The Low (ULPUF) – The Waterbackpack PAUL...PAUL atAIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014 Decentralized water supply in emergencies, di tdisasters and for permanent use The Ultra Low Pressure

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014

Decentralized water supply in emergencies, di t d f tdisasters and for permanent use

The Ultra Low Pressure Ultra‐Filtration (ULPUF) process– The Waterbackpack PAUL –

Professor Dr.‐Ing. Franz‐Bernd FrechenUniversity of KasselChair, IWA Specialist Group“Membrane Technology”

Vice‐Dean of the Faculty of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering

Winner 2011 in thecategory „society“

Environmental EngineeringHead of the Department of Sanitary

and Environmental Engineering (DESEE)

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e 1 Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESEE)

Head: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. F.‐B. Frechenwww.uni‐kassel.de/fb14/siwawi

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014content

Th W t B k k PAUL f d t li d t l i The WaterBackpack PAUL for decentralized water supply in emergencies, disasters and for permanent use: h ?why? how? results results

PAUL in use worldwide

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014why?

why?why?

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Haiti, earthquake, February 2010

http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Downtown_Port_au_Prince_after_earthquake.jpg&filetimestamp=20100402131754

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Haiti, earthquake, follow‐up Cholera, since mid 2010

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Pakistan, flooding, July 2010

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Thailand, flooding, October 2011

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014water supply in cases of emergencies

th t d d f thi t k? d are there standards for this task? and what is the most severe problem? what can be done in rural areas?

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014potable water supply in cases of emergencies

th t d d f thi t k are there standards for this task: Sphere standards (2011) andWHO guidelines for Drinking water Quality (2011)WHO guidelines for Drinking‐water Quality (2011)

what are the most severe problems: i f l ( i h i di li ) quantity of supply (even with intermediate quality) faecal pathogens

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014water supply in cases of emergencies in rural areas

h t b d i l ? what can be done in rural areas? in cities, mobile waterworks are installed to serve 20,000+ people. These

mobile waterworks need energy chemicals and skilled operationmobile waterworks need energy, chemicals and skilled operation personnel

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due to limited availability of devices and personnel, due to their huge y p , gcapacity, due to transportation problems (destroyed infrastructure) and due to cost, application in remote rural areas is impossible

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Solutions so far: chlorination

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chlorination cannot be used by

chlorination

chlorination cannot be used by illiterates

dirty water makes it difficult to

use of chlorination

dirty water makes it difficult to assess chlorine demand

chlorine as with any other chlorine – as with any other chemical – can be overdosed, leading to health damageleading to health damage

chlorine – as with any other chemical can be underdosedchemical – can be underdosed, thus being not effective

if chemicals are used up no if chemicals are used up, no water treatment is possible

the water is still dirty and not the water is still dirty and not aesthetic

© Humanity Care Stiftung 2010

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Solutions so far: chlorination SODIS (solar disinfection)

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http://climatelab.org/index.php?title=Solar_Water_T t t&hi hli ht SODIS

SODISTreatment&highlight=SODIS

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_gmzQyaivE_U/Sth5aqTKEyI/AAAAAAAAArU/SdAgNffZWzE/s576/SODIS.jpg

SODIS ist eine günstige und einfache Methode, um die mikrobiologische Trinkwasserquali‐tät in Entwicklungsländern wesentlich zu verbessern. Wasser wird dabei in PET Flaschen für einen Tag an der Sonne exponiert Das Sonnenlicht (UVA und UVB im Bereich von ca

http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/nano/cstuecke/46883/index.html

für einen Tag an der Sonne exponiert. Das Sonnenlicht (UVA und UVB im Bereich von ca. 300 ‐ 400 nm) inaktiviert einen grossen Teil der Keime im Wasser. (…) Die primäre Schädi‐gung der Zellen (…) erfolgt, indem (…) zuerst Transportprozesse an der Membran beein‐trächtigt werden ( ) Bei der Bestrahlung verschiedener Bakterienarten (Escherichia coliträchtigt werden. (…) Bei der Bestrahlung verschiedener Bakterienarten (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri) gingen die Zellfunktionen immer in der gleichen Reihenfolge verloren, was andeutet, dass es sich wahrscheinlich um denselben Mechanis‐mus handelt S typhimurium war bei weitem der resistenteste Organismus und konntemus handelt. S. typhimurium war bei weitem der resistenteste Organismus und konnte sich zudem von leichten Zellschäden wieder erholen. (01.11.2010)

http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/umik/schwerpunkte/trinkwasser/licht_desinfektion/sodis/index_FR

note: the higher turbidity the lower efficiency

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note: the higher turbidity, the lower efficiency





