Research Article Investigation of the Physical and

Research ArticleInvestigation of the Physical and Molecular Properties ofAsphalt Binders Processed with Used Motor Oils

Mohyeldin Ragab and Magdy Abdelrahman

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering North Dakota State University Fargo ND USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohyeldin Ragab mohyeldinragabndsuedu

Received 30 June 2015 Revised 10 November 2015 Accepted 29 November 2015

Academic Editor Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo

Copyright copy 2015 M Ragab and M Abdelrahman This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

In this work we investigated the performance aspects of addition of used motor oils (UMO) to neat and crumb rubber modifiedasphalts (CRMA) and related that to the change ofmolecular size distribution ofmodified asphaltrsquos fractions asphaltenes saturatesnaphthene aromatics and polar aromatics Based on the results of temperature sweep viscoelastic tests addition of crumb rubbermodifier (CRM) alone or with UMO results in the formation of internal network within the modified asphalt Based on the resultsof short and long term aged asphalts the utilization of combination of UMO and CRM enhanced the aging behavior of asphaltBending beam rheometer was utilized to investigate the low temperature behavior of UMOmodified asphalts Based on those teststhe utilization of the UMO and CRM enhanced the low temperature properties of asphalts Based on the results of the asphaltseparation tests and the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analysis it was found that saturates and naphthene aromatics arethe two asphalt fractions that have similar molecular size fractions as those of UMO However UMO only shifts the molecular sizesof saturates after interaction with asphalt Results also show that polar aromatics pose higher molecular size structures than UMO

1 Introduction

Asphalt is a hydrocarbon material containing about 90ndash95wt hydrogen and carbon atoms with the remaining 5ndash10wt of the atoms in the asphalt consisting of two types (a)heteroatoms and (b) metals [1] Hydrocarbons heteroatomsand metals all combine in the asphalt in a wide range ofdifferent molecules that can be grouped into three majorcategories (a) aliphatics (b) cyclics and (c) aromatics [1]Suchmolecules interact with one another through the forma-tion of weaker types of bonding that are actually responsiblefor determining many of asphaltrsquos physical properties Threetypes of ldquoweakrdquo bonds that require relatively little energy tobreak and are susceptible to both heat and mechanical forcesare mainly the governing bonds in asphalt they are (a) 120587-120587bonding (b) hydrogen (or polar) bonding and (c) van derWaals forces [1]Through the aforementioned bond types thebehavior of asphalt molecules is governed by either one of thetwo patterns and their mutual interaction (a) polar behaviorand (b) nonpolar behavior In the polar behavior and during

service temperatures the molecules participate in the forma-tion of a ldquonetworkrdquo through hydrogen and 120587-120587 bonding thatgives the asphalt its elastic properties whereas the nonpolarmolecular behavior is manifested by matrix in which the net-work is formed thus contributing to the viscous propertiesof the asphalt [1] Through such interactions between asphaltmolecules the asphalt binder structure can be categorized asbeing made up of asphaltenes and maltenes at the molecularlevelThe bindersrsquo viscosity and adhesion are attributed to theasphaltenes that are large polar compounds [2] On the otherhand the colloidal combination of oils and resins in whichthe asphaltenes are dispersed is the maltenes [3 4]

Each year two hundred million gallons of used motoroil (UMO) are improperly disposed of [5] Used motor oil isinsoluble and persistent and can contain toxic chemicals andheavy metals

It is slow to degrade It sticks to everything from beachsand to bird feathers It is a major source of oil contaminationof waterways and can result in pollution of drinking watersources [6]

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of MaterialsVolume 2015 Article ID 632534 9 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015632534

2 Journal of Materials

Addition of usedmotor oil (UMO) to the binder typicallymodifies the low molecular weight maltene structure as therole of the maltenes is to provide stability to the asphaltenes[3] A loss of aromatics in the asphalt binder due to volatiliza-tion occurs during mixing and construction [2] In additionoxidation will occur on the exposed asphalt binder as theasphalt ages in service [7] Both of the aforementionedprocesses lead to the conversion ofmaltenes into asphaltenesyielding an overall loss of maltenes as a pavement ages [8] Astiffer pavement that is more brittle due to a lack of cohesioninside the binder results from the loss of maltenes [2] Toproperly restore the aged binder properties maltenes mustbe provided to the binder to restore the bindersrsquo stability thiscan be done by the utilization of UMO [9]

