University Physics: Waves and Electricity Ch22. Finding the Electric Field I Lecture 7 Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul 2013

University Physics: Waves and Electricity

Ch22. Finding the Electric Field – ILecture 7

Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompulhttp://zitompul.wordpress.com

2013

7/2Erwin Sitompul University Physics: Wave and Electricity

The Electric Field The Coulomb’s law tells us how a charged particle interacts

with another charged particle. The question now: Since the particles do not touch, how can

one particle push or pull the other? How can there be such an action at a distance with no visible connection between the particles?

The concept of Electric Field is introduced to explain this question.


The Electric Field The electric field is a vector field. It consists of a distribution of

vectors, one for each point in the region around a charged object.

We can define the electric field at some point, such at point P, by placing a positive charge q0, called a test charge.

We then measure the electrostatic force F that acts on the test charge.

The electric field E at point P is defined as:

0

FEq

→

→

• The direction of force defines the direction of field


The Electric Field The positive test charge q0 does not “see” the charged object.

Instead, it “feels” the electric field produced by the charged object and gives response.

The SI unit for the electric field is the newton per coulomb (N/C).

Note: The field at point P existed both before and after the test charge was put there.

Here, we assume that the presence of the test charge does not affect the charge distribution on the charged object.


Electric Field Lines In order to understand it better, we will try to visualize the

electric field now. Michael Faraday introduced the idea of electric fields in the

19th century and thought of the space around a charged body as filled with electric field lines .

The direction of the field lines indicate the direction of the electric force acting on a positive test charge.

The density of the field lines is proportional to the magnitude of the field.

• The field strength is related to the number of lines that cross a certain unit area perpendicular to the field


The figure shows a positive test charge, placed near a sphere of uniform negative charge.

The electrostatic force points toward the center of the sphere.

The electric field vectors at all points are directed radially toward the sphere.

The spreading of the field lines with distance from the sphere tells us that the magnitude of the electric field (field strength) decreases with distance from the sphere.

Electric Field Lines


Electric Field Lines Electric field lines extend away from positive charge (where

they originate) and toward negative charge (where they terminate).


Electric Field Lines The figure below shows an infinitely large, nonconducting

sheet (or plane) with a uniform distribution of positive charge on one side.

Due to symmetry, some forces will cancel one another. The net electrostatic force on the positive test charge will be

perpendicular to the sheet and point away from it.


The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge From Coulomb’s law, the electrostatic force due to q1, acting

on a positive test charge q0 is:0 1

0 10210

rq qF k

r

00

0

FE

q

1102

10

rqkr

The electric field due to a point charge q1 is:

The field of a positive point charge is shown on the right, in vector form.

The magnitude of the field depends only on the distance between the point charge (as the field source) and the location where the field is measured.


Electric field is a vector quantity. Thus, the net, or resultant, electric field due to more than one

point charge is the superposition of the field due to each charge.

The net electric field at the position of the test charge, due to n point charges, is:

The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge

0,net 01 02 03 0nE E E E E

31 210 20 302 2 2 2

10 20 30 0

ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆr r r rnn

n

q qq qk k k kr r r r

0,net 021 0

rn

mm

m m

qE k

r


CheckpointThe figure below shows a proton p and an electron e on an x axis.

What is the direction of the electric field due to the electron at:(a) Point S?(b) Point R?What is the direction of the net electric field at(c) Point R?(d) Point S?

RightwardLeftward

LeftwardRightward

• p and e have the same charge magnitude

• R and S are closer to e than to p.


Example 1A point source q1 = 20 nC is located at S(1,4). Find the electric field E at P(5,1). All units are in SI.

→

ˆ ˆi 4 jSr

10 102

10

rqE kr

ˆ ˆ5i jPr

SP P Sr r r ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ(5i j) (i 4 j) ˆ ˆ4i 3j

2 2(4) ( 3)SPr 5

ˆ SPSP

SP

rr

r

ˆ ˆ4i 3j5

ˆ ˆ0.8i 0.6 j

• Field at the measurement point

• Source charge

• Vector pointing from source charge to measurement point

2 rSP SP

SP

qE kr

9

92

(20 10 ) ˆ ˆ8.99 10 (0.8i 0.6j)(5)

ˆ ˆ5.754i 4.315j N C


Example 2A point source q1 = 20 nC is located at S(1,4). Determine some points near S, where the magnitude of the electric field E is equal to 30 N/C.

2 rSP SP

SP

qE kr

2 rSP SP

SP

qE kr

2S

PSP

qE k

r

E E

r 1

• The magnitude of a vector is the scalar value of the vector itself

• The magnitude of a unit vector always equals 1

99

2

(20 10 )30 8.99 10SPr

92 9 (20 10 )8.99 10

30SPr

2.448SPr • The points near S must be 2.448 m away from S

• Where are they?


Example 2

x

y

4

1

r = 2.448

• Location of points where the magnitude of E is equal to 30 N/C

q1+ P1

P2

P3

P4

Some points near S with E = 30 N/C are:

P1(3.448,4)P2(1,6.448)P3(–1.448,4)P4(1,1.552)


CheckpointThe figure here shows four situation in which charged particles are at equal distances from the origin.Rank the situations according to the magnitude of the net electric field at the origin, greatest first.

All the same• Be sure to know

how and why


Example 3Three particles with charges q1 = 2Q, q2 = –2Q, and q3 = –4Q, each with distance d from the origin, are shown in the figure below. What net electric field E is produced at the origin?

→

1 2 3E E E E

31 210 20 302 2 2

10 20 30

ˆ ˆ ˆr r rqq qk k k

r r r

10ˆ ˆcos( 30 )i sin( 30 ) jr d d

20ˆ ˆcos(150 )i sin(150 ) jr d d

30ˆ ˆcos(210 )i sin(210 ) jr d d


Example 331 2

10 20 302 2 210 20 30

ˆ ˆ ˆr r rqq qE k k kr r r

2 2 2

2 1 1 ( 2 ) 1 1 ( 4 ) 1 1ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ3i j 3i j 3i j2 2 2 2 2 2

Q Q Qk k kd d d

2

8 1 ˆ3 i V m2

Qkd

E

2

6.928 i N CkQd


A Point Charge in an Electric Field The electrostatic force F acting on a charged particle located

in an external electric field E has the direction of E if the charge q of the particle is positive and has the opposite direction of E if negative.

→ → →

→

F qE

The motion of charged particle can now be analyzed by using the Newton’s laws. The electrostatic force, if not in check, will accelerate a charged particle.


Checkpoint(a) In the figure, what is the direction

of the electrostatic force on the electron due to the external field shown?

(b) In which direction will the electron accelerate if it is moving parallel to the z axis before it encounters the external field?

(c) If, instead, the electron is initially moving rightward, will its speed increase, decrease, or remain constant?

x

y

e

E

Leftward

Leftward

Decrease

• The direction of force and field are the same on positive charge, but opposite on negative charge.

• The acceleration has the same direction as the force.


Measuring the Elementary Charge

Millikan oil-drop apparatus

Robert A. Millikan in 1910-1913 devised an apparatus to measure the elementary charge e.

When tiny oil drops are sprayed into chamber A, some become charged, either + or –. They then drift to chamber C.

If switch S is open, battery B has no electrical effect on chamber C. If switch S is closed, the battery causes the plates to be charged and set up a downward-directed electric field E in chamber C.

Negatively charged drop will tend to drift upward, positively charged drop will drift downward.

By timing the motion of oil drops, the effect of charge q can be determined, q = ne, where n is integer and e = 1.60210–19 C.

→


Pollination and Electrostatics The ability of a bee to transport pollen from flower to flower

depends on the difference of electric charge existing the bee (positive), the pollen grain (neutral) and the stigma (negative, because electrically connected to the ground).


Ink-Jet Printing Ink-jet printer is an invention to meet the need for high-quality,

high-speed printing. The figure below shows a negatively charged ink drop moving

between two conducting plate. A uniform downward-directed electric field E has been set up.

The drop is deflected upward and then strikes the paper at a position that is determined by the magnitudes of E and the charge q of the drop.

→

→


Example 4An ink drop with a mass m of 1.310–10 kg and a negative charge of magnitude Q = 1.510–13 C enters the region between the plates of an ink-jet printer. The drop initially moves along the x axis with the speed vx = 18 m/s. The length L of each plate is 1.6 cm. The plates are charged and thus produce an electric field at all points between them.Assume that field E is downward directed, is uniform, and has a magnitude of 1.4106 N/C. What is the vertical deflection of the drop at the far edge of the plates? (The gravitational force on the drop is small relative to the electrostatic force acting on the drop and can be neglected.)

→


Example 4

F QE

13 6 ˆ( 1.5 10 )( 1.4 10 j) 7 ˆ2.1 10 j N

Fam

7

10

ˆ2.1 10 j1.3 10

3 2ˆ1.615 10 j m s

• y direction

• y direction

x

xtv

21.6 10

18

48.889 10 s

210 0 2y yy y v t a t

4

3 4 212

(0)(8.889 10 )

(1.615 10 )(8.889 10 )

46.380 10 m

0.638 mm

• Can you locate where the 0.638 mm is?


Three particles are fixed in place and have charges q1 = q2 = +p and q3 = +2p. Distance a = 6 μm.What are the magnitude and direction of the net electric field at point P due to the particles?

Homework 6: Three Particles

191.602 10 Cp 191.602 10 Ce


1. The figure below shows two charged particles on an x axis, –q –3.2×10–19 C at x –3 m and q 4.8×10–19 C at x 3 m.What are the (a) magnitude and (b) direction of the net electric field produced at point P at y 4 m?

Homework 6A: Two Particles

2. (a) A force of 8.4 N directed to the south is applied on a –8.8 μC charge. Calculate the strength and direction of the electric field at this point.

(b) What is the magnitude of an electric field at a point in space where a proton (m = 1.673×10–27 kg) experiences an acceleration of one million “g”?


Homework 6B: Four Particles1. Three charges are placed on three corners of a square. Each side of the

square is 30.0 cm. (a) Compute E at the fourth corner. (b) What would be the force on a 6.00 μC charge placed at the vacant corner?

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University Physics: Waves and Electricity Ch22. Finding the Electric Field I Lecture 7 Dr.-Ing. Erwin Sitompul 2013