Yeshiva University, Cardozo School of LawLARC @ Cardozo Law

Pre-2019 Commencement Programs Graduation

6-1-2004

Twenty-Sixth Annual Commencement ExercisesBenjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

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Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Yeshiva University

TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL

COMMENCEMENT EXERC ISES

TUESDAY

JUNE FIRST

TWO THOUSAND FOUR

AVERY FISHER HALL

LINCOLN CENTER

NEW YORK CITY

Order of Exercises

PROCESSIONAL

Herbert C. Dobrinsky, EdD Vice President for University Affairs

Yeshiva University

HERALD

Michael E. Herz, JD Professor of Law

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

HEAD MARSHAL

PRESIDING

Morton Lowengrub, PhD Vice President for Academic Affairs

Yeshiva University

CHIEF MARSHAL

Richard M. Joel, JD President

Yeshiva University

NATIONAL ANTHEM

Cantor Ira W. Heller, PsyD

Yeshiva College 1983

Ferkauf Graduate School

of Psychology 1985

INVOCATION

Rabbi Ozer Glickman Rosh Yeshiva

Rabbi Isaac Elchanan

Theological Seminary

Yeshiva University

WELCOME

David Rudenstine, JD Dean

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

REMARKS

Kathryn 0. Greenberg, JD Chairman, Board of Directors

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

Class of 1982

CONFERRING OF HONORARY DEGREE AND COMMENCEMENT ADDRESS

DOCTOR OF LAWS

The Honorable Sandra Day O'Connor, LLB Associate Justice

United States Supreme Court

ALUMNI GREETINGS

Howard Leib, JD Class of 1983

DISTINGUISHED ALUMNUS AWARD FOR CONTRIBUTION TO PUBLIC SERVICE

Gary J. Galperin, JD Assistant District Attorney and Chief

Special Projects Bureau, New York

County District Attorney's Office

Class of 1980

STUDENT REMARKS

Michael P. Glasser Class of 2004

AWARDS AND HONORS

Laura E. Cunningham, JD, LLM Senior Associate Dean

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

CONFERRING OF MASTER OF LAWS (LLM) DEGREES

CONFERRING OF JURIS DOCTOR (JD) DEGREES

President Joel

Dean Rudenstine

HATIKVAH

Cantor Heller

RECESSIONAL

Please remain seated until the

Recessional is completed.

This program lists candidates for degrees and honors from July 2003-June 2004; it is not an official roster of graduates.

Degree Candidates

Master of Laws as of September 30, 2003

Sohyun Chung LLB, Myong Ji University-Korea LLM, Yonsei University-Korea

Master of Laws as of January 30, 2004

Leonid Bershiski JD, New York Law School

Kinga M. Biernat LO, Lodz University-Poland

Leyda Sughei Castillo LO, University Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco-Mexico

Ruey-Yuan Chao LLB, National Taiwan University

Maria T. Gonzalez LO, Universidad Libre-Colombia

Christopher M. Gorman-Evans BA, MA, University of Oxford-England

Alexander M. Haag LO, Universitat Bayreuth-Germany

Gergana H. lgnatova LO, University of the City Plovdiv­Bu/garia

Berna N. Karaahmetoglu LO, Istanbul University-Turkey

Bernard H. Maister JO, William Mitchell College of Law MD, University of Cape Town-South Africa

Martha M. Rumore BS, St. John's University MS, Long Island University JO, CUNY School of Law PHARMO, St. John's University

Susan M. Sch lesinger BA, Fairfield University JO, Yeshiva University

Svetlana B. Vinogradova LO, St. Petersburg State Univ-Russia

Yoshihiko Wakida LLB, Kanan University-Japan

Master of Laws as of June 1, 2004

lngvil Andersen LO, University of Oslo-Norway

Stephanie Andrea Bonk LO, Universitat Munster-Germany

Marcela Cascia ni LO, University of Buenos Aires­Argentina

Levente Csengery LO, Szeged University-Hungary

Marcus Danisch LO, University of Munich-Germany

Va laya Dipongam LLB, Thammasat University-Thailand

Gary Morris Emmanuel LLB, University of London-England

Adam P. Forman BS, University of Florida JD, Brooklyn Law School

Giovanny Xavier Gomez LLM, Universidad Andina-Ecuador

Jens M. Grasser State Exam 1 and 2, University of Munich-Germany

Efraim Harari LLB, Bar-flan University-Israel

Joshua S. Katzman BA, Brandeis University

Seema Lal BA, Rutgers University-New Brunswick JO, Pennsylvania State University

Susan J. Latham BS, University of Delaware JD, Florida State University

Annie Makutonin MAIT, L/C, University de Paris I-France

Anna M. Mizzi BA, LLD, University of Malta-Malta

Juan C. Monteza Castro LO, University San Martin de Porres­Peru

Demem Kaine Ajashi Nzeribe LLM, Uppsala University-Sweden

Elif E. Sa llorenzo JO, New York Law School

Elod ie Silia rt MAIT, University de Paris I-France LLB, University of London-England

David Ste in AB, Brandeis University JO, George Mason University

Tiffany D. Tant BA, University of the South JO, Washburn University of Topeka

Nicola Tasco Nikoll Nikci LO, University of Rome-Italy BA, Fordham University

Carl Maria Reinier Van Der Zandt Abraham D. Raab LO, University of Amsterdam­Netherlands

Sa vita Veeru bhotla BCOM, Chinai College-India LLB, Government Law College-India

Carlotta Sophie von Dannenberg State Exam 1, Humboldt University­Germany

Jingliang Wang BS, LLB, Beijing University-China

Lorenz Wolffers LO, University of Bern-Switzerland

Nilesh Savio Zacharias LLB, University of Bombay-India

Juris Doctor as of September 30, 2003

Cary L. Kleiner BS, Georgia Institute of Technology

Jesse G. Kulp BA, Colorado College

Juris Doctor as of January 30, 2004

Gur Altberg BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Raphael S. Berlin

Lorelei Boylan BA, CUNY-Hunter College

Simcha B. Dornbush

Ehud Fried BA, Yeshiva University MPA, New York University

David M. Gross

Stacy S. Hong BS, St. John's University

Kaanji L. Irby BS, Georgetown University

Grace Y. Kim BA, University of Virginia

Geofrey C. Liu MTS, Boston University AB, Washington University

Jennifer C. Negron BA, SUNY-Stony Brook

Stuart J. Riemer BA, SUNY-Albany

Hara A. Robrish BS, University of Florida

Joshua L. Seltzer BA, SUNY-Albany

Diane J. Shim AB, Cornell University

Alexa nder J. Wolf BA, Amherst College

Juris Doctor as of June 1, 2004

Elissa R. Aaronson BA, University of Maryland

Deena Y. Abel BA, SUNY-Binghamton

James H. Allert BA, SUNY-Binghamton

David C. Althoff BA, York College of Pennsylvania

Angela M. Angel BA, Hampton University

Melissa N. Arana BA, Brandeis University

Lawrence E. Arturo BA, University of Pittsburgh­Greensburg MA, University of Minnesota