The average tire contains about 45 rubber with the restbeing carbon black oils waxes fillers antioxidants sulfurand curing systemsThis rubber portion (45) of the tire hasdifferent compositions passed on the source it was extractedfrom The composition of crumb rubber modifier (CRM)extracted from passenger tire is about 35 natural rubberand 65 synthetic rubber whereas for the CRM extractedfrom truck tires these values change to 65 natural rubberand 35 synthetic rubber [10] When CRM interacts withasphalt the behavior of its rubber components is differentThe natural rubber polyisoprene and isobutylene isoprenerubber (IIR) tend to soften On the other hand styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) butadiene rubber polychloropreneand nitrile butadiene rubber tend to harden as a result ofcross-linking [10] This results in the ability of CRM toprovide both the high and low temperature performance toa given neat asphalt The softening polymers provide lowtemperature performance while the cross-linking rubberprovides high temperature performance [10]

When CRM is added to asphalt the lighter asphaltcomponents penetrate into the internal matrix of the rubberas they have good compatibility with the linear skeleton of therubber [11] Chemical composition of asphalt and its viscositydetermine the CRM swell size and rate The CRM swell ratedecreases with the increase of asphalt viscosity while the rateof asphalt penetration in CRM increases with the increaseof rubber particle size [11 12] Molecular weight of asphalthas a major role in controlling the behavior between asphaltand CRM lower molecular weight asphalt interacts readilywith CRM where the lighter asphalt components penetrateinto the CRM such interaction may result however indeterioration of the colloidal stability of asphalt leading tocoagulation of asphaltenes [12] Vulcanized rubber can bedevulcanized and depolymerized in asphalt under the effectof high temperature shear this increases when asphalt is richin aromatics [13]

As illustrated earlier interaction of CRM with asphaltresults in the absorption of lowmolecular weight compoundsfrom asphaltThis leads to having stiffer asphalt that might beprone to thermal cracking at low service temperature UMOcontribute to the low molecular weight fractions of asphaltdue to the similarity between molecular structures This inturn leads to compensation of the absorbed fractions ofasphalt and thus would be beneficial for the low temperatureproperties of asphalt

On the other hand addition of UMO to asphalt inthe absence of CRM would lead to the disruption of theasphalt molecular size buildup and deterioration of asphaltproperties This can be explained in terms of the factors thatderive the physical properties of asphalt Those are the weakmolecular interactions such as 120587-120587 bonds hydrogen bondsand van der Waals bonds Those types of bonds are the resultof neighbor-neighbor interactions Such interactions will bedisrupted as a result of the addition of UMO that would addto the dispersing medium (light aromatics) while having thesame dispersed interacting molecules

2 Materials and Experimental Procedures

21 Processing

211 Raw Materials In the current work one asphalt binderwas investigated in combination with one type of crumbrubber The asphalt was a PG 64-22 based on the Superpavegrading system The CRM was a cryogenic processed CRMfrom amixed source of scrap tiresThe CRMparticle size wassmaller than mesh 30 and larger than mesh 40 accordingto the US standard system

Collected used motor oils have been tested for benzenetoluene ethyl-benzene and xylenes (BTEX) content and itwas verified that the utilized UMO in the current experi-ments has lower BTEX content than what is allowed by theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)Maximum Contaminants Levels (MCLs) during leachingexperiments and also from air tested samples above theinteractions carried out in the lab

212 Asphalt-CRM Interactions Table 1 illustrates the list ofinteractions carried out in this research work The interac-tions were conducted in 1-gallon cans and a heating mantleconnected to a bench type controller with a long temperatureprobe (1210158401015840) was used to heat the material

A high shear mixer was used to mix the binder andcrumb rubber The amount of CRM was controlled to beeither 10 or 20 of the initial asphalt binder weight inselected interactions The UMO percentage varied from 3to 9 of the final binder weight Interactions were conductedfor 120 minutes under one of two different temperatures(160 and 190∘C) and a single mixing speed (30Hz) for eachtemperature utilized Samples were taken at 2 30 and 120minutes of interaction time and kept at minus12∘C to avoid anyunwanted reactions All interactions in this research werecarried out under controlled atmosphere of nitrogen gas toprevent any oxidation

A specific coding for the samples was adopted in thecurrent work starting with the asphalt type HU-64 followedby the interaction temperature interaction speed interactiontime UMO percentage and lastly CRM percentage

22 Characterization

221 Extraction of Liquid Phase It is to be noted thatasphalt rubber binders consist of two components the liquidphase and rubber particles Both components are called the

