkws jnkw lr sgluà ghvk jnlwn lf Mhutgkns

lpenelns lf tgk mhsk. Hna ges usk lf ES haarkss enflrdhteln supplrts h fenaenb lf rkmj`kss lr entkntelnh`

ldesseln ikmhusk tgk fh`sk sthtkdknts hna ldesselns mlnthenkaen tgk hffeahvet h`` il`stkrtgk mhsk flr

prlihi`k mhusk, wgemg subbksts tgk desthjks wkrk nlt tgk prlaumt lf dkrk nkbèbknmk. Mgesd v.

Rhsgenbtln ]thtk, 668 F.=a =73, =77 (5tg Mer. 9388). Hs lnk aestremt mlurt rkmknt`y hmjnlw`kabka,

ZdTumg, ef nlt h``, lf tgk myikr-kveaknmk (tgk K-dhe` haarkssks hna ES haarkssks uska) we`` `kha ylu tl

hn ennlmknt pkrsln. Ea.ht =58 (qultenb Rhsgenbtln ]thtk Slèmk trhenenb dhtkreh`s wetg hpprlvh`).

Hnarkws senb`ka lut sumg myikr-kveaknmk wgkn et edpèmhtka Dr. Jkys, iut ebnlrka et wgkn et aea nlt.

Mf. ea.ht =77 (fenaenb et mlnspemulus tght .. . tgk ldesselns purbka tgk hffeahvet lf hny rkfkrknmk tl tgk

plsseieèty tght sldklnk ltgkr tghn Ztgk akfknahntT whs rksplnsei`k flr tgk lffknaenb Zmldputkr-rk`htka

mredksT). Qgksk ldesselns shtesfyFrhnjs ferst prlnb.

I. REQG QGK FH@]K ]QHQKDKNQ] HNA LDE]]ELN] MLYYKMQKA, QGKHFFEAHVEQ ALK] NLQ ][SSLYQ H FENAENB LF SYLIHI@K MH[]K.

Retg Mhutgkns lpenelns hna h mldp`ktk pemturk lf ES haarkssks enmùaka, h rkhslnhi`k

dhbestrhtk wluà ik unèjk`y tl fena prlihi`k mhusk. H strhebgtflrwhra hffeahvet wluà enmùaka

Mhutgknsprelr ikèkf tght Dr. Jkys nketgkr mldprldeska tgk S9S skrvkr nlr sknt hny lf tgk suspemelus

k-dhe`s. Qges fhth``y unakrdenks tgk prlihtevk vhùk lf tglsk k-dhe`s.



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Rght es `kft lf tgk hffeahvet< (8) Dr. Jkys hmjnlw`kabkdknts tght, wlrjenb hs h olurnhèst, gk

gha enfe`trhtka h prevhtk Hnlnydlus mghtrlld: hna (9) kxmkrpts lf mght `lbs h``kbka`y skezka frld

ltgkr systkds wgemg h``kbka`y ik`lnbka tl sldk ltgkr pklp`k wgl wkrk h`sl h``kbka`y en tgk shdk

mghtrlld aurenb tgk sldk lf tgk shdk tedks hs HK]Mrhmjka. Livelus`y, Dr. Jkys

hmjnlw`kabkdknt tght gk gha enfe`trhtka Hnlnydlus hs h olurnhèst alks nlt etsk`f edpèmhtk ged en hny

mredenh` hmtevety: et es dkrk`y hn hadesseln lf olurnhèsd. Olurnhèsd es nlt h mredk. Qgk mght `lbs,

skezka pursuhnt tl ltgkr envkstebhtelns wetg nl m`khr mlnnkmteln tl tges mhsk lr tl Dr. Jkys, hrk

unhmmldphneka iy hny fhmts supplrtenb tgker hutgkntemety lr rkèhieèty. Kvkn mldienka wetg Dr. Jkys

hadesselns tght gk gha phrtemephtka en sldk mghts, tgk `lbs al nlt supplrt prlihi`k mhusk tl ikèkvk tght

Dr. Jkys whs enakka rksplnsei`k flr hny mredks.

En sud, Dr. Jkys ghs dhak h suisthnteh` prkèdenhry sglwenb tght Hnarkws hffeahvet mlnthens

akèikrhtk lr rkmj`kss`y-dhak dhtkreh` ldesselns. Retg tgk ldesselns mlrrkmtka, tgk hffeahvet alks nlt

prlveak prlihi`k mhusk tl suspkmt Dr. Jkys lf hny mredenh` hmtevety. Qgkrkflrk, gk es kntet`ka tl h

Frhnjsgkhrenb.

EV. QGK FY[EQ LF QGK SLE]LNL[] QYKK ALMQYENK YKX[EYK] ][SSYK]]ELN LFRYEQQKN HNA YKMLYAKA ]QHQKDKNQ] LF DY. JKU].