Solutions so far: chlorination SODIS (solar disinfection) Sari filtration

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W t i filt d th h i f ld d 4 ti ( f b i filt “)

Sari filtration

Water is filtered through a sari folded 4 times („fabric filter“) Cost zero, reduces cholera cases down to 43% But: has to be used in practice already, cannot be

applied as a new method after a disaster happened pp pp

Sari Cloth Filtration Reduces Cholera Cases

3

4Fall, 2000

2

3

000P

eople

1Cases /

1,0

0Sari Filtration No Filtration

Quelle: Dr. Rita R. Colwell: A Voyage of Discovery: Cholera, Climate and ComplexityS D Rit C l ll Di t f Th N ti l S i F d ti

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Quelle: Dr. Rita R. Colwell: A Voyage of Discovery: Cholera, Climate and Complexityhttp://www.nsf.gov/news/speeches/colwell/rc01_anatlesson/sld017.htm (slide 36)

Source: Dr. Rita Colwell, Director of The National Science Foundation





Solutions so far: chlorination SODIS (solar disinfection) Sari filtration transportation of water (bottled or in tank trucks)

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Solutions so far: chlorination SODIS (solar disinfection) Sari filtration transportation of water (bottled or in tank trucks) decentralized water supply – but how?

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014how?

how?how?

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014which technology to be used?

Table 7.8 Reductions of bacteria, viruses and protozoa achieved by householdTable 7.8 Reductions of bacteria, viruses and protozoa achieved by household water treatment technologies

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014filtration is mostly done by the cake layer

cake layerraw cake layer(filtration active)

rawwater filtrate

1/1 000 of thediameter of a human hairhuman hair

(MWCO 150 kDalton)

Solids (organic anorganicmembrane

typ

Solids (organic, anorganic, bacteria, pathogens, …)

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typ

ical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0.020 to 0.100 µm)

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014removal of bacteria, example cholera

© wikipedia

cholera bacteriadiameter 300 to 500 nm length 2 000 nm ( 2 µm)

membranetypical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0 020 to 0 100 µm)

diameter 300 to 500 nm, length 2 000 nm ( 2 µm)

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typical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0.020 to 0.100 µm)

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014WaterBackpack “PAUL” designed by DESEE:

t DESEE t ti 2001 at DESEE, starting 2001, wedesigned the WaterBackpackll d “PAUL” llcalled “PAUL”, a small

membrane ultrafiltration (UF)itunit

membrane area 9.5 m2

1,200 L/d for 400 people weight: 23 kg weight: 23 kg height: 1.2 m size: 0.4 m x 0.4 m 6 unit fit on a standard

Euro‐palette

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014The requirements are:

No chemicals needed No chemicals needed

N d d No energy needed

i l d d No operation personnel needed

No maintenance needed

Absolutely robust

Instant delivery

Easily transportable

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014The solutions of the WaterBackpack “PAUL”:

No chemicals needed Membrane (A 9 5 m2) to filter pathogens No chemicals needed – Membrane (Amem 9.5 m2) to filter pathogens, nominal pore size 40 nm (0.04 µm) (MWCO 150 kDalton)

N d d No energy needed



Absolutely robust

Instant delivery


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N d d U it TMP id d b th t l l No energy needed – Uses gravity: TMP provided by the water level difference (max. 0.80 m) due to height of the WaterBackpack



Absolutely robust 0,80 m

Instant delivery max.


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i l d d Si l i l i No operation personnel needed – Simple pictograms explain usage even to illiterates


Absolutely robust

Instant delivery


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No maintenance needed – just pour waterin over months and months

0,80 m

Absolutely robust

max. Instant delivery


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0,80 m

Absolutely robust – no moving parts,lifetime of the membrane ≈ 10 years

max. Instant delivery


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0,80 m


max. Instant delivery – can be stored readyto use, 6 fit on an Euro‐Palette


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0,80 m


max. Instant delivery – can be stored readyto use, 6 fit on an Euro‐Palette

Easily transportable – weighs 20 kg,transporton the back, by bike, by lorry, by helicopter ....

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014how much water is filtered per day?

water for 400 affected people: 1 200 L/d (800 bottles 1 5 Liter each)water for 400 affected people: 1,200 L/d (800 bottles 1.5 Liter each) – see picture: 1 day production (1.2 tons of water)

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i t h i l i t

The complete operation manual

no moving parts, no energy, no chemicals, no maintenance , extremely robust, to be operated by anyone – even illiterates

See the complete operation manual!