Journal of Materials 3

Table 1 List of asphalt composites

Code Asphalt type Inter temp∘C Inter speedHz CRM UMO Inter timemin1 UMO NA NA NA NA 100 NA2 HU-64-NEAT PG64-22 NA NA NA NA NA3 HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO PG64-22 190 30 NA 3 1204 HU-64-190-30-120-9 UMO PG64-22 190 30 NA 9 1205 HU-64-190-30-2-3 UMO-10 CRM PG64-22 190 30 10 3 26 HU-64-190-30-30-3 UMO-10 CRM PG64-22 190 30 10 3 307 HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM PG64-22 190 30 10 3 1208 HU-64-190-30-2-9 UMO-20 CRM PG64-22 190 30 20 9 29 HU-64-190-30-30-9 UMO-20 CRM PG64-22 190 30 20 9 3010 HU-64-190-30-120-9 UMO-20 CRM PG64-22 190 30 20 9 12011 HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRM PG64-22 190 30 10 NA 12012 HU-64-190-30-120-20 CRM PG64-22 190 30 20 NA 12013 HU-64-160-30-120-3 UMO PG64-22 160 30 NA 3 12014 HU-64-160-30-120-9 UMO PG64-22 160 30 NA 9 12015 HU-64-160-30-2-3 UMO-10 CRM PG64-22 160 30 10 3 216 HU-64-160-30-30-3 UMO-10 CRM PG64-22 160 30 10 3 3017 HU-64-160-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM PG64-22 160 30 10 3 12018 HU-64-160-30-120-9 UMO-20 CRM PG64-22 160 30 20 9 12019 HU-64-160-30-120-10 CRM PG64-22 160 30 10 NA 12020 HU-64-160-30-120-20 CRM PG64-22 160 30 20 NA 120

binder whole matrix In this paper we will be utilizing thewhole matrix (liquid phase and rubber particles) in thephysical testing On the other hand the liquid phase wouldbe employed in the fractional and molecular investigationEarlier work dealing with physical testing of the liquid phasehas been already addressed by this research group [14]The liquid phase of CRMA was extracted by removing thenondissolved CRM particles from the CRMA matrix In thisregard the required amount of CRMA sample was heated to165∘C and drained through mesh 200 (75 120583m) in the oven at165∘C for 25 minutes The extracted liquid phase was storedat minus12∘C immediately to prevent any unwanted reactions

222 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Dynamic Shear Rheo-meter from Bohlin Instruments CVO (Worcestershire UK)was used for viscoelastic analysis of neat andmodified asphaltsamples Single point test and temperature sweep test wereperformed on the whole matrix samples The single pointtest was performed on all asphalt samples at 64∘C and 10radianssec using 25mm diameter parallel plates two otherpoints were employed 58 and 70∘C The temperature sweeptest was performed on the liquid phase of modified asphaltat a temperature range of 10∘C to 70∘C with 6∘C increments25mm diameter plates were used for tests conducted above45∘C and 8mm diameter plates were used for tests that wereconducted below 45∘C The gap between plates for CRMAsamples was selected to be 2mm which is the minimum gapsize that does not affect the results due the presence of CRMparticle For samples without CRM the gap was selected to be1mm For all tests that were conducted at temperatures below45∘C using the 8mm diameter plates the 2mm gap size wasselected regardless of the type of the sample

223 Short Term Aging Short term aging was carried outfollowing ASTM D2872 ldquoStandard Test Method for Effect ofHeat and Air on a Moving Film of Asphalt (Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test)rdquo Testing was done using a Coopers RTFOobtained from Cooper Technology UK

224 Long Term Aging Long term aging was carried out fol-lowingASTMD652 ldquoStandard Practice for AcceleratedAgingof Asphalt Binder Using a Pressurized Aging Vessel (PAV)rdquoTesting was done using a PAV 9300 machine obtained fromPrentex Alloy Fabrication Inc

225 Low Temperature Properties Determination of the lowtemperature properties of asphalt and modified asphalt wascarried out following ASTM D6648 ldquoStandard Test Methodfor Determining the Flexural Creep Stiffness of AsphaltBinder Using the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)rdquo Testingwas carried out using a bending beam rheometer machineobtained from Applied Test Systems (ATS)

