THE INVESTIGATION OF VITAL PHYSICAL AND … investigation of vital physical...THE INVESTIGATION OF VITAL PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION PROPERTIES FOR A RANGE OF BLENDS OF ETHANOL AND GASOLINE

THE INVESTIGATION OF VITAL PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION PROPERTIES FOR A RANGE OF BLENDS OF ETHANOL AND

GASOLINE

Sherena Bt Sar-ee

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours TP (Chemical Engineering) 339 2013 S551 2013

P KHIDlln II~KLUII~T ~K~DEIIIK SIASARAWAK UNllI~S

11111 mllllllllill III III Grade ----shy1000268844

llease tick (--1)

Final Year Project Report OJ Masters D PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the 8 day of May 2013

Students Declaration

I SHeREN~r~MEE~~QQJ)QePMIMENIQf~HpMJ~AL ~NQINEEKlliGANP~NEKGY

~YSINNMJPrYfAcJJLryQf ENQlliEERlliQ hereby declare that the work entitled THE

INYESTJGATl9N9fYJrALfHYSJCALANP QQM~J)STI9NP~9fE~1JESfQRAMNQE9f BJENP~QfETHAN9LANPQASQJJNEG~QSErI~MBEK)QJ~rQ~M~Y2QJJ) is my origina

work I have not copied from any others students work or from any other sources except where due

reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text nor has any part been written for me b)

another person

~MAy~Qu ~HERENA~rSME~lt~~QOJ

Date submitted Name of student (Matric No)

Supervisors Declaration

I A~~Cf RQfPRKHAJKUPQlliSANAlJ1LH hereby certificates that the work entitled THJ INYESTlGATI9N9fyJrALfHYSJCALANPQQM~J)Srl9NPR9rER1IESfQRARANQE9 BLENP~9fElRANQJANPQASQLJNEaO~EPJEM~ER~QUIQ~MAY2QIJ) was prepared b the above named student and was submitted to the FACULTY as a full fulfillment for the conferment (

~~fJeLQR ofENQJNEEBJNQWllli HQNQPRS(CH~MJ~ALENQJNE~RINQ) and tt aforementioned work to the best of my knowledge is the said students work

__

I declare this Report is classified as (Please tick (~))

D CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential infonnation under the Official Secret Act

1972)

D RESTRICTED (Contains restricted infonnation as specified by the organization where research was done)

IT] OPEN ACCESS

Validation of Thesis

I therefore duly affinned with free consent and willingness declared that this said Thesis shall be placed officially in Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability with the abide interest and rights as follows

bull This Thesis is the sole legal property of Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)

bull The Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability has the lawful right to make copies for the purpose of academic and research only and not for other purpose

bull The Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability has the lawful right to digitise the content to for the Local Content Database

bull The Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability has the lawful right to make copies of the Report for academic exchange between Higher Learning Institute

bull No dispute or any claim shall arise from the student itself neither third party on this Report once it becomes sole property of Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)

bull This Thesis or any material data and infonnation related to it shall not be distributed published or disclosed to any party by the student except with Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) permISSIon

Students signature __t~____ Supervisors signature

8 MAY 2013 8 MAY 2013

Current Address

Lot 927 Lorong Piala 4F Taman Sukma lalan Semariang 93050 Kuching Sarawak

Note If the Report is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED please attach together as annexure a letter from the organization with the period and reasons of confidentiality and restriction

APPROVAL SHEET

This final year report which entitled The investigation of vital physical and

combustion properties for a range of blends of ethanol and gasoline was

prepared by Sherena Bt Saree (25003) as a partial fulfillment for the Degree of

Bachelor ofChemical Engineering is hereby read and approved by

Assc Prof Dr Khairuddin Sanaullah Date

( Project Supervisor)

1

Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNIVERSrn MALAYSIA SARAWAK

THE INVESTIGATION OF VITAL PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION

PROPERTIES FOR A RANGE OF BLENDS OF ETHANOL AND GASOLINE

SHERENA BT SAR-EE

Thesis is submitted to

Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering

Chemical Engineering (With Honours)

2013

11

This thesis is dedicated to my late grandmother for her everlasting love my beloved parents who always bestow me sustainable motivations and

encouragements

111

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to thank to all individuals parties and organizations that

have contributed and cooperated throughout this final year thesis Special thanks are

dedicated to Assc Prof Dr Khairuddin Sanaullah Dr Md Rezaur Rahman Madam

Nur Syuhada Ahmad Zauzi and all Chemical Engineering lecturers for their

willingness to share knowledge and experiences as well as for their invaluable

supervision towards the completion of this final year thesis Last but not least the

author would like to express her appreciation to her beloved family best friends and

also Chemical Engineering technicians for their supports cooperations and

motivations in completing this thesis

IV

ABSTRAK

Saban hari kehendak dan keperluan terhadap tenaga meningkat seantero dunia

Tambahan lagi masalah pencemaran alam sekitar kian meningkat Hal ini

menyebabkan bilangan kajian dan penyelidik mengenai bahan api altematif juga

meningkat (Le et aI 2011) Di Malaysia pengeluaran etanol boleh diterokai dan

diperluaskan terutamanya dalam bidang pertanian sekaligus memberi peluang dan

potensi kepada negara untuk meningkatkan ekonomi Kajian ini berkisar tentang sifat

fizik dan pembakaran pelbagai campuran etanol dan petrol Terdapat 11 campuran

bahan api iaitu E 1 0 E20 E30 E40 E50 E60 E70 E80 dan E90 Manakala EO iaitu

petrol asli dan E 1 00 iaitu etanol asli juga disediakan Antara sifat fizikal yang dikaji

ketumpatan graviti tentu nilai kalori ketumpatan tenaga kelikatan dan rintangan

haba pelbagai komponen campuran telah disiasat Sebanyak empat eksperimen telah

dijalankan dengan mengunakan Portable Density Meter Thermogravinometry and

Differential Temperature Analyser (TGA-DTA) Consistometer dan juga Kalorimeter

born Sepanjang kajian ini sesetengah daripada campuran bahan api etanol dan petrol

telah membuktikan bahawa penambahan etanol dalam bahan api berpotensi tinggi

untuk menjadi sumber tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui Nisbah campuran yang paling

optimum adalah E20 di mana nisbah tersebut mempunyai ciri fizikal dan pembakaran

yang hampir sarna dengan petrol Setelah melalui empat siri penyelidikan dan analisa

campuran petrol dan etanol sebagai sumber boleh diperbaharui dijangka mempunyai

masa depan yang cerah kerana sifat fizikal dan pembakarannya yang boleh dipercayai

v

I

I

ABSTRACT

The increasing of global energy demand and stringent pollution regulations have

promoted research on alternative fuels (Le et aI 2011) The production of ethanol can

be enlarged in Malaysia national agriculture and might boost the Malaysian Economy

Physico-combustion properties of various gasoline ethanol blends were evaluated

There are 11 blends which are ElO E20 E30 E40 ESO E60 E70 E80 E90 and ElOO

as well as pure gasoline known as EO The density specific gravity calorific value

energy density viscosity and thennal resistance of various components of the blends

were investigated This experiment applied a Portable Density Meter

Thennogravinometry Analysis (TGA) Consistometer and Bomb Calorimeter

Throughout this study ethanol gasoline blends fuel has proved that the addition of

ethanol in the fuels has the highest potential to become a renewable energy source

The optimum blend ratio is E20 where it has almost similar physical properties of

gasoline After going through a series of experiments and research ethanol gasoline

blends as renewable source has bright future due to its dependable physical and

combustion properties

vi

Pusectat Khidmllt MllkJumat Akademik UNIVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Sheet Title Page 11

Table of Contents Vll

List of Symbols Xli List of Abbreviations Xlll

Dedication 111

Acknowledgement IV Abstrak v Abstract VI

List ofTables IX List of Figures X

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 11 General Overview 1 12 Background of Study 3 13 Problem Statement 4 14 Objective 5 15 Research Methodology 5 16 Expected Outcome 6 17 Summary 7

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 21 Introduction 8 22 Energy Demand in Malaysia 8 23 Fossil Fuel 9

231 Petroleum 9 232 Gasoline 12

24 Ethanol 15 25 Alternative Energy 18

251 Biofuel 20 26 General Characteristic of Ethanol Blended Fuel 20 27 Other Research and Study about Ethanol Blended Gasoline 21 28 Summary 23

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 31 Introduction 24 32 Project Flow Chart 24 33 Material 25 34 Equipment and Instruments 26 35 Blends Preparation 27 36 Bomb Calorimeter 29 37 Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis

(TGA-DTA) 31 38 Consistometer 34 39 Portable DensitySpecific GravityConcentration Meter

vii

(DMA 35) 37 310 Conclusion 40

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41 Introduction 41 42 Visible Color Changes 42 43 Portable DensitySpecific Gravity Meter Analysis 42 44 Calorific Value of Ethanol Blends 47 45 Thenno gravimetric (TGA) Analysis 49 46 Consistometer Analysis 56 47 Summary 57

Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 51 Introduction 58 52 Conclusion 58 53 Recommendation 60 44 Summary 61

BIBLIOGRAPHY 62 APPENDICES

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

11 Sample Code Table 5

21 Compositions of gasoline hydrocarbons (Adapted from International Agency of Research for Cancer (IARC) 1989) 12

22 Physical and chemical properties regarding the chemical identity of gasoline (Adapted from International Agency of Research for Cancer (IARC) 1989) 13

23 Property of Gasoline and Ethanol 16

31 Ratios for the Blends of Ethanol and Gasoline 27

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

11 Rate of World Population and Oil Production (Chefurka 2007) 1

31 Process Flow Chart 25

32 Ethanol with purity of approximately 96 26

33 Blends preparation made in the fume hood 28

34 Eleven of ethanol gasoline fuels blend placed in an incubated shaker 28

35 Bomb Calorimeter 30

36 Sample of printed result from bomb calorimeter 31

37 DTG-60H 32

38 Apparatus Set Up for Consistometer 35

39 EO sample pours in the reservoir tank during experiment 37

310 An image of Portable DensitySpecific GravityConcentration Meter 38

311 Sample E30 was cool until 20C by using ice cube in the beaker 39

3 12 Digital Thermometer used to monitor the temperature of the blends inside the water bath 40

41 The changes colour from EO until E 100 42

42 A plot of density versus blends ratilt at room temperature 255degC 43

43 Variation of density versus blends ratio at 4 different temperatures 44

44 A plot of specific gravity versus blends ratio at 20degC 45



47 Average gross heat value versus blends ratio graph 48

48 Energy density versus blends ratio graph 48

x

49 A TGA plot of weight percentage of ethanol blends versus temperature 52

410 A plot temperature history of ethanol blends versus time graph 53

411 A plot of differential temperature analysis versus temperature 55

412 Viscosity versus blend ratio 56

xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

American Society for Testing and Materials

Differential Thermal Analysis

High Heating Value

Lower Explosive Limit

Material Safety Data Sheet

Reformulated Gasoline

Research Octane Number

Thenno-gravimetric Analysis

Upper Explosive Limit

United States

Volatile Organic Compounds

xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview

The world in the 21 st century presents many critical challenges The increase in

energy demand environmental concern of the global warming climate change and

increasing petroleum price in the worldwide has greatly increased the interests of the

application study of the use of alternative fuels (M AI-Hassana H Mujafeta and M

Al-Shannagb 2012) From figure 11 the graph shows the rate of world population

and oil production whereas the rate of world population increases as the oil

production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year

Figure 11 Rate of world population and oil production (Chefurka 2007)

1

As global main energy resources fossil fuel which comprises of coal oil and

natural gas are 80 to 90 percent of total energy resources Meanwhile the remaining

10 to 20 percent of energy resources are supplied by nuclear and renewable energy

(Wohlgemuth and Missfeldt 2000 Asif and Muneer 2007) The prices of petroleum

products are generally on an increasing trend and consequently affecting the general

cost of living Besides that the most critical challenges are the environment As

world population increases and the standard of living improve there is a growing

concern that there will be a shortage of energy for homes vehicles which human

need the most Advances in technology have the allowed development of alternative

energy sources Alternative energy sources are renewable cleaner and more

dependable than traditional fuels The consumption of petroleum products also has

other inconveniences such as environmental pollution and the emission of

greenhouse gasses generally believed to be responsible for global warming (Tangka

JKelal 2011)

The general trend all over the world has now been to reduce the over dependence

on petroleum products so as to help reduce the effects of global warming Other

possible advantages of abandoning petroleum products is the fact that alternative

sources can be produced from renewable resources that are available almost

everywhere that there is life This avoids the employment of heavy infrastructure for

long distance transportation and distribution The need for alternative sources of

energy especially those that can be produced and utilized in enclave areas cannot be

over emphasized Amongst the various alternatives that are attracting attention today

is the use ofethanol as fuel for the motor vehicle engine (Tangka JK et aI 2011)

2

12 Background of Study

Since the late 1970s ethanol has been added to gasoline Since that time the

United States (US) fuel grade ethanol production capacity has grown over 12 billion

gallons per year and production volumes continue to increase Until the late 1980s

ethanols primary role in the fuel production was that of an octane enhancer and it

was viewed as an environmentally sound alternative to the use of lead in gasoline

With its 1125 blending octane ethanol continues to be one of the most economic

octane enhancers available to the refiner or fuel blender After that by 1980 s some

states began to use ethanol and other oxygenates in mandatory oxygenated fuel

programs to reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) The success of these

early oxygenated fuel programs led to a similar national program in the 1990 Clean

Air Act Amendments (Renewable Fuels Association 2011)

At the beginning of January 1995 the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments also

required that certain ozone non-attainment areas sell reformulated Gasoline (RFQ)

Then recently in 2009 reformulated gasoline comprised 34 of all gasoline sold

The purpose of RFQ program is to reduce automobile emissions of volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) which are ozone precursors The

program also designed to reduce toxic emissions (Renewable Fuels Association

2011)

Overall based on the RFQ requirements a great majority of the renewable fuel

will be produced with feedstocks other than com and row crops further improving

the already positive carbon footprint of com based ethanol The ethanol industry will

3

expand its production to meet RFQ requirements In fact in the late 20 I 0 over 88

ofthe gasoline sold in the US already contained ethanol (Jim Jordan 2010)

Nowadays in Malaysia the automotive industry is expanding as well as the

increasing of fuels price in the market In order to overcome this problem oversees

development of alternative fuel use of alternative fuel become broad but in Malaysia

this area is still limited (Abdul Hadi 2010) This research focuses on ethanol

gasoline blends or commonly known as gasohol The investigation of vital physical

and combustion properties for a range of ethanol and gasoline will be gathering data

in Malaysian environment is useful to give some insight to estimate the usefulness of

Ethanol blends as compared to Gasoline or other equivalent fuels

13 Problem Statement

The dernand for energy is increasing day by day On the other hand fossil fuel

resources are exhaustible and expected to be depleted in the next 30 to 80 years

(Gevorkian 2006) Therefore corresponding to the decreasing amount of energy

resources a number of researchers and studies have been conducted to find

alternative energy of the future in which it sh~uld be more environmentally friendly

and sustainable Consequently the blends of ethanol and gasoline have high potential

and started since the late 1970s

Since that time US fuel grade ethanol production capacity has grown to over 12

billion gallons per year and production volumes continue to increase (Renewable

Fuels Association 2011) Regardless of the blend level the quality of the ethanol

4

added to gasoline is important This study will be focus on the physical and chemical

properties of the blends of ethanol and gasoline by measuring different ratio of fuels

14 Objective

The main objective of this project is to study to investigate vital physical and

combustion properties for a range of blends of ethanol and gasoline for instance

starting from E10 (10 Ethanol amp 90 Gasoline) and go up to E100

15 Research Methodology

In order to achieve the objectives as mentioned in Section 14 the study has

been divided into a few stages as follows

1 Stage 1 Literature review

Information on ethanol and gasoline are collected at this stage

Previous studies on the blends of ethanol and gasoline at different

range also reviewed in these stages The review focuses on vital

physical properties chemical properties and investigates previous

research done by using a different range of ethanol gasoline and also

different types of blends

11 Stage 2 The blend of gasoline and ethanol

Material for the experiment will be prepared In this study the

ethanol and gasoline will be prepared and then blend together

according to the ratio or range state below Besides that before set up

any experiment the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) physical and

chemical properties for each material need to be prepared

5

Table 1 Sample code table

Sample code EI0 E20 E30 E40 E50 E60 E70 E80 E90

Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

111 Stage 3 Set up an experiment

After identifying the physical and chemical properties an experiment

should be set up by measuring all the criteria using different equipment in the

laboratory The procedure and criteria which are adopted from previous study

are then willing be interprets and analyses

iv Stage 4 Data collection

Data collection will be done experimentally or by using the previous

research collection

v Stage 6 results and discussions

The results are examined and discussed in detail The results are

depicted in the form of tables graphs comparisons and detail discussion on

the advantages and disadvantages are made

16 Expected outcome

Since the study is conducted to analyze vital physical and combustion properties

for a range of blends of Ethanol amp Gasoline The study is expected to provide

discussion on the physical and combustion properties which explained about the

6

characteristic for each property and its impact on the mixture of different range of the

fuel consumption

Besides that it is vital to find out the salient properties of both physical and

combustion natures for a range of blends for instance starting from E 10 (10

Ethanol amp 90 Gasoline) and go up to E80 and further The major physical

properties can be viscosity vapor pressure and the combustion properties can be

flash point energy content and much more Data in Malaysian environment is useful

to give some insight to estimate the usefulness of Ethanol blends as compared to

Gasoline or other equivalent fuels Furthermore it is important to take into

consideration about the Malaysia economic environmental and social impacts about

the blends of ethanol and gasoline mixture

17 Summary

This chapter generally discusses the importance of alternative energy in order to

confront global energy challenges which are the depletion of fossil fuel and their

impacts towards the environment Besides that the ethanol based fuel provides a

renewable fuel choice and the use of ethanol can reduce our dependence upon oil and

most importantly reduce greenhouse gas emIssions Therefore this study aims to

determine the vital physical and combustion properties for different range of ethanol

and gasoline a substitute for fossil fuel for power generation in Malaysia The

experiment will be conducted in order to analyze and determine the vital properties

in the mixture of ethanol and gasoline mixture

7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction

In this chapter all relevant infonnation regarding renewable energy nonshy

renewable energy and the vital physical element in the blend of ethanol and gasoline

are discussed These include the infonnation extracted from previous studies which

had been conducted by other researchers The infonnation sources are mainly

derived from journals books electronic article (website) and etc

22 Energy demand in Malaysia

The world in the 21 st century presents many critical challenges One of the most

important challenges is the environment As population increases and the standard of

living improve there is a growing concern that there will be a shortage of energy to

heat our homes and power the vehicles on which so heavily depend Besides that

human also needs clean air clean water cleaner burning fuels biodegradable and

renewable materials In this modem era high technology has allowed the

development of alternative energy sources

8

Alternative energy sources are renewable cleaner and more dependable than

traditional fuels Power generation in Malaysia both used renewable energy and nonshy

renewable energy However non-renewable energy still dominated obviously

Renewable energy derives from hydropower wind and solar energy whereas nonshy

renewable energy is from oil natural gas and coal (Sopian et aI 2005) Malaysia oil

is estimated to last for another 19 years meanwhile the natural gas is estimated to last

for another 33 years (Selamat and Abidin 2010)

23 Fossil Fuel

Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources that formed more than 300

million years ago during the carboniferous period Today most of the energy that we

consume for our daily applications is produced from fossil fuels mainly derived

from petroleum natural gas and coal Oil was formed the remains animals and plants

in a marine environment When plants and animals died their bodies decomposed

and were buried under layers of earth sand and silt High temperature and high

pressure from these layers helped the remains tum into crude oils (Mohd Omar

Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum

Basically the word petroleum means rock oil or oil from the earth

Petroleum is a complex mixture ofhydrocarbons which may be gas liquid or solid It

is better known as oil where depending on its own unique composition and the

pressure and temperature at which it is confined (Gatlin C 1960) Base designation

9

P KHIDlln II~KLUII~T ~K~DEIIIK SIASARAWAK UNllI~S

11111 mllllllllill III III Grade ----shy1000268844

llease tick (--1)

Final Year Project Report OJ Masters D PhD D

DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK

This declaration is made on the 8 day of May 2013

Students Declaration

I SHeREN~r~MEE~~QQJ)QePMIMENIQf~HpMJ~AL ~NQINEEKlliGANP~NEKGY

~YSINNMJPrYfAcJJLryQf ENQlliEERlliQ hereby declare that the work entitled THE

INYESTJGATl9N9fYJrALfHYSJCALANP QQM~J)STI9NP~9fE~1JESfQRAMNQE9f BJENP~QfETHAN9LANPQASQJJNEG~QSErI~MBEK)QJ~rQ~M~Y2QJJ) is my origina

work I have not copied from any others students work or from any other sources except where due

reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text nor has any part been written for me b)

another person

~MAy~Qu ~HERENA~rSME~lt~~QOJ

Date submitted Name of student (Matric No)

Supervisors Declaration

I A~~Cf RQfPRKHAJKUPQlliSANAlJ1LH hereby certificates that the work entitled THJ INYESTlGATI9N9fyJrALfHYSJCALANPQQM~J)Srl9NPR9rER1IESfQRARANQE9 BLENP~9fElRANQJANPQASQLJNEaO~EPJEM~ER~QUIQ~MAY2QIJ) was prepared b the above named student and was submitted to the FACULTY as a full fulfillment for the conferment (

~~fJeLQR ofENQJNEEBJNQWllli HQNQPRS(CH~MJ~ALENQJNE~RINQ) and tt aforementioned work to the best of my knowledge is the said students work

__



1972)


IT] OPEN ACCESS










8 MAY 2013 8 MAY 2013

Current Address



APPROVAL SHEET







1




SHERENA BT SAR-EE






2013

11


encouragements

111

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










IV

ABSTRAK





















v

I

I

ABSTRACT
















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

__



1972)


IT] OPEN ACCESS










8 MAY 2013 8 MAY 2013

Current Address



APPROVAL SHEET







1




SHERENA BT SAR-EE






2013

11


encouragements

111

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










IV

ABSTRAK





















v

I

I

ABSTRACT
















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

APPROVAL SHEET







1




SHERENA BT SAR-EE






2013

11


encouragements

111

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










IV

ABSTRAK





















v

I

I

ABSTRACT
















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9




SHERENA BT SAR-EE






2013

11


encouragements

111

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










IV

ABSTRAK





















v

I

I

ABSTRACT
















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9


encouragements

111

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










IV

ABSTRAK





















v

I

I

ABSTRACT
















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT










IV

ABSTRAK





















v

I

I

ABSTRACT
















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

ABSTRAK





















v

I

I

ABSTRACT
















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

I

ABSTRACT
















vi


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9


TABLE OF CONTENTS




Dedication 111










vii





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9





viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page






ix

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page








37 DTG-60H 32














x





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9





xi

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

ASTM

DTA

HHV

LEL

MSDS

RFQ

RON

TGA

UEL

US

VOCs




High Heating Value







United States


xii

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

CHAPTER

INTRODUCTION

11 General Overview







production increase

90 7500 80+-------------------------------~ 6500 _ 70+---------------------------~~~

~ 60 +-----------------~-___=1~++--__+ 5500 s ~ 50 +--------------------------7---~

4500 40+--------------------+~~------~

~ 30 +-----------------~----------+ 3500 $I

5 20 +-______________~jL_------------_I 2500 f

10 +---------=-~~~--------------~

O ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1500 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

year


1














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9














JKelal 2011)










2



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9



















2011)




3






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9






















4



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9



14 Objective




















5



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9



Ethanol 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Gasoline 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10








research collection





16 Expected outcome




6


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9


fuel consumption










17 Summary










7

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

CHAPTER 2

LITERA TURE REVIEW

21 Introduction














8








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9








23 Fossil Fuel








Abdullah2012)

231 Petroleum





9

Documents

THE INVESTIGATION OF VITAL PHYSICAL AND … investigation of vital physical...THE INVESTIGATION OF VITAL PHYSICAL AND COMBUSTION PROPERTIES FOR A RANGE OF BLENDS OF ETHANOL AND GASOLINE