P t blPortableAqua

Unit for

L if i

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L ifesaving

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014operation principles PAUL

d d d filt ti dead end filtration ultra low pressure: 0.00 to 0.08 bar (0.04 typical) 9.5 m² membrane surface area nominal flux 5 LMH nominal yield 1 200 L/d nominal flux 5 LMH, nominal yield 1,200 L/d flat sheet vertically mounted

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014filtration is mostly done by the cake layer

cake layerraw cake layercake layer(filtration active)

rawwater filtrate

cake layer(filtration active)

Solids (organic anorganicmembrane

typical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0 020 to 0 100 µm)

Solids (organic, anorganic, bacteria, pathogens, …)

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typical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0.020 to 0.100 µm)

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014bacteria removal

6

7

e LRV

4

5on

‐Value

2

3

Redu

ctio

Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius0

1

Log‐R

e.coli coliforme I.E. e.coli coliforme I.E.

ISO 9308‐1 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 7899‐2 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 7899‐2

PAUL A PAUL A PAUL A PAUL B PAUL B PAUL B

Min 5,301 5,368 4,444 5,672 5,929 5,041Mittel 5,689 5,704 5,092 6,013 6,144 5,245

minavg , , , , , ,Max 6,362 6,415 5,568 6,380 6,431 5,544max

g

analyzed by Institut Fresenius Göttingen

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analyzed by Institut Fresenius, Göttingen

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014heavy metal and AOX removal

para rawlimit (German

permeate permeate removal removalpara‐meter

unitraw water

drinking water ordnance)

permeate P1

permeate P6

removal P1

removal P6

As µg/L 51 10 5.5 4.6 89.2% 91.0%Cd µg/L 29 5 0.11 1.3 99.6% 95.5%C /L 230 50 27 25 88 3% 89 1%Cr µg/L 230 50 27 25 88.3% 89.1%Cu µg/L 500 2 000 7 390 98.6% 22.0%Hg µg/L 27 1 <0 2 <0 2 99 3% 99 3%Hg µg/L 27 1 <0,2 <0,2 99.3% 99.3%Ni µg/L 330 20 13 24 96.1% 92.7%Pb µg/L 69 10 < 2 5 < 2 5 99 6% 99 6%Pb µg/L 69 10 < 2,5 < 2,5 99.6% 99.6%Zn µg/L 1 600 ‐ 34 84 97.9% 94.8%AOX µg/L < 50 ‐ < 50 140 ‐ ‐

analyzed by Analytisches Labor KEB Kassel

AOX µg/L < 50 < 50 140

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analyzed by Analytisches Labor KEB, Kassel

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014virus removal (Federal Environment Agency UBA)

added virusses

human adenovirusses

analyzed by Federal Environment Agency Dessau/Roßlau

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analyzed by Federal Environment Agency, Dessau/Roßlau


total amount filtered in m³total amount filtered in m³


feed: drinking water

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014conclusions

conclusionsconclusions

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50 000 i ti h t b li d ith 3 L/( *d) 6 th

conclusions

50,000 victims have to be supplied with 3 L/(cap.*d) over 6 months, and the average distance is 20 km. transportation of water:total freight transport volume: 547,500 tokmafter 6 months: no more supply!

transportation of WaterBackpacks: transportation of WaterBackpacks: 125 units necessary, weight 20 kg per unit total freight transport volume: 50 tokm total freight transport volume: 50 tokm this is less than 0.01 percent of the total freight transport volume when

distributing water after 6 months, victims still can get their water from the units – „Aid for

self‐aid“. the first PAULs that were distributed are in use since March 2010 …!

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014… and about cost

24,0025 Jan. 2014Basis for PAUL calculation:Water produced : 1,200 Liter/dayUnit price (excl. VAT): 890 €

18,2420

er m³

add. cost (transport etc) 300 €cost per maintenance: 30 €maint. interval: 200 m³ filtered(once per year at least)

10 00

12,76

15,0015

ost in €pe

5 00

10,0010

Total co

0,42 0,69 0,882,22 2,50

4,44 5,005

0

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014observations

observationsobservations

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Colombia

E.coli [KbE/100ml] Trübung [NTU] Färbung [Pt/Co]Rohwasser PAUL Rohwasser PAUL Rohwasser PAUL

C/marca 20 0 8 90 0 01 7 1

Einsatzort

C/marca 20 0 8,90 0,01 7 1Cauca 6.000 0 7,83 0,01 39 1La Guajira 3.000 0 40,70 0,01 28 11Nariño 52 0 11,40 0,50 100 50

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014field inspection of PAUL

As part of the research project field inspections were undertaken recently as As part of the research project, field inspections were undertaken recently as the distribution of the units started in Sept 2010 and some 900 units are in use worldwide by now in more than 50 countries worldwide from Afghanistan y gto Zimbabwe

Field inspections were undertaken by DESEE in Benin, Colombia, Myanmar, p y yNepal and Pakistan

Third party field inspections were undertaken in Cambodia, Gambia, Indonesia and Tanzania.

Even after three years of usage, no case is known where a chemical cleaningwas undertaken

a minority of units are non operational today, mostly due to misuse (dry out f h b )→ b b hiof the membrane)→ to be overcome by a hint on storage

No case is known where the organization that brought PAUL into use has ll t d it ll it t i l f trecollected it – all units stay in place for permanent use

PAUL – due to its long lifetime – is more and more used in schools etc., improving health conditions effectively

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improving health conditions effectively

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014field inspection of PAUL

in practice the daily flow is far beyond our design value of 1 200 L/d up to in practice, the daily flow is far beyond our design value of 1,200 L/d, up to 10,000 L/day (most in the range between 2,000 L/d and 6,000 L/d), presumably due to low EPS and a “good” particle size distribution, forming an p y g p , geffective cake layer

5400 54006000

y3323

43204800 4800 4824 5000

4000

5000ed

per day

19202400

2880 28803323

2000

3000

ter filtere

1200

0

1000

2000Li

0

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014… and two two new projects

A th b it l t t l t 10 t t dAs the membrane unit lasts at least 10 years, we startedtwo new projects: improved PAUL with 2 filters – project “Bénin” together with the

GIZ

drinking water “PAULa” as a permanent drinking water supply – drinking water PAULa as a permanent drinking water supply actual research project in Vietnam

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Bénin

The drinking water supply in Bénin is The drinking water supply in Bénin is problematic as seasonal water shortages regularly occur, particularly in rural areas, g y , p y ,where only about 50% of the population has access to clean drinking water. About half of the population Bénin takes its drinking water from open ponds and rivers or other hazardous water sources Water borne diseases arewater sources. Water‐borne diseases are therefore among the most common diseases.

Within the frame of a cooperation with GIZ Within the frame of a cooperation with GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationaleZusammenarbeit) six PAULs were located for permanent water supply in southeast Bénin in 2012 and were monitored over an operation

i d f 15 th Th it i di id lperiod of 15 months. The sites are individual settlements or schools in rural areas.

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Bénin

The population at these sites is supplied usually from shallow wells; the The population at these sites is supplied usually from shallow wells; the microbiological quality of the well water is bad as can be seen from the results of the raw and the PAUL‐filtrated water analyzed in July 2013.y y

© DESEE© DESEE

E.coli [KbE/100ml] Enterokokken [KbE/100ml] DurchflussRohwasser PAUL Rohwasser PAUL l/d

676 Djonougoui 3.800 0 8.600 0 2.880677 Dj i 3 800 0 8 600 0 4 320

Einsatzort© DESEEDurchfluss

l/d2.8804 320677 Djonougoui 3.800 0 8.600 0 4.320

675 Akplenou 8.200 0 9.100 3 5.400695 Akplenou 8.200 0 9.100 1 3.323693 Awacou 180 0 1.000 0 1.920694 Kl dji 450 0 1 600 0 4 800

4.3205.4003.3231.9204 800

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694 Kladjieme 450 0 1.600 0 4.8004.800

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Project “Bénin” – joint project with the GIZ

i A il 2012 t t l f h l since April 2012 – permanent water supply for schools

© DESEE© DESEE© DESEE

At some places in combination with a subsequent filter with nano‐silver

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Project “Bénin” – joint project with the GIZ

i A il 2012 t t l f h l since April 2012 – permanent water supply for schools

© SAT 1

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Project “Vietnam”

D i ki t l ith “PAUL ” f th T N h it l Drinking water supply with “PAULa” for the Tam Nong hospital,financed by the German Consulate General in Ho Chi Minh City

PAULa – PAUL and subsequent chlorination to assure residual chlorine content without electric energy demand!

raw water from the river

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D i ki t l ith “PAUL ” f th T N h it l Drinking water supply with “PAULa” for the Tam Nong hospital,financed by the German Consulate General in Ho Chi Minh City

PAULa – PAUL and subsequent chlorination to assure residual chlorine content without electric energy demand!

© SAT 1

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© Preussner© Preussner


D i ki t l ith “PAUL ” f th T N h it l Drinking water supply with “PAULa” for the Tam Nong hospitalS

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57 Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESEE)Head: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. F.‐B. Frechenwww.uni‐kassel.de/fb14/siwawi

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014latest development stage and accessories

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t i side view

valve closed

top view side viewfront

valve open

tile with valve incl. float, replaces

sieve

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raw water tank

optional:pre-sieve

detail tile valve closed

optional:valve

t i side viewvalve float

valve openvalve closed


tile with valve to be mounted in the

valve open

mounted in the filtered water tank at proper height

filt d


sieve

filteredwatertank

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raw water tank

optional:pre-sieve

detail tile valve closed

optional:valve

t i side viewvalve float

valve openvalve closed


tile with valve to be mounted in the

valve open

mounted in the filtered water tank at proper height

filt d


sieve

filteredwatertank

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014PAUL in use worldwide

PAUL i ld idPAUL in use worldwideused in emergenciesused in emergencies

and as a permanent decentralizedwater supply solutionwater supply solution

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014distribution of PAUL

Comoros: 13 Congo: 17 Cuba: 12 Mexico: 2 Mongolia: 3

Kenya: 3

Kenya/Somalia: 31

Colombia: 7Comoros: 13 Congo: 17 Cuba: 12

Malawi: 1Madagascar: 9

Malaysia: 4Mexico: 2 Mongolia: 3

Mozambique: 2Namibia: 1

Niger: 1Nigeria: 4 1,375 PAUL

(as of 02.10.2014)

Pakistan: 255India: 13Indonesia: 12Cambodia: 6Cameroon: 7

Kenya: 3

Pakistan: 257

Peru: 10

Haiti: 167

India: 13 Peru: 10

Philippines: 162Philippines: 162

Serbia: 55

Ghana: 8

UnitedKingdom: 2 Russia: 1

Sambia: 1i

Serbia: 55

Vietnam: 94

Bolivia: 1Chile: 2Dom. Rep.: 1Ecuador: 5Gambia: 1

Switzerland: 1

Senegal: 1Zimbabwe: 1Somalia: 11

Afghanistan: 14Egypt: 5Ethiopia: 22Bénin: 10Bulgaria: 1

Somalia: 11St. Lucia: 2

South Sudan: 1Swaziland: 1

Taiwan: 2

Tanzania: 7Turkey/Syria: 2

Uganda: 9Venezuela: 10

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Taiwan: 2

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014some parties who brought PAUL into service are

Stiftunglife

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g

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Pakistan

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© Humanity Care Foundation© Humanity Care Foundation


© Humanity Care Foundation


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©HDL

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© HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Thailand

41 t b k k f di t li f i th fl di41 waterbackpacks for disaster relief in the flooding areaMinister Werner Hoyer, Federal Foreign Office, delivers PAULs

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Indonesia

© DESEE© Lessan

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© Humanity Care Stiftung

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Haiti

©HDL

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© HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Haiti

©HDL

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© HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Peru

© SAT 1

© Gravenkötter (Peru) © Gravenkötter (Peru)

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Peru

©HDL© DESEE

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© HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014India

© DESEE

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014India

© DESEE

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Kenia

© HDL

© HDL © HDL

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© HDL © HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014East Africa

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© HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014East Africa

©HDL

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© Humanity Care Stiftung© HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Tanzania

© Schaupppp

© Schaupp

installed March 2012 since then no more cases of diarrhea

pp

since then, no more cases of diarrhea, cholera or other waterborne diseases according to locals© S h

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according to locals© Schaupp

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Myanmar

©HDL

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© HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Myanmar

e.de

w.stiftung

life

© www

© HDL

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© HDL

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Cameroon

© Klussmann

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Philippines

© Christian Wagner

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g

PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014Philippines

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PAUL at AIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014thank you very much for your attention !

www uni-kassel de\fb14\siwawiwww.uni-kassel.de\fb14\siwawiwww.waterbackpack.org

Winner 2011 in the categorythe category

„society“

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The Low (ULPUF) – The Waterbackpack PAUL...PAUL atAIDEX2014 Brussels, 12.11.2014 Decentralized water supply in emergencies, di tdisasters and for permanent use The Ultra Low Pressure