226 Asphalt Separation into Four Fractions Separation ofasphalt into four fractions asphaltenes saturates naphthenearomatics and polar aromatics was done following the Cor-bett method utilizing ASTM D4124 ldquoStandard Test Methodsfor Separation of Asphalt into Four Fractionsrdquo Recovery ofthe asphalt fractions was carried out utilizing an RV 10 basicrotary evaporator obtained from IKA

227 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) A Gel Perme-ation Chromatography (GPC) system equipped with a WyattMiniDawn Light Scattering detector and a Wyatt ViscoStarViscometer detector was utilized in the current researchwork Samples were dissolved into THF and then filtered


1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)

20 40 60 800Temperature (∘C)

HU-64-160-30-3 UMOHU-64-160-30-3 UMO-10 CRMHU-64-160-30-10 CRM

(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)

Figure 1 Temperature sweep viscoelastic properties for rheological properties (a) 119866lowast and (b) 120575 for the whole matrix samples interacting at160∘C 30Hz after 120 minutes with 3 UMO andor 10 CRM

through a 02 120583m PTFE syringe filter prior to injection intothe injection module The area under the curve for a GPCchromatogram represents 100 of the samples moleculesinjected into the GPC system [15] The asphalt binder con-stituents are generally classified into several groups [16ndash19]In the current research work the elution started at 0 minutesand finalized at 50 minutes however molecular changes wererecorded from 6 to 18 minutes The GPC chromatogramwas thus divided into three equal parts large molecular size(LMS) medium molecular size (MMS) and small molecularsize (SMS) corresponding to 6ndash10 minutes 10ndash14 minutesand 14ndash18 minutes respectively The LMS were only plottedand utilized to characterize the modified binder fractionsrsquochange in properties Research has shown that the LMScomponents of binder had better correlations with asphaltbinder properties than other components [20ndash22]

3 Results and Discussion

31 Effect of UMO and CRM on the Internal Structure ofAsphalt (Internal Network Formation) Figure 1 shows thetemperature sweep viscoelastic properties for rheologicalproperties (a) 119866lowast and (b) 120575 for the samples interacting at160∘C 30Hz after 120 minutes with 3 UMO 10 CRMor both modifiers after 120 minutes of interaction timerespectively

It can be seen from Figure 1(a) that the behavior of thesamples with CRM is almost similar with or without UMOaddition where the effect of CRM modification over theUMO alone modified samples is mainly manifested at highertesting temperatures this is in agreement with other studies[23] which show that the CRM modification of asphaltmainly affects its high temperature properties and by decreas-ing the testing temperature the changes in physical propertiesreduce to a marginal level On the other hand a distinctivebehavior for 120575 can be seen for the samples modified withCRM or CRM + UMO illustrated in Figure 1(b) Results inFigure 1(b) show that by addition of CRMor CRM+UMO toasphalt a distinct plateau region appears on the phase anglegraphThe appearance of the plateau region indicates that thecreation of 3D entangles internal network structure in asphalt[24 25] It can be seen that the sample with 3 UMO + 10

CRM shows a more distinct plateau region compared to thesample with 10 CRM interacting at the same interactionconditions This indicates that the combination of 10 CRM+ 3 UMO released components in asphalt at the utilizedinteraction conditions (ie 160∘C 30Hz after 120 minutes)that were capable of forming 3D internal network structurein the asphalt matrixThemolecular size distribution changesof the asphalt fractions and UMO as a result of the formationof such 3D internal network structure are investigated anddiscussed in sections below On the other hand additionof UMO only to the asphalt gave no such plateau behaviorindicating that the presence of UMO modifier alone cannotinitiate the formation of such 3D internal network structure

Figure 2 shows the temperature sweep viscoelastic prop-erties for rheological properties 119866lowast and 120575 for the samplesinteracting at 160∘C 30Hz after 120 minutes with 9 UMO20 CRM or both modifiers after 120 minutes of interactiontime respectively

The same behavior illustrated in Figure 1(a) can be seenin Figure 2(a) where the effect of CRM modification forsamples with CRM in the presence or absence of UMO overthe samples modified with UMO alone is mainly manifestedat higher testing temperatures especially for the samples with20 CRM + 9 UMO

Results in Figure 2(b) show that the increase in CRM orCRM + UMO percentage leads to more intensified plateauregion behavior Unlike the samples modified with 10 CRM+ 3UMO (illustrated in Figure 1(b)) the plateau behavior ismore manifested for the samples with 20 CRM over thosemodified with 20 CRM + 9 UMO This indicates that atthe utilized interactions conditions (ie 160∘C 30Hz after120 minutes) and with the utilization of 9 UMO even in thepresence of 20 CRM the 3D internal network structure isdisrupted

As the case for asphalt modified with 3 UMO (illus-trated in Figure 1) addition of 9 UMO only to the asphaltresulted in the absence of plateau behavior indicating thatthe presence of UMO modifier alone cannot initiate theformation of such 3D internal network structure

Figure 3 shows the temperature sweep viscoelastic prop-erties for rheological properties (a) 119866lowast and (b) 120575 for thesamples interacting at 190∘C and 30Hz with either 3 UMO


1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)



(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)


(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)


10 CRM or both modifiers after 120 minutes of interactiontime respectively

Results in Figure 3(a) show similarity with the resultsof the samples interacting at 160∘C and 30Hz illustrated inFigure 1(a)

On the other hand results in Figure 3(b) show lowervalues for 120575 at lower testing temperature indicating betterelasticity In addition the plateau behavior for the samplesinteracting with 10 CRM + 3 UMO at 190∘C and 30Hzshowed a stronger trend over those interacting at 160∘C and30Hz (illustrated in Figure 1(b)) for the same interaction time(120 minutes)This indicates that the released components ofthe CRM in asphalt in the presence of UMO at interactionconditions of 190∘C and 30Hz are more capable of forming3D internal network structure in the asphalt matrix

Figure 4 shows the temperature sweep viscoelastic prop-erties for rheological properties (a) 119866lowast and (b) 120575 for thesamples interacting at 190∘C 30Hz with 9 UMO 20CRM or bothmodifiers after 120minutes of interaction timerespectively

Figure 4(a) indicates that the 119866lowast values of the sampleshaving 9 UMO are lower values in contrast with thesamples with 20 CRM or 20 CRM + 9 UMO Ascan be seen from Figure 4(b) the behavior of the sampleswith 20 CRM + 9 UMO interacting at 190∘C and 30Hzshows a stronger plateau trend over those with the same

modifiers that are interacting at 160∘C and 30Hz (illustratedin Figure 2(b)) for the same interaction time of 120 minutesThis indicates that in the presence of both UMO and CRMthe utilization of interaction conditions of 190∘C and 30Hzas compared to 160∘C and 30Hz results in better modifyingof the internal structure of the asphalt as expressed in strongerplateau behavior indicating better formation for the 3Dinternal network structure

32 Effect of UMOandCRMon the Short TermAging Behaviorof Asphalt (Rutting Susceptibility) Starting this section andthe following two sections the investigations are done onsamples interacting at 190∘C and 30Hz

Figure 5 shows the behavior of the rutting parameter(119866lowast sin 120575) for the (a) unaged and (b) Rotating Thin-Film

Oven (RTFO) aged residue of unmodified PG 64-22 samplescompared to samplesmodifiedwith 3UMOonly 10CRMonly and 3UMO+ 10CRM In this figure all sampleswereinteracting up to 120 minutes

The PG grading systemmandates that the rutting param-eter (119866lowast sin 120575) is above 1 KPa for unaged asphalt and 22 KPafor RTFO aged asphalt (Horizontal black lines) at tempera-ture of 64∘C for the asphalt utilized in this research work (PG64-22) As shown in Figure 5(a) for the unaged samples thehighest values for (119866lowast sin 120575) were observed for the samplesmixed with 10 CRM However both neat asphalts and


10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)

1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

100000000C

ompl

ex m

odul

us (P

a)


(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


Unaged asphalt

64 7058

Testing temperature (∘C)

Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

01234

(a)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

RTFO aged asphalt

64 7058Testing temperature (∘C)

Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

048

1216

(b)

Figure 5 Effect of UMO andor CRM on (a) unaged and (b) short term aging behavior of whole matrix samples

samples modified with 3 UMO + 10 CRM fulfilled therequirement Similarly for the RTFO aged residue samplesillustrated in Figure 5(b) the best enhancement in the ruttingresistance behavior is attributable to the sample having CRMonly However it can be seen from the figure that the samplewith 10 CRM + 3 UMO was well above the 22 KPa PGgrading requirement at 64∘C testing temperature while it wasjust at those values for the 70∘C testing temperature On theother hand the sample modified with UMO only suffereddeterioration of its rutting resistance parameter (119866lowast sin 120575 =22KPa) at 64∘C

33 Effect of UMO and CRM on the Long TermAging Behaviorof Asphalt (Fatigue Cracking Susceptibility) Figure 6 showsthe behavior of the fatigue parameter (119866lowast sdot sin 120575) for thePressure Aging Vessel (PAV) residue of PG 64-22 neat asphaltsample compared to samples modified with 3 UMO only10 CRM only and 3 UMO + 10 CRM

The samples were interacting at an interaction temper-ature of 190∘C with 30Hz interaction speed In this figureall samples were interacting up to 120 minutes The PGgrading systemmandates that the fatigue cracking parameter(119866lowastsdot sin 120575) is below 5000KPa (Horizontal black line) As

illustrated in the figure the best enhancement in the longterm aging resistance behavior is attributable to the samplehaving a combination of UMO+CRM It is expected that thepresence of UMO with CRM would lead to the absorption of

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt

120575(k

Pa)

010002000300040005000

22 2519


Glowastmiddot

sin

Figure 6 Effect of UMO andor CRM on the long term agingbehavior of whole matrix samples

the light components from the UMO into the CRM Duringlong term aging and under the effect of temperature theswelled CRM particles will continue to release componentsinto the asphalt such as antioxidants that would resist the longterm aging of asphalt In addition the absence ofUMOwouldlead to the absorption of light aromatic components from theasphalt leading to the stiffening of asphalt

34 Effect of UMO and CRM on the Low Temperature Prop-erties of Asphalt (Thermal Cracking Susceptibility) Figure 7


00102030405

minus12 minus18 minus24

m-v

alue

PAV aged asphalt


HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM(a)

0150300450600750900

Stiff

ness

(MPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt

minus12 minus18 minus24Testing temperature (∘C)

(b)

Figure 7 Effect of UMO andor CRM on the low temperature parameters (a)119898-value and (b) 119878 of whole matrix

shows the behavior of the thermal cracking parameters (a)119898-value and (b) stiffness (119878) for the Pressure Aging Vessel(PAV) residue of neat PG 64-22 asphalt sample compared tosamplesmodifiedwith 3UMOonly 10CRMonly and 3UMO + 10 CRM

The samples were interacting at an interaction tempera-ture of 190∘C with 30Hz interaction speed In this figure allsamples were interacting up to 120 minutes The PG gradingsystemmandates that the119898-value is higher than 03 and that 119878is lower than 300MPa (Horizontal black lines) As illustratedin Figure 7(a) all the tested samples fulfilled the 119898-valuerequirements of PG grading system up to minus34∘C in servicetemperature On the other hand for the 119878 values illustrated inFigure 7(b) the neat PG 64-22 asphalt showed deterioratedproperties passed its low temperature grade (minus22∘C) whilethe asphalt modified with 10 CRM 3 UMO or 10 CRMand 3 UMO had acceptable 119878 values up to minus28∘C in servicetemperature As illustrated in the figure the utilization ofboth 10 CRM and 3 UMO resulted in enhancing the lowtemperature resistance of the asphalt by one grade (fromminus22∘C to minus28∘C)

35 Effect of UMO on Asphalt Fractions In the followingsection we investigated the samples interacting at 160∘Cwith 30Hz and 190∘C with 30Hz after 2 and 30 minutes ofinteraction time Percentages of modifiers were 3 UMOwith 10 CRM for the samples interacting at either 160∘Cor 190∘C with 30Hz and 9 UMO with 20 CRM for thesamples interacting at 190∘C with 30Hz only

Figure 8 illustrates the change in the asphalt fractionsasphaltenes saturates naphthene aromatics and polar aro-matics as a result of modification with UMO and CRMFigure 8 shows that most of the components of UMO fall inthe category of saturates As illustrated in the figure also grad-ual increase in the asphaltenes is associated with the additionof UMO and CRM regardless of the interaction temperatureand time In addition the utilization of both UMO and CRMleads to increase in saturates at low interaction temperature(160∘C) On the other hand the utilization of high UMO(9) and CRM (20) values at high interaction temperature

Asphaltene Saturates

UMOHU-64-NEATHU-64-160-30-2-3 UMO-10 CRMHU-64-160-30-30-3 UMO-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-2-3 UMO-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-30-3 UMO-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-2-9 UMO-20 CRMHU-64-190-30-30-9 UMO-20 CRM

0

20

40

60

80

100

()

Polararomatics

Naphthenearomatics

Figure 8 Effect of UMO andor CRMon the four fractions of liquidphase samples

(190∘C) gives the same result of increasing the saturatesContinuous decrease in the naphthene aromatics is associatedwith the addition of UMO and CRM Polar aromatics appearto decrease with the high percentage of UMO and CRMTo better understand the molecular size distribution of thedifferent fractions of asphalt with themodificationwithUMOand CRM GPC analysis was carried out on selected samplesand results are explained in the following section

36 Effect of UMO on the Molecular Size Distribution ofAsphalt Fractions In this section we focused on the samplesinteracting at 190∘Cwith 30Hz after 2 and 30minutes of inter-action time and compared their molecular size distributionsto that of neat asphalt and UMO


0

02

04

06

08

1

12M

v

2 4 6 8 100Elution time (min)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-30-3 UMO-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-2-3 UMO-10 CRMUMO

(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv


HU-64-NEAT


(b)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(c)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(d)

Figure 9 Effect ofUMOandor CRMon theGPC analysis of the liquid phase fractions (a) asphaltenes (b) saturates (c) naphthene aromaticsand (d) polar aromatics in comparison with UMO

Figure 9(a) illustrates that the asphaltenes pose the high-est molecular size fractions as compared to the other frac-tions In addition the asphaltenesmolecular size fractions aremuch higher than that of UMO

Figure 9(b) shows that the molecular size distribution ofUMO is similar to that of saturates Another observation fromFigure 9(b) is that addition of UMO and CRM leads to shiftin the molecular structures of saturates

Figure 9(c) shows that naphthene aromatics and UMOshare similar molecular size fractions However there is noobserved change in the naphthene aromatics fractions withthe addition of UMO or CRM

Figure 9(d) illustrates that polar aromatics pose highermolecular size structures than UMO In addition polararomatics pose the widest range of molecular size fractionsas compared to the rest of asphalt fractions

4 Conclusions

This paper investigated the effect of utilization of UMOand CRM as modifiers for asphalt Based on the results oftemperature sweep tests addition of crumb rubber modifier

(CRM) alone or with UMO results in the formation ofinternal network within the modified asphalt Based on theresults of short and long term aged asphalt the utilization ofcombination of UMOandCRMenhanced the aging behaviorof asphalt Based on low temperature testing investigation theutilization of the UMO and CRM enhanced the low tempera-ture properties of asphalt GPC analysis proved that saturatesand naphthene aromatics are the two asphalt fractions thathave similar molecular size fractions as those of UMODuring the modification of asphalt with UMO the UMOshifts the behavior of saturates only This indicates that theutilization of UMOwith CRM as modifiers for asphalt wouldproduce a more balanced asphalt matrix structure as a resultof the compensation of the UMO to the fractions absorbedby CRM and also because UMO would further enhancethe associations between CRM and asphalt leading to betterinternal network structure buildup for the modified asphalt

Disclaimer

Anyopinions findings and conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this material are those of the writer(s) and


do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This material is based on the work supported by the NationalScience Foundation under Grant no 0846861 The writerswould like to express their gratitude to Flint Hills Resourcesfor providing the asphalt used in this research work and alsoto Crumb Rubber Manufacturers for providing the crumbrubber used in this research work

References

[1] D R Jones ldquoAn asphalt primer understanding how the ori-gin and composition of paving-grade asphalt cements affecttheir performancerdquo Technical Memorandum 4 SHRP AsphaltResearch Program National Research Council WashingtonDC USA 1992

[2] C D DeDene and Z-P You ldquoThe performance of aged asphaltmaterials rejuvenated with waste engine oilrdquo International Jour-nal of Pavement Research and Technology vol 7 no 2 pp 145ndash152 2014

[3] N M Katamine ldquoPhysical and mechanical properties of bitu-minous mixtures containing oil shalesrdquo Journal of Transporta-tion Engineering vol 126 no 2 pp 178ndash184 2000

[4] M S Mamlouk and J P ZaniewskiMaterials for Civil and Con-struction Engineers Addison-Wesley ReadingMassUSA 1999

[5] H Liu Z Chen W Wang H Wang and P Hao ldquoInvestigationof the rheological modification mechanism of crumb rubbermodified asphalt (CRMA) containing TOR additiverdquo Construc-tion and Building Materials vol 67 part B pp 225ndash233 2014

[6] E P Agency Used Oil Management Program httpwwwepagovsolidwasteconservematerialsusedoilindexhtm

[7] R B McGennis S Shuler and H U Bahia Backgroundof Superpave Asphalt Binder Test Methods Federal HighwayAdministration Office of Technology Applications 1994

[8] F L Roberts P S Kandhal E R Brown D Y Lee and T WKennedy Hot Mix Asphalt Materials Mixture Design and Con-struction 2nd edition 1996

[9] M N Borhan F Suja and A Bin Ismail ldquoThe effects of usedcylinder oil on asphalt mixesrdquo European Journal of ScientificResearch vol 28 no 3 p 22 2009

[10] A Usmani Asphalt Science and Technology CRC Press 1997[11] I Gawel R Stepkowski and F Czechowski ldquoMolecular inter-

actions between rubber and asphaltrdquo Industrial amp EngineeringChemistry Research vol 45 no 9 pp 3044ndash3049 2006

[12] M Stroup-Gardiner D E Newcomb and B Tanquist ldquoAsphalt-rubber interactionsrdquo Transportation Research Record no 1417pp 99ndash108 1993

[13] T C Billiter J S Chun R R Davison C J Glover and J ABullin ldquoInvestigation of the curing variables of asphalt-rubberbinderrdquo Petroleum Science and Technology vol 15 no 5-6 pp445ndash469 1997

[14] M Abdelrahman M Ragab and D Bergerson ldquoEffect of usedmotor oil on the macro and micromechanical properties of

crumb rubber modified asphaltrdquo International Journal of WasteResources vol 5 no 3 article 180 2015

[15] K-W Kim Y-S Doh and S N Amerkhanian ldquoEvaluation ofaging characteristics of selected PMA using HP-GPCrdquo Journalof the Korean Society of Road Engineers vol 6 no 2 pp 15ndash242004

[16] P Jennings P W Pribanic W Campbell K Dawson S Shaneand R Taylor High Pressure Liquid Chromatography As aMethod of Measuring Asphalt Composition The Dept 1980

[17] P Jennings and J Prinbanic ldquoThe expanded montana asphaltquality study using high pressure liquid chromatographyrdquo FinalReport 1985

[18] K W Kim J L Burati Jr and J-S Park ldquoMethodology fordefining LMS portion in asphalt chromatogramrdquo Journal ofMaterials in Civil Engineering vol 7 no 1 pp 31ndash40 1995

[19] A S Noureldin and L E Wood ldquoVariations in molecular sizedistribution of virgin and recycled asphalt binders associatedwith agingrdquo Transportation Research Record vol 1228 pp 191ndash197 1989

[20] H I Al-AbdulWahhab IM Asi FM Ali and I A Al-DubabildquoPrediction of asphalt rheological properties using HP-GPCrdquoJournal of Materials in Civil Engineering vol 11 no 1 pp 6ndash141999

[21] K W Kim and J L Burati Jr ldquoUse of GPC chromatograms tocharacterize aged asphalt cementsrdquo Journal of Materials in CivilEngineering vol 5 no 1 pp 41ndash52 1993

[22] K W Kim K Kim Y S Doh and S N Amirkhanian ldquoEsti-mation of RAPrsquos binder viscosity using GPC without binderrecoveryrdquo Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering vol 18 no4 pp 561ndash567 2006

[23] M Heitzman ldquoState of the practice design and constructionof asphalt paving materials with crumb-rubber modifierrdquo FinalReport Office of Engineering Federal Highway Administra-tion Washington DC USA 1992

[24] X Lu and U Isacsson ldquoModification of road bitumens withthermoplastic polymersrdquo Polymer Testing vol 20 no 1 pp 77ndash86 2000

[25] G D Airey ldquoRheological properties of styrene butadiene sty-rene polymer modified road bitumensrdquo Fuel vol 82 no 14 pp1709ndash1719 2003

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

CorrosionInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Polymer ScienceInternational Journal of



CeramicsJournal of


CompositesJournal of

NanoparticlesJournal of



International Journal of

Biomaterials


NanoscienceJournal of

TextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

NanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Journal of

CrystallographyJournal of


The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


CoatingsJournal of

Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


Addition of usedmotor oil (UMO) to the binder typicallymodifies the low molecular weight maltene structure as therole of the maltenes is to provide stability to the asphaltenes[3] A loss of aromatics in the asphalt binder due to volatiliza-tion occurs during mixing and construction [2] In additionoxidation will occur on the exposed asphalt binder as theasphalt ages in service [7] Both of the aforementionedprocesses lead to the conversion ofmaltenes into asphaltenesyielding an overall loