The Keeling Curve: top of Mauna Loa

CO2 Increase > annual variation

Keeling-like curves for atmospheric Greenhouse

Gases:Gases come out of solution

Metabolic rate increasesIndustrial production

AgricultureDeforestation

The Pioneer Effectalso

coincides with

European expansion,Empires, not just USA

pioneers!

Methane sources:

Swamp gas

Ruminants

Thawing Permafrost

Dissociating Gas

Hydrates

N2Othis

GHG is also a

combustion product of dirty diesel

& coal

Normalizing to the 30 years around 1975, > Hotter!

Heat changes are felt

preferentially in polar regions.Canada finally has a Summer

Northwest Passage

Maybe ice-free in 50 years

Hurricanes are the big Fans that

really move the heat around

Ocean Warming: K. Immanuel (2005)

• Double the frequency of Category 4-5 Hurricanes. P.Webster (2005)

Most oceans warmed by > 0.4°C in 30 years

Small storm #’s unchanged, but big x2

Chloro-fluorocarbons & Ozone destruction

• Refrigerants, propellants and burning chlorinated plastics vent to atmosphere

• High energy upper atmosphere reactions

• CHCl2 F, CCl2 F2 + O2 2ClO + other gases

• O2 + O O3

• Ozone formation is inhibited by Cl2, ClO

Antarctica and the Ozone Hole

Map of Antarctica: Ice Cap, Ice Shelves,S. Magnetic Pole & Halley Bay

Ozone at Halley Bay in October

1 Dobson Unit = 0.001 cm O3 equivalent

Aircraft Sept 16, 1987

Spacecraft measurements:

Sept 1991 & 1992

O3 decreases as ClO increases

Spacecraft measurements: Sept 1991 & 1992 (Oops!)

Ground measurements 1985 J. Farman

Satellite Photos of the Amazon Basin

1975 & 2001

Deforestation: produces CO2 & reduces absorption

Young forests = carbon sinks, old ones are neutral

Healthy Rainforest

Cover

25 years of Logging & Swidden

Agriculture

The Geologic Time Scale

A Vast Sequence of different climates, environments and

ecosystems as written in the rock

record.

Dome C Ice Core RecordsH/D Temperature proxy, CO2 bubbles

K-T Boundary Layer Clay at Gubbio

The Cosmic Ir Clock Failed here, too much Ir

per clay:

Inference a massive 10km diameter

meteorite

Change in Solar Luminosity

for the Sun (main sequence)