Alexey Bakman BA, Pace University

Bryan E. Balaci BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Clymer D. Bardsley BA, Middlebury College

Sarah E. Barrows BA, Oberlin College

Thomas M. Beam BA, University of Maryland

Oren Bechor AB, BS, University of Georgia

Jason D. Behfarin BBA, Emory University

Matthew H. Behrens BA, Tufts University

George Benaur BA, Lafayette College

Degree Candidates

Susan J. Berkowitz BA, MBA, Duke University

Stephanie F. Berman BBA, Emory University

Jennifer H. Bernstein BA, New York University

Mark I. Bernstein BA, University of Michigan

Jeremy J. Beyda BA, University of Pennsylvania

Andrew T. Binstock BA, Columbia University

Maya Blanc BA, University of Wisconsin

Joshua M. Blumenfeld BA, Columbia University

Dimiter N. Blyangov LO, Sofia University-Bulgaria

Meridith H. Bogart BS, Cornell University

Timothy M. Bogen BA, Haverford College PhD, University of Michigan

Kimara G. Bonhomme BA, Washington and Lee University

Andrew E. Borteck BA, University of Michigan

Daina Clare Borteck BA, University of Michigan MA, University of Surrey-England

Yaacov M. Brisman

Alexander Burekhovich BBA, CUNY-Baruch College

Alisa M. Cahan BJ, University of Texas

Sheryl L. Calabro BA, Santa Clara University

Kelly R. Camamis BA, Columbia University

Cara M. Cardinale BS, Cornell University

Brooke S. Causanschi BA, University of Michigan

Michael W. Cavino BA, Johns Hopkins University

Mark Cermele BS, Tufts University

Ilana Faith Kameros Chalfin BA, MA, Brandeis University

Andrew J. Chamberlain BA, MED, Rutgers University

Chia-Yu Chang BS, National Taiwan University-Taiwan MS, Columbia University MS, Indiana University

Sonya A. Charatz BA, University of Rochester

Sheema Q. Chaudhry BA, Barnard College, Columbia University

Shagun Chawla BA, University of Wisconsin

Connie L. Chen BA, University of Pennsylvania

Hyun Soon Cho BS, MS, Seoul National University­Korea MS, Brandeis University

Cheryl R. Cillo BA, Yeshiva University

Beth H. Citron BBA, Emory University

Joanna L. Cohan BS, Union College

Dina M. Cohen BA, CUNY-Hunter College

Gerald M. Cohen BA, University of California-Los Angeles

Carla M. Comisso BA, New York University

Emily Beth Compton BA, University of Richmond

Cristina Cruz BA, Wesleyan University

Jason A. Cubert BA, Georgetown College

Jonathan A. Danziger BA, George Washington University

Waleed S. Diab BS, University of Maryland

Tai E. Dickstein BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Gillian B. Dinstein BA, University of Michigan

Jared G. Dokovna BA, Skidmore College

Evan R. Drachman BA, University of Vermont

Naomi J. Drucker BA, Emory University

Ian M. Dumain BA, Hamilton College

Mark E. Dumas BA, Boston College

Lindsey Morgan Eldred BA, Wells College

Montgomery E. Engel BA, Wesleyan University

Shal lom Engel

David A. Epstein BA, American University

Rachel Blumenthal Epstein AB, Barnard College, Columbia University

Angel I. Falcon BA, SUNY-New Paltz

Roy S. Fenichel BA, Syracuse University

Robert S. Fernez BA, Hofstra University

Allison N. Fihma BA, University of Vermont

Michele A. Filorimo BFA, New York University

Daniel H. Fink BS, University of Maryland

Jordana L. Fishman BA, Brandeis University

Michael N. Fleischman BA, Georgetown University

Catherine P. Flores BA, Boston College

Deirdre Fox BA, Hofstra University

Jennifer S. Frank BBA, Emory University

Howard A. Freeman BS, Cornell University

Chana Leah Frid BA, Touro College

Lauren E. Friedman BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Holly R. Froum BA, Lehigh University

Dan I. Frysh BS, University of Southern California

Julia A. Fuld BA, University of Wisconsin

Brisette Gantt BA, SUNY-Stony Brook

Aliza J. Ganz BS, Barnard College, Columbia University

Elliot M. Gardner BA, Columbia University

Daniel R. Gati BA, Columbia University

Elizabeth F. George-Cheniara BA, MPA, Columbia University

Katrina M. Giedt BA, University of St. Thomas

Timothy P. Gillen BA, SUNY-Albany

Olga Giller BA, MA, University of New Mexico

Peter L. Giunta BS, Seton Hall University

Michael P. Glasser BS, Cornell University

Jennifer L. Glickman BA, New York University

Emily D. Goldberg BA, Amherst College

Lauren J. Goldberg BA, University of Florida

David M. Goldstein BA, Rutgers University

Tamar Goldstein BA, Rutgers University

Carlos Gonzalez BA, CUNY-York College

Andrew R. GraBois BS, Cornell University

Tonya N. Green BA, New York University

Hannah Greer BA, Yale University

David Gross BA, CUNY-Queens College

Robert A. Gross BJ, SUNY-Empire State College

Miriam Cheryl Grossman BA, Yeshiva University

Seth A. Grossman BS, Syracuse University

Tanja Grzeskowitz BA, Columbia University

Ally Hack BA, University of New Mexico

Degree Candidates

Dwayne A. Hamblin Hillary Katz Leah Lederberger Rachel B. Mazer BA, Middlebury College BA, University of Wisconsin BA, Thomas A. Edison State College BS, University of Florida

Erina M. Hammond Meir D. Katz James C. Lee Alexandra B. McTague BS, University of Minnesota BA, Yeshiva University BA, SUNY-Binghamton AB, Cornell University

Yale Han Tamar L. Keil Jodi B. Leibowitz Heather T. Mehler BS, Bucknell University BA, Smith College BA, Boston University BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Craig A. Hanlon Jennifer E. Kellman Jonathan F Lenzner Danielle R. Mendelsohn BA, University of Delaware BA, Barnard College, Columbia BA, Trinity College BBA, George Washington University

Peter H. Hanna University

Carrie A. Lerner Marisa D. Mercandetti BEE, The Cooper Union Indira Devi Khan BA, Emory University BA, University of Richmond

Kelsey M. Hanrahan BA, Fordham University

Jessica H. Levine Mbambu llenda Miller BA, Iowa State University Melissa S. Kho BS, Carnegie Mellon University BA, Amherst College

Travis M. Harper AB, Dartmouth College

Menachem Z. Levoritz Michelle A. Miller BS, Centre College Jae K. Kim BS, Polytechnic University BA, University of Pennsylvania PhD, University of Arizona BA, SUNY-Geneseo

Jennifer R. Levy Paula L. Miller Joshua H. Harris Nayoung Kim BA, University of Pennsylvania BA, University of Pennsylvania BS, Brown University BA, Bryn Mawr College

Seth H. Lieberman Svetlana Mirkis David Harrison Philip Z. Kimball BA, James Madison University BA, Barnard College, Columbia

Miriam C. Healy BA, Yale University

Jessica Lin University

BS, Boston University Melanie Cheri King BA, International Christian University- Sadat Mirza

Jason M. Herbst BA, Howard University Japan BA, CUNY-Hunter College

BA, Columbia University John W. Kirkland Daniel B. Linson Yael Mizrahi

Rebecca G. Herman BA, Rutgers University BA, Brandeis University BSBA, Washington University

BA, Yeshiva University Rachel Aviva Klein Scott A. London Jerry J. Monaco

Sharon J. Hirsch BA, CUNY-Queens College BA, CUNY-Hunter College BA, New School for Social Research

BA, SUNY-Binghamton Joni H. Kletter Jacqueline T. Lopardo Christina S. Monteiro

Dana H. Hong BA, Yale University BS, Vanderbilt University BA, Fairfield University

BA, Boston University Allison Brooke Kochman Benjamin Lowin Abraham M. Muchnick

Carolyn J. Horan BS, Emory University BA, Brandeis University BA, CUNY-Queens College

BA, Rutgers University David A. Kochman Shira J. Lyons Amitab M. Mukerjee

Steven J. Huntzinger BA, Emory University BS, New York University BA, Vassar College

BA, SUNY-Geneseo Jonathan T. Koevary Lauren Marcello Kurt D. Mundorff

Avi B. Israeli BA, Columbia University BBA, George Washington University BA, University of Oregon

BA, University of Arizona Melanie Adler Kosloff Natalie S. Marcus Deborah Murad

Shelley Ivan BA, Georgetown University BA, Barnard College, Columbia BA, Barnard College, Columbia

BA, MA, CUNY Hunter College Rachel L. Kugel University University

Rachel T. Marks Stephen P. Murray Vivek Jayaram Nadia L. Kule BA, University of Florida BA, SUNY-Albany BA, University of Wisconsin BA, University of Michigan

Matthew R. Maron Anthony M. Musillami Lyonel Jean-Pierre, Jr. Joshua Jacob Kunis BA, Emory University BA, Lake Forest College BA, Brandeis University BA, Columbia University

Rachael S. Kafrissen Maite Martinez Javaid Nayyar

James E. Lahm BA, Rutgers University BA, CUNY-Queens College BA, Brandeis University BA, Ohio State University

Dina M. Kameros Peter R. Massa Jennifer A. Nelson

James F. Lampidis BA, Lehigh University BS, Cornell University BS, Cornell University BA, Fairfield University

Leor J. Kaplan MA, Ohio State University JayJ. Massaro Masahiro Noda

BA, SUNY-Binghamton Joanna Maria Lane BA, SUNY-New Paltz BA, University of Michigan

Menachem Kaplan BA, Drew University Sarah E. Mathison Sarah E. O'Connor

BA, University of Notre Dame BA, SUNY-Purchase

Gina E. Kapustin Luz Laulo BA, Rutgers University Eldar Mayouhas Liezl Irene Q. Pangilinan

BA, Skidmore College BA, Yeshiva University AB, Cornell University MSW, New York University

Degree Candidates

Alice Park BA, New York University

Yong-M i S. Park BA, Boston University

Daniel A. Pearlman AA, Simon's Rock College of Bard BA, Columbia University

Anna S. Peckham BA, Pepperdine University

Avi M. Peison BA, MA, CUNY-Brooklyn College

Shulamis Peltz BS, Touro College

Malte M. Pendergast-Fischer BA, Regis University

Daniel S. Peretz BA, University of Wisconsin

Jordan Cain Pilevsky BA, Yeshiva University

Steven K. Platzek

Karen M. Praport BA, University of Massachusetts­Amherst

Erik P. Raines BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Greta Ravitsky BA, Columbia University

Rockwell Robert Reid, Jr. BS, West Virginia University

Jessie K. Reider BA, Emory University

Benjamin A. Reynolds BS, University of Michigan

Taryn L. Reynolds BA, University of Michigan

Sasha B. Rieders BS, Haverford College AM, Columbia University

Jason C. Robbins BS, Tulane University

Omar Osbourne Rogers BA, University of the West Indies

Stephanie E. Romano BA, University of Michigan

Spencer V. Rosenbaum BA, Brigham Young University

Max Lavit Rosenberg BA, Fordham University

Natalie M. Rosenberg BA, University of California-San Diego

Barry I. Rosenhouse BA, Emory University

Paul S. Roslyn BA, Rice University

Yulia Rubin BS, Yeshiva University

Maria Rubinos BA, Columbia University

Jody E. Saltzman BFA, New York University

Marianna E. Salz BA, New York University

Joshua B. Sandberg BA, University of Michigan

David H. Sandler BA, Columbia University

Liza V. Schaeffer BA, University of Virginia

Jonathan J. Scheinberg BA, University of Pennsylvania

Stephanie Schloss BA, Yeshiva University

Bree M. Schonbrun BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Dana L. Schuessler BS, University of Florida

Dennis Z. Schwartz BA, University of Florida

Stephen E. Schwartz BA, Rutgers University

Robert Seigal BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Darren R. Seilback BA, SUNY-Binghamton .

Jessica Selinkoff BA, Brandeis University

Madeleine Severin BA, Sarah Lawrence College

Alissa N. Shapiro BA, George Washington University

Michael J. Shep pea rd BS, Eastern Kentucky University

Michael P. Sheridan BA, Syracuse University

Timothy S. Shin BA, University of Southern California

Andrew W. Shiue BA, Ohio State University

Kami\ Shoikhetbrod BA, SUNY-Buffalo

David S. Shor BA, Yeshiva University

Estee Forspan Shor BA, CUNY-Queens College

David Dov Shteingart BA, SUNY-Binghamton

David R. Shyer BA, University of Michigan

Karen C. Sinai AB, Washington University

Jaime A. Sinrich BS, SUNY-Binghamton

Dara R. Smal l BA, Barnard College, Columbia University

Susan L. Smollens BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Susie C. Sohn BA, MA, Cornell University MA, University of Notre Dame

Matthew J. Solow BS, Cornell University

Boris M. Sominsky BSC, Santa Clara University

Jonathan M. Spiegel BA, Skidmore College

Shannon J. Stallings BA, Emory University

Paulina Angela Stamatelos BA, Barnard College, Columbia University

Eric M. Stein BS, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Shoshana R. Stein BA, Brandeis University

Cara G. Sterman BS, Cornell University

Avery P. Strickoff BA, CUNY-Queens College

Elizabeth S. Strott BA, Duke University

Joshua Summers BA, Yeshiva University

Jenna M. Sunderland Barresi BA, College of New Rochelle

Joanna L. Swyers BA, Wittenberg University

Steven E. Sykes BA, Colgate University

Ben W. Taylor BA, Reed College

Chelsea W. Teachout BA, Otago University-New Zealand

Steven Tishco BA, University of Maryland

Jordan D. Tolman BA, University of Pennsylvania

Margaret E. Roca Tomkins BS, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Daniel T. Totillo BA, Ohio State University

Pamela N. Troy BBA, Hofstra University

Anthony M. Truchard BA, University of California-Santa Barbara

Amy H. Tsai BCOM, University of British Columbia

Amy C. Tucci BA, Brown University

Sou lafreda Va lass is BA, Trinity College

Beth M. Va love BA, Tufts University

J. Gibson Verkuil BA, New York University

Roopesh Vijayan BS, New York University

Joseph Villani BA, SUNY-Binghamton

Michelle K. Waller BA, University of Wisconsin

Phillip H. Wang BA, University of Pennsylvania

Joshua L. Warren BS, Cornell University

Lionel D. Warshauer BA, Haverford College

Kevin B. Waterson BA, University of California-Santa Barbara

Evan M. Wegrzyn BA, SUNY-Stony Brook

Brian S. Weiss BS, SUNY-Binghamton

Gregory S. Weiss BA, George Washington University

Ilyssa Jill Wellikoff BS, University of Florida

Frederick L. Wesner BS, University of Wisconsin

Degree Candidates

Pamela J. Wessmann BFA, New York University

Al li son S. Wexler BA, Amherst College

Kenneth E. Widerka

Amanda L. Wolfe BA, Tulane University

Matthew B. Wolin BA, Indiana University

Jason T. Yang BA, Columbia University

Peter Thomas Young BA, New York University

Mark D. Yudell BA, Pennsylvania State University

Caryn F. Yukelson BS, Cornell University

Samantha R. Zenack BA, University of California-Santa Cruz

Abiga il R. Zucker BA, Emory University

Awards and Honors

FACULTY AWARDS

Felix Frankfurter Award

Ian M. Dumain

Louis Henkin Award (LLM)

Alexander M. Haag

Dr. Samuel Belkin Award

Michelle K. Waller

John D. Appel Award

Craig A. Hanlon

Benjamin N. Cardozo Writing Award- Best Written Work for Publication

Allison S. Wexler

Benjamin N. Cardozo Writing Award-Best Written Work for Civil Advocacy

Evan R. Drachman

Benjamin N. Cardozo Writing Award-Best Written Work for Criminal Justice

Jonathan F. Lenzner

Benjamin N. Cardozo Writing Award-Best Course/Independent Research Paper

Ian M. Dumain

Distinguished Performance in the LLM Program

Gary Morris Emmanuel Susan J. Latham Elodie Si liart

Archie A. Garfinkel Award

Bree M. Schonbrun

Jonathan A. Weiss Award for Public Interest Law

Rachael S. Kafrissen

Charles Ballon Writing Award

Susan J. Latham

Steven Eric Tanenbaum Leadership Award

Michael P. Glasser

New York State Bar Association Law Student Legal Ethics Award

Gerald M. Cohen

Stanley H. Beckerman Public Interest Award

Olga Giller

National Association of Women Lawyers Award for Outstanding Graduate

Joni H. Kletter

Andrew S. Zucker Award

Tai E. Dickstein

ALI-ABA Scholarship and Leadership Award

Meir D. Katz

Cardozo Service & Achievement Awards

Angela M. Angel Michele A. Filorimo Dwayne A. Hamblin Steven J. Huntzinger Avi B. Israeli Vivek Jayaram Melissa S. Kho Malte M. Pendergast-Fischer Joshua L. Warren

Monrad Paulsen Award

Earle I. Mack

JACOB BURNS MEDALS

Outstanding Contribution to the Law School

Clymer D. Bardsley Montgomery E. Engel Olga Giller Michael P. Glasser Carolyn J. Horan Vivek Jayaram Meir D. Katz Joni H. Kletter David A. Kochman Seth H. Lieberman Liza V. Schaeffer Stephen E. Schwartz Amy H. Tsai Abigail R. Zucker

ORDER OF THE BARRISTERS For Moot Court Performance

Jennifer H. Bernstein Ke lly R. Camamis Gerald M. Cohen Travis M. Harper Vivek Jayaram Joni H. Kletter Matthew R. Maron Shu lamis Peltz David H. Sandler Shannon J. Sta lli ngs

HEYMAN SCHOLARS Elissa R. Aaronson Oren Bechor Michael W. Cavino Craig A. Hanlon Ilana Faith Kameros Cha lfin John W. Kirk land Daina Clare Borteck Allison S. Wexler

CLERKSHIPS

US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit

Allison S. Wexler

District of Columbia, Court of Appeals

Seth A. Grossman

US District Court, Eastern District of New York

Joni H. Kletter

US District Court, Northern District of New York

Steven J. Huntzinger

US District Court, Southern District of New York

Peter L. Giunta Jodi B. Leibowitz Michelle K. Waller

US District Court, District of New Jersey

Timothy M. Bogen Daina Clare Borteck

US Bankruptcy Court, Northern District of Alabama

Eric M. Stein

Montana State Supreme Court

Anna S. Peckham

Supreme Court of Texas

Elliot M. Gardner

Connecticut Superior Court

Miriam Cheryl Grossman

New Jersey Superior Court

Andrew J. Chamberlain Michele A. Filorimo Michelle A. Miller

Tax Court of New Jersey

Jody E. Saltzman Stephen E. Schwartz

New York State Unified Court System

Ange la M. Angel Matthew R. Maron

Supreme Court of Israel

Or.en Bechor

CERTIFICATE IN DISPUTE RESOLUTION Angela M. Angel Cara M. Cardina le Andrew R. GraBois Philip Z. Kimba ll Luz Laulo Seth H. Lieberman Marisa D. Mercandetti Malte M. Pendergast-Fischer Barry I. Rosenhouse Darren R. Seilback Susie C. Sohn Kenneth E. Widerka

Awards and Honors

CARDOZO LAW REVIEW Third-Year Students

Meir D. Katz Editor-in-Chief

Ian M. Dumain Executive Editor

Meridith H. Bogart Managing Editor

Andrew E. Borteck Seth A. Grossman Jodi B. Leibowitz Bree M. Schonbrun Notes Editors

Steven J. Huntzinger Administrative Editor

Sheryl L. Calabro Taryn L. Reynolds Ilana Faith Kameros Chalfin Jonathan T. Koevary Sasha B. Rieders Madeleine Severin Supervising Editors

Peter H. Hanna Avi B. Israeli Benjamin Lowin Amitab M. Mukerjee Chelsea W. Teachout Allison S. Wexler Articles Editors

Peter L. Giunta Production Editor

Gregory S. Weiss Submissions Editor

Michelle K. Waller Symposia Editor

Elliot M. Gardner Book Note Editor

Matthew H. Behrens Jeremy J. Beyda Daina Clare Borteck Tai E. Dickstein Mark E. Dumas Rachel T. Marks Paula L. Miller Natalie M. Rosenberg Yulia Rubin Dana L. Schuessler Cara G. Sterman Staffers

CARDOZO ARTS &

ENTERTAINMENT LAW JOURNAL Third-Year Students

Michael P. Glasser Editor-in-Chief

Paul S. Roslyn Managing Editor

Amy H. Tsai Executive Editor

Sarah E. Barrows Eldar Mayouhas Acquisitions Editors

Connie L. Chen Alexandra B. McTague Karen C. Sinai Production Editors

Deena Y. Abel Internet Editor

Julia A. Fuld John W. Kirkland Liezl Irene Q. Pangilinan Notes and Comments Editors

Michele A. Filorimo Deborah Murad StuartJ . Riemer Symposia Editors

Gillian B. Dinstein Allison Brooke Kochman Jaime A. Sinrich Susie C. Sohn Joseph Villani Articles Editors

Howard A. Freeman Miriam Cheryl Grossman Ally Hack Matthew J. Solow Staffers

CARDOZO WOMEN'S LAW JOURNAL Third-Year Students

Olga Giller Editor-in-Chief

Elissa R. Aaronson Jody E. Saltzman Senior Managing Editors

Jessie K. Reider Executive Editor

Natalie S. Marcus Articles Editor

Tamar Goldstein Daniel S. Peretz Stephen E. Schwartz Managing Editors

Emily D. Goldberg Karen M. Praport Dara R. Small Notes and Comments Editors

Andrew T. Binstock Lyonel Jean-Pierre, Jr. Stephen P. Murray Annotations Editors

Jennifer S. Frank Symposia Editor

Jessica H. Levine Production Editor

Raphael S. Berlin Margaret E. Roca Tomkins Staffers

CARDOZO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW Third-Year Students

Montgomery E. Engel Editor-in-Chief

Mark I. Bernstein Jonathan F. Lenzner Executive Editors

Erik P. Raines Managing Editor

Roy Fenichel Greta Ravitsky Phillip H. Wang Senior Articles Editors

Sharon J. Hirsch Steven E. Sykes Notes and Comments Editors

Lauren J. Gold berg Production Editor

Nayoung Kim Subscriptions Editor

Lorelei Boylan Daniel Feinman Michael N. Fleischman Daniel A. Pearlman Steven Tishco Articles Editors

Jonathan A. Danziger Hara A. Robrish Symposia Editors

Alexey Bakman Aliza J. Ganz Avi M. Pei son David Dov Shteingart Staffers

Awards and Honors

CARDOZO JOURNAL OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Third-Year Students

Seth H. Lieberman Editor-in-Chief

David C. Althoff Lionel D. Warshauer Executive Editors

Lauren E. Friedman Managing Editor

Pamela N. Troy Symposia Editor

Ilyssa Jill Wellikoff Senior Articles Editor

Masahiro Noda Senior Internet Editor

Brooke S. Causanchi Anthony M. Musillami Benjamin A. Reynolds Joshua B. Sandberg Articles Editors

Craig A. Hanlon Senior Notes Editor

James H. Allert Stephanie F. Berman Jordana L. Fishman Shira J. Lyons Notes Editors

Michael J. Sheppeard Jonathan J. Schein berg Digital Copy Editors

Andrew R. GraBois Kaanji L. Irby Philip Z. Kimball Associate Editors

CARDOZO PUBLIC LAW, POLICY, AND ETHICS JOURNAL Third-Year Students

Clymer D. Bardsley Editor-in-Chief

Abigail R. Zucker Managing Editor

Emily Beth Compton Katrina M. Giedt Executive Editors

Jared G. Dokovna David R. Shyer Supervising Editors

Waleed S. Diab Kurt D. Mundorff Notes and Comments Editors

Cristina Cruz Menachem Kaplan Sarah E. Mathison Articles Editors

David A. Kochman Caryn F. Yukelson Symposia Editors

Rachael S. Kafrissen Circulations Editor

Evan M. Wegryzn Production Editor

Abraham M. Muchnick Internet Editor

MOOT COURT HONOR SOCIETY Third-Year Students

Vivek Jayaram Editor-in-Chief

Jennifer H. Bernstein Competitions Editor

David H. Sandler Managing Editor

Matthew R. Maron Executive Teams Editor

Kelly R. Camamis Jennifer R. Levy Daniel R. Gati Yael Mizrahi Memorandum of Law Editors

Christina S. Monteiro Shannon J. Stallings National Team Oralists

Gerald M. Cohen National Team Editor

Andrew J. Chamberlain Leor J. Kaplan Marisa D. Mercandetti Soulafreda Valassis Brisette Gantt Joni H. Kletter Shulamis Peltz Travis M. Harper Joshua Jacob Kunis Liza V. Schaeffer Dina M. Kameros Danielle R. Mendolsohn Avery P. Strickoff Editorial Board

Angela M. Angel Maite Martinez Staffers

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

ADMINISTRATION

David Rudenstine , JD Dean

Laura E. Cunningham, JD, LLM Senior Associate Dean

Matthew S. Levine, MBA Associate Dean for Business Affairs

Robert L. Schwartz, JD Associate Dean for Admissions

Arthur F. Fama, Jr., JD Assistant Dean for Career Services

Judith Mender, JD Assistant Dean for Student Services

Lynn Wishart, AM LS, JD Director, Dr. Lillian and Or. Rebecca Chutick Law Library

Barbara Birch , MBA Director, Alumni Affairs

Susan L. Davis, MA Director, Communications and Public Affairs

Toni M. Fine, JD Director, Graduate and International Programs

Amy Gillenson, MA Director, Development

Leslie S. Newman, MA, JD Director, Legal Writing Program

Jeanne Widerka, JD Director, Admissions

Isabel K. Balson , MA Associate Registrar

Tom Curtin, BA Associate Director, Student Finance

Lee Bollinger, JD, LLM Executive Director, Intellectual

Property Law Program

FACULTY

Paris R. Baldacci Clinical Professor of Law and Supervising Attorney, Bet Tzedek Legal Services Clinic

BA, 1965, University of Scranton PhD, 1974, Marquette University JD , 1978, CUNY Law School

Barton Beebe Assistant Professor of Law

BA, 1992, University of Chicago PhD, 1998, Princeton University JD, 2000, Yale University

J. David Bleich Herbert and Florence Tenzer Professor of Jewish Law and Ethics

BA, 1960, Brooklyn College MA, 1968, Columbia University PhD, 1974, New York University

Lester Brickman Professor of Law

BS, 1961 , Carnegie-Mel lon University JD, 1964, University of Florida LLM, 1965, Yale University

David Gray Carlson Professor of Law

BA, 1974, University of California­Santa Barbara JD, 1977, University of California-Hastings

Daniel A. Crane Assistant Professor of Law

BA, 1991, Wheaton College JD, 1996, University of Chicago

Susan P. Crawford Assistant Professor of Law

BA, 1984; JD, 1989, Yale University

Laura E. Cunningham Professor of Law

BS, 1977, University of California-Davis JD, 1980, University of California-Hastings LLM, 1988, New York University

Edward de Grazia Professor of Law

BA, 1948; JD, 1951, University of Chicago

Mitchell L. Engler Associate Professor of Law

BA, 1987; JD, 1990; LLM, 1991 , New York University

Toni M. Fine Lecturer in Law

BA, 1983, Harpur College , SUNY­Binghamton JD, 1986, Duke University

E. Nathaniel Gates Professor of Law

BA, 1978; JD, 1987, Yale University

Myriam Gilles Associate Professor of Law

BA, 1993, Harvard College JD, 1996, Yale University

Toby Golick Clinical Professor of Law, Director of Clinical Legal Education, and Director, Bet Tzedek Legal Services Clinic

BA, 1966, Barnard College JD, 1969, Columbia University

Peter Goodrich Professor of Law

LLB , 1975, University of Sheffield PhD, 1984, University of Edinburgh

Minasse Haile Professor of Law

BA, 1950, University of Wisconsin JD, 1954; MA, 1957; PhD, 1961, Columbia University

Malvina Halberstam Professor of Law

BA, 1957, Brooklyn College JD, 1961; MIA, 1964, Columbia University

Marci A. Hamilton Paul R. Verkuil Chair in Public Law and Director, Intellectual Property Program

BA, 1979, Vanderbi lt University MA, 1982; MA, 1984, Pennsylvania State University JD, 1988, University of Pennsylvania

Eva H. Hanks Dr. Samuel Belkin Professor of Law and Society

Referendar, 1951, Freie Universitat Berlin, Faculty of Law LLB , 1960, University of California­Los Angeles LLM , 1962; JSD, 1969, Columbia University

John L. Hanks Professor of Law

BS, 1966; JD, 1968, Rutgers University MA, LLM , 1972, Columbia University

Michael Eri c Herz Professor of Law

BA, 1979, Swarthmore College JD, 1982, University of Chicago

Justin Hughes Assistant Professor of Law

BA, 1982, Oberlin College JD, 1986, Harvard University

Kyron James Huigens Professor of Law

AB, 1981 , Washington University JD, 1984, Cornell University

Arthur J. Jacobson Max Freund Professor of Litigation and Advocacy

BA, 1969; JD, 1974; PhD, 1978, Harvard University

Melanie Leslie Professor of Law and Co-Director, Progam for Family Law, Policy, and Bioethics

BA, 1983, University of Oregon JD, 1991, Cardozo School of Law, Yeshiva University

Lela Porter Love Professor of Law and Director, Kukin Program for Conflict Resolution and Mediation Clinic

BA, 1973, Harvard University MEd, 1975, Virginia Commonwealth University JD, 1979, Georgetown University

Peter Lushing Professor of Law

BA, 1962, LLB , 1965, Columbia University

Leslie S. Newman Professor of Law and Director, Legal Writing

AB, MA, 1975, Brown University JD, 1978, Boston University

Jonathan H. Oberman Clinical Professor of Law

BA, 1974; MA , 1976; MPhil, 1979, Columbia University JD, 1982, Northeastern School of Law

Monroe E. Price Joseph and Sadie Oanciger Professor of Law and Director, Howard M. Squadron Program in Law, Media and Society

BA, 1960; LLB , 1964, Yale University

Michel Rosenfeld Justice Sydney L. Robins Professor of Human Rights and Co-Director, Floersheimer Center for Constitutional Democracy

BA, 1969; MA, 1971; MPhil, 1978; PhD, 1991, Columbia University JD, 1974, Northwestern University

David Rudenstine Or. Herman George and Kate Kaiser Professor of Constitutional Law

BA, 1963; MAT, 1965, Yale University JD, 1969, New York University

Leslie Salzman Clinical Professor of Law and Supervising Attorney, Bet Tzedek Legal Services Clinic

BA, 1978, Tufts University JD, 1981, New York University

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

Barry C. Scheck Professor of Law and Co-Director, Innocence Project

BS, 1971 , Yale University JD, MCP, 1974, University of California­Berkeley

Jeanne L. Schroeder Professor of Law

BA, 1975, Williams College JD, 1978, Stanford University

William Schwartz University Professor of Law

AA, 1952; JD, 1955; AM, 1960, Boston University LHD, 1996, Hebrew Col lege LHD, 1998, Yeshiva University

Scott J. Shapiro Professor of Law

BA, 1987; MPhil, 1992; PhD, 1996, Columbia University JD, 1990, Yale University

Pau l M. Shupack Professor of Law

AB, 1961 , Columbia Un iversity JD, 1970, University of Chicago

Jonathan L.F. Silver Professor of Law

BA, 1969, Yale University JD, 1973, University of Pennsylvania

Kevin M. Stack Assistant Professor of Law

BA, 1991, Brown University MLitt, 1996, University of Oxford JD, 1997, Yale University

Edward Stein Associate Professor of Law and Co-Director, Program for Family Law, Policr, and Bioethics

BA, 1987, Wil liams College PhD, 1992, Massachusetts Institute of Technology JD, 2000, Yale University

Stewart E. Sterk H. Bert and Ruth Mack Professor of Real Estate Law

BA, 1973; JD, 1976, Columbia University

Martin J. Stone Professor of Law

BA, 1982, Brandeis University JD, 1985, Yale University BPhil, 1988, Oxford University PhD, 1996 Harvard University

Suzanne Last Stone Professor of Law

BA, 1974, Princeton University JD, 1978, Columbia University

Peter Tillers Professor of Law

BA, 1966, Yale University JD, 1969; LLM, 1972, Harvard University

Pau l R. Verkui l Professor of Law

AB, 1961, College of Wi lliam and Mary LLB, 1967, University of Virginia MA, 1971 , New School for Social Research LLM , 1969; JSD, 1972, New York University

Richard H. Weisberg Walter Floersheimer Professor of Constitutional Law and Co-Director, Floersheimer Center for Constitutional Democracy

BA, 1965, Brandeis University PhD, 1970, Cornell University JD, 1974, Columbia University

Lynn Wishart Professor of Legal Research and Director, Dr. Lillian and Dr. Rebecca Chutick Law Library

AB, 1969, West Virginia University AMLS, 1971, University of Michigan JD, 1977, Washington University

Charles M. Yablon Professor of Law and Director, The Samuel and Ronnie Heyman Center on Corporate Governance

BA, 1972, Columbia University JD, 1975, Yale University

El len C. Yaroshefsky Clinical Professor of Law

BA, 1969; JD, 1975, Rutgers University

Edward A. Zelinsky Professor of Law

BA, 1972; MA, JD, 1975; MPhil , 1978, Yale University

VISITING FACULTY

Richard A. Bierschbach Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, 2003-04

BA, 1994; JD, 1997, University of Michigan

David L. Franklin Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, 2003-04

BA, 1990, Yale College JD, 1997, University of Chicago Law School

Uriel Procaccia Visiting Professor of Law, Fall 2003

LLB, 1967; LLM , 1969, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem SJD, 1972, University of Pennsylvania

Renata Salecl Visiting Professor of Law, Spring 2004

BA, 1986; MA, 1988; PhD, 1991 , University of Ljubljana

Alex Stein Visiting Professor of Law, 2003-04

LLB, 1983; LLM, 1987, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem PhD, 1990, University of London

Frank M. Tuerkheimer Visiting Professor of Law, Spring 2004

BA, 1960, Columbia College LLB, 1963, New York University

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

ADJUNCT FACULTY LEGAL WRITING INSTRUCTORS

Harold Abramson Burton N. Lipshie David Axinn

Wayne Alpern Arthur S. Linker David Battat

Michael A. Bamberger Susan Mackenzie Marshall B. Bellovin

Roger J. Baneman Nancy Marks Sarah Berger

Simeon H. Baum Kenneth Mccallion Maureen Dwyer

Roger Berkowitz Howard McCormack Ralph Fabrizio

Andrew S. Berkman Robert A. Meister David Feuerstein

Paul Bloom Matthew Morreale Robert Hammer

Blaine H. Bartnick Stanley Neustadter Julie A. Interdonato

David Bowker Raymond W. Patterson William Jaffe

Morris E. Cohen Judge Andrew J. Peck Randal Jeffrey

Robert Collins Arnold H. Pedowitz David Jonathan Katz

Alvin Deutsch Curtis Pew Michael Krauss

Frank S. DiGiglio Eric Rayman Caroline Levy

Bennett Ellenbogen Kenneth Rivlin Burton N. Lipshie

Yassin EI-Ayouty Robert M. Rosh Ann M. Lipton

Inna Fayenson Malcolm Ross Ross Morrison

Maranda E. Fritz Michael Ross Leslie Newman

GaryJ . Galperin Lucille Roussin Lawrence D. Norden

Elizabeth S. Goldman Ben Rubinowitz Vincent O'Reilly

Jeffrey Haas Frank J. Scardilli Michael Pantazakos

Zvi Hahn Daniel Shapiro Kevin E. Pogue

Joelle Halperin Daniel Silverman Mae C. Quinn

Gary T. Holtzer Peter L. Skolnik Devin A. Rice

Moshe Horn Carlton Smith Leonard Ritz

Mark lzeman Leslie Srager Michelle Roth-Parker

James Kornbluh Charles J. Tejada Michael S. Schreiber

David Korzenik Jonathan Todres Jolie Schwell

Carolyn Kubitschek Evan Torgen Joel Shafferman

Michael Lang John E. Tsavaris Cynthia Sheps

Jeffrey I.D . Lewis Daniel M. Weitz Joyce Shulman

Rosalind Lichter Leon Wildes Olga Statz

Alan Wolf Danielle Gentin Stock

Daniel J. Young Alan Weiler

. Hadassah Weiner

David Wirtz

Russell M. Yankwitt

Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Kathryn 0. Greenberg Chairman

Earle I. Mack Chairman Emeritus

Mark S. Lieberman Rachel L. Warren Vice Chairmen

Barry A. Shenkman Treasurer

Ronnie Heyman Secretary

Harvey R. Blau

Leon H. Charney

Hon . Sandra J. Feuerstein

Morris Goldfarb

Shimmie Horn

E. Billi lvry

Richard M. Joel

Stephen Judlowe

Nate Kacew

Steven W. Katz

Ira Kukin

Jonathan Kukin

Hon. Frank R. Lautenberg

Thomas H. Lee

Jeffrey H. Loria

Lawrence Ruben

Stephen J. Schulte

James E. Schwalbe

Stephen B. Siegel

Sheldon H. Solow

Ronald P. Stanton

Bonnie Steingart

Terence A. Todman, Jr.

Stephen A. Weiss

Honorary Directors

Joseph Appleman

Louis Henkin

Samuel J. Heyman

Edgar J. Nathan Ill

Romie Shapiro

COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Peter L. Ferrara, MA Chairman

Judith B. Bacher, MA

Isabel Balson , MA

Barbara Birch, MBA

Paulette Crowther, BA

Susan L. Davis, MA

Arthur F. Fama, Jr., JD

Toni M. Fine, JD

Amy Gaudet, MA

Matthew Levine, MBA

Ilene Mates, MPA

Judy Mender, JD

Robert L. Schwartz, JD

Lynn Wishart, JD

FACULTY MARSHALS

Michael Eric Herz, JD Head Marshal

Paris R. Baldacci, PhD

Richard A. Bierschbach, JD

Toni M. Fine, JD

Myriam Gilles, JD

Marci A. Hamilton, JD

Justin Hughes, JD

Kyron James Huigens, JD

Arthur J. Jacobson , PhD

Melanie Leslie, JD

Burton N. Lipshie, LLB

Lela Porter Love, JD

Leslie Salzman, JD

Stewart E. Sterk, JD

Lynn Wishart, JD

Ellen C. Yaroshefsky, JD

Yeshiva University

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Ronald P. Stanton Chairman

David S. Gottesman

Robert M. Beren Chairmen Emeriti

Ira Kukin Vice Chairman

Sy Syms Vice Chairman

Morry Weiss Vice Chairman

Ludwig Bravmann Vice Chairman

Bernard L. Madoff Treasurer

Burton P. Resnick Chairman Executive Committee

David J. Azrieli

Jayne G. Beker

Jack A. Belz

Julius Berman

Marvin S. Bienenfeld

Marjorie Diener Blenden

SenderZ. Cohen

David Eshaghian

Jeffrey J. Feil

Aaron Feuerstein

Felix L. Glaubach

Alan E. Goldberg

Fanya Gottesfeld-Heller

Kathryn 0. Greenberg

Ronnie Heyman

Lance L. Hirt

E. Billi lvry

Michael Jesselson

Richard M. Joel

Marcos D. Katz

Mordecai D. Katz

Norman Lamm

Earle I. Mack

J. Ezra Merkin

Joshua L. Muss

Vivian Glueck Rosenberg

David I. Schachne

Jay Schottenstein

Irwin Shapiro

Moshael J. Straus

Joseph Wilf

David Yagoda

Honorary Trustees

S. Daniel Abraham

Hal H. Beretz

Samson Bitensky

J. Morton Davis

Eugene Ferkauf

Gerald Furst

Jacob E. Goldman

Emanuel Gruss

Joseph Segal

Marty Silverman

Elie Wiesel

Jay H. Zises

ADMINISTRATION

Richard M. Joel , JD President

Norman Lamm, PhD Chancellor

Hillel Davis, PhD Vice President for University Life

Herbert C. Dobrinsky, EdD Vice President for University Affairs

Daniel T. Forman, MS Vice President for Development

Morton Lowengrub, PhD Vice President for Academic Affairs

Dominick P. Purpura, MD Vice President for Medical Affairs

Sheldon E. Socol , JD Vice President for Business Affairs

Martin H. Bockstein , LLB General Counsel

Peter L. Ferrara, MA Director of Communications and Public Affairs

Edward P. Fox, MBA Deputy to the President

The Academic Procession

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH BY THE LATE PROFESSOR MORRIS SILVERMAN, UNIVERSITY REGISTRAR

Since colonial times, American

colleges and universities have held

annua l graduation ceremonies

known as commencement exercises.

While their nature has changed a

great deal over the past three

centuries, they have always featured

the academic procession, in which

the graduates, faculty, and

administration march to the

scene of the exercise.

Traditional ly, graduates receiving the

lowest degrees march first (after the

marshal), followed by those receiving

higher degrees in the order of

importance of the degree; then

come the faculty, and here, too,

those of highest rank march last; last

come the administrative officers,

board of trustees, and recipients of

honorary degrees, the president and

chairman of the board at the end.

Degrees are awarded in the order of

the procession . At the recessional

closing of the exercises, participants

withdraw in reverse order; the

president marches first (after the

marsha l), and the recipients of the

lowest degrees march last.

The persons in charge of ceremonies

at the commencement exercises are

called the marsha ls. As symbols of

their authority, they carry batons,

which are descendants of the war

clubs carried by the original

marshals, who were military officials.

At Yeshiva University, the Chief

Marshal carries a silver mace, a gift

to the university from the late Stanley

E. Stern, its friend and supporter,

and the other marshals carry silver

batons or wear gold epaulets.

The most colorful feature of the

procession is the academic attire

worn by all participants. A direct

survival from medieval days, the

costume originated about the twelfth

century, when almost everyone wore

long flowing robes with hoods even

indoors, as protection against the

cold. Persons of different social

standing and occupation were

distinguished by the shape and color

of their robes and hoods; university

students and graduates, therefore,

also were awarded special attire.

In 1895, an intercollegiate

commission established a uniform

academic costume system for

American col leges and universities.

This code has been reviewed and

amended periodically by the

American Counci l on Education.

Principal features of the standard

academic dress are the gown, the

cap, and the hood. The gown is

black for all degrees. Bachelor's

gowns have long pointed sleeves;

Master's have either long sleeves,

square and closed at the bottom

with slits near the elbows through

which the arms are placed, or

oblong sleeves, open at the wrist;

and Doctor's gowns have round

open sleeves. For the Bachelor's

and Master's degrees, the gown has

no trimmings; for the Doctor's

degree, it is faced down the front

with velvet and has three bars of

velvet across the sleeves, either in

black or the color of the hood's

border.

The square cap is known as a

mortarboard and is black for all

degrees. The tassel is gold for the

Doctor's degree and black for all

others. At Yeshiva University

commencements, the tassel is worn

on the right side by candidates for

the Bachelor's degree unti l the

degree is conferred, when it is

moved to the left. Those receiving

higher degrees wear it at the left

throughout the exercises, since

they have already received a

Bachelor's degree.

The hood is also black, but its

shape, trim, and lining vary to show

the level of the degree, the subject

of the degree, and the school

conferring it. In medieval times

hoods were worn over the head in

bad weather, but they are now

thrown over the shoulders. Those

receiving Bachelor's degrees wear

no hoods; Master's hoods are three

and one-ha lf feet long; and Doctor's

hoods are four feet, with added

panels at the sides. (Those with

Bachelor's degrees who are not

members of the graduating class

may wear a hood three feet long.)

The trim or binding of the hood is

velvet, and the higher the degree the

wider the trimming. The color

indicates the subject of the degree.

Colors most frequently seen at

Yeshiva University commencements

are white, for arts, letters, and

humanities (such as Master of Arts);

ye llow, for science (Bachelor of

Science and Master of Science);

citron, social work (Master of Social

Work); dark blue, philosophy (Doctor

of Philosophy); light blue, education

(Doctor of Education); scarlet,

theology (Doctor of Divinity); green,

medicine (Doctor of Medicine); and

purple, law (Juris Doctor). Many of

these colors have symbolic

meanings. For example, white

stands for the purity of the liberal

arts, yellow for the golden wealth

which scientific research has

brought to the world, scarlet for the

burning zeal of the dedicated

clergyman, and green for the

medicinal herbs of the physician.

The lining of the hood shows the

institution conferring the degree. If a

school has two offic ial co lors, it may

use one or divide them in a variety of

ways. Yeshiva University's co lors are

blue and white , and we use a solid,

light blue hood lining. To distinguish

them, the President and the Chief

Marshal wear special robes.

Participants who are not in the

graduating class-faculty,

administration, etc.-wear costum es

indicating their alma maters and

highest academic attainments. This

diversity, blending with the more

uniform appearance of the

graduates, affords added beauty to

the commencement scene.