Et es wk``-ksthièsgka tght sthtkdknts lithenka hs h rksu`t lf hn un`hwfu` skhrmg lr skezurk dust ik

supprksska. ]umg sthtkdknts ghvk ikkn auiika fruet lf tgk pleslnlus trkk. Nhralnk v. [netka ]thtks,

=37 [.]. ==7, =18 (85=5): Rlnb ]un v. [netka ]thtks, =28 [.]. 128 (856=). [n`kss tgk blvkrndknt mhn

purbk tgk predhry thent iy sglwenb et wluà ghvk enkvethi`y lithenka tgk sthtkdknts frld hn

enakpknaknt slurmk, tgk sthtkdknts hrk enhadessei`k. Irlwn v. E`ènles, 199 [.]. ;53, 633 (852;):skk

h`sl Nex v. Re`èhds, 162 [.]. 1=8, 11= (8571) (Qgk enakpknaknt slurmk almtrenk h``lws hadesseln lf

kveaknmk tght ghs ikkn aesmlvkrka iy dkhns wgl``y enakpknaknt lf hny mlnstetutelnh` vel`hteln.).

En tges mhsk, tgk plèmk entkrvekw whs h aerkmt rksu`t lf tgk skhrmg hna skezurk. Qgkrk es nl rkhsln

tl ikèkvk tgk blvkrndknt mluà ghvk lithenka sthtkdknts frld Dr. Jkys wetglut ferst lithenenb hna

kxkmutenb ets un`hwfu``y lvkrirlha bknkrh` whrrhnt. Dr. Jkys sthtkdknts hrk fruet lf tgk pleslnlus trkk

hna dust ik supprksska.



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V. DY. JKU] DEYHNAH RHEVKY RH] ENVH@EA IKMH[]K EQ RH] NLQVL@[NQHYU, JNLRENB HNA ENQK@@EBKNQ.

Enakpknaknt`y, tgk wrettkn hna rkmlraka sthtkdknts lithenka aurenb tgk kxkmuteln lf tgk Lmtlikr

=, 9389 skhrmg whrrhnt dust ik supprksska ikmhusk tgky wkrk thjkn en vel`hteln lfDerhnah v. Hrezlnh,

=71 [.]. 1=6, 76 ].Mt. 8639 (8566). H akfknahnt en h mredenh` mhsk es akprevka lf auk prlmkss lf `hw ef

ges mlnvemteln es flunaka, en wgl`k lr en phrt, upln hn envlùnthry mlnfksseln. ]kkOhmjsln v. Aknnl,

=27 [.]. =67, =26 (8561). H akfknahnt wgl liokmts tl tgk hadesseln lf h mlnfksseln ln tgk brluna tght

et whs envlùnthry ghs h mlnstetutelnh` rebgt tl hn kveakntehry gkhrenb tl aktkrdenk tgk vlùnthrenkss lf

tgk mlnfksseln ikflrk et es gkhra iy h oury. Ea. ht =26-22.

Ikflrk tgk blvkrndknt dhy entrlaumk h akfknahnts mustlaeh`, enmredenhtenb sthtkdknts, et dust

prlvk tght tgk akfknahnt vlùnthre`y, jnlwenb`y, hna entk`èbknt`y whevka ges rebgts. ]kk Derhnah, =71

[.]. ht 12;: Ml`lrhal v. ]prenb, 125 [.]. ;61, ;2=, 832 ].Mt. 7;8 (8572):Akrremj v. Sktkrsln, 591 F.9a

78=, 793 (5tg Mer. 8553) (nltenb tght h mlurt dust h`sl fena tght tgk akfknahnt unakrstlla ges rebgts).

Rgkn h akfknahnt mgh``knbks hDerhnahwhevkr, tgk blvkrndknt dust prlvk sumg whevkr iy h

prkplnakrhnmk lf tgk kveaknmk. Ml`lrhal v. Mlnnk``y, 125 [.]. 8;2, 867, 832 ].Mt. ;8; (8576).

H. DY. JKU] ENVL@[NQHYE@U RHEVKA GE] DEYHNAH YEBGQ].H sthtkdknt es envlùnthry ef et es kxtrhmtka iy hny slrt lf tgrkhts lr vel`knmk ZlrT lithenka iy

hny aerkmt lr edpèka prldesks, glwkvkr sèbgt, ZlrTiy tgk kxkrteln lf hny edprlpkr enfùknmk. [netka

]thtks v. Bukrrkrl, 712 F.9a 8=6=, 8=66 (5tg Mer. 8577) (methteln hna entkrnh` qulthteln ldettka). H

mlnfksseln es nlt vlùnthry ef et es dhak iy h pkrsln wglsk dknth` mlnaeteln ht tgk tedk whs sumg tght

tgk mlnfksseln dlst prlihi`y whs nlt tgk prlaumt lf hny dkhnenbfu` hmt lf vlèteln. [netka ]thtks v.

]detg, 6=7 F.9a 8=8, 8== (5tg Mer. 8578) (methteln hna entkrnh` qulthteln ldettka). Mlurts ghvk gkà tght

enmredenhtenb sthtkdknts dhak iy hn entlxemhtka akfknahnt wkrk envlùnthry hna enhadessei`k. ]kk

B`haakn v. [nswlrtg, =56 F.9a =2=, =73 (5tg Mer. 8567).

En lrakr tl aktkrdenk wgktgkr h sthtkdknt es vlùnthry, tgk mlurt dust wkebg wgktgkr,

mlnseakrenb tgk tlthèty lf tgk mermudsthnmks, tgk blvkrndknt lithenka tgk sthtkdknt iy pgysemh` lr

psymgl`lbemh` mlkrmeln lr iy edprlpkr enaumkdknt sl tght tgk suspkmts we`` whs lvkrilrnk.Akrremj v.

Sktkrsln, 591 F.9a ht 782 (methteln hna entkrnh` qulthteln ldettka). Mlurts we`` h`sl mlnseakr fhmtlrs



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sumg hs tgk akfknahnts hbk hna kaumhteln: tgk `knbtg lf tgk aktknteln: wgktgkr tgk akfknahnt whs

lffkrka flla: tgk hmmuskas pgysemh` hna dknth` mghrhmtkrestems: tgk hmmuskas kxpkreknmk wetg tgk

mredenh` oustemk systkd: tgk `lmhteln lf tgk entkrrlbhteln: tgk mlnaumt lf tgk plèmk lffemkrs: hna tgk typk

hna `knbtg lf qukstelnenb. ]kk, k.b., Qhy`lr v. Dhaalx, =66 F.=a 559, 838=-81 (5tg Mer. 9331):@umkrl

v. Jkriy, 8== F.=a 8955, 8=88 (83tg Mer. 8557): skk h`sl 87 [.].M. =;38 (Qgk prksknmk lr hisknmk lf

hny lf tgk hilvk-dkntelnka fhmtlrs tl ik thjkn entl mlnseakrhteln iy tgk ouabk nkka nlt ik mlnmùsevk

ln tgk essuk lf vlùnthrenkss . . . .).

Gkrk, Dr. Jkys entkrrlbhteln sthrtka sglrt`y ikflrk 6?33 h.d., Lmtlikr 1, 9389. Khrèkr tght

dlrnenb, Dr. Jkys tllj 833 db lf Qrhzlalnkalui`k ges prksmreika alshbken lrakr tl enaumk s`kkp.

Retgen h fkw glurs lf thjenb tgk Qrhzlalnk hna fh`ènb hs`kkp, gk whs suaakn`y hwljkn wgkn

blvkrndknt hbknts kntkrka ges ikarlld en ges Nkw Okrsky hphrtdknt sthtenb tght tgky nkkaka tl hsj ged

sldk qukstelns. Qgk hbknts sthrtka tl quksteln Dr. Jkys h`dlst eddkaehtk`y upln whjenb ged up frld

ges s`kkp. Qwl hbknts skphrhtka ged wge`k tgk rkst skhrmgka tgk glusk hna spljk tl Dr. Jkys

rllddhtks. Aurenb tges tedk, Dr. Jkys whs ste`` unakr tgk enfùknmk lf h fu`` alsk lf Qrhzlalnk.

(Mlbkn Akm`. ht 7.) Hs h rksu`t, Dr. Jkys dknth` sthtk whs m`luaka.

Ikmhusk lf tges mldprldeska dknth` sthtk, Dr. JkysDerhnahwhevkr whs envlùnthry hna ges

sthtkdknts hrk ltgkrwesk engkrknt`y unrkèhi`k. (]kkMlbkn Akm`. ht 5-83.) Qgkrkflrk, tges Mlurt

sgluà supprkss ges wrettkn mlnfksseln hna hny enmu`phtlry sthtkdknts gk dhak aurenb tgk entkrrlbhteln.

I. DY. JKU] AEA NLQ JNLRENB@U HNA ENQK@@EBKNQ@U RHEVK GE]DEYHNAH YEBGQ].

En haaeteln tl vlùnthrenkss, h akfknahntsDerhnah whevkr dust h`sl ik jnlwenb hna entk`èbknt.

]kk Akrremj v. Sktkrsln, 591 F.=a ht 793:skk h`sl B`haakn, =56 F.9a ht =26. Qgk whevkr dust ik dhak

wetg h fu`` hwhrknkss iltg lf tgk nhturk lf tgk rebgt tl ik hihnalnka hna mlnskquknmks lf tgk akmeseln

tl hihnaln et. Dlrhn v. Iurienk, 12; [.]. 189, 198 (8576). Ykvekwenb mlurts dust llj tl tgk

tlthèty lf tgk mermudsthnmks surrlunaenb tgk entkrrlbhteln tl hnswkr tgksk enquereks.Ea.:skk h`sl

Qhbuk v. @luesehnh, 111 [.]. 165, 128 (8573) (pkr murehd) (blvkrndknt fhe`ka tl sglw tght pktetelnkr

gha whevka gesDerhnahrebgts ikmhusk tgk hrrkstenb lffemkr mluà nlt rkdkdikr tgk sthtkdknts tght gk

rkha tl tgk pktetelnkr frld h nltemk lfDerhnahrebgts, wgktgkr gk hsjka tgk pktetelnkr ef gk unakrstlla



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tgk rebgts, lr wgktgkr gk mlnaumtka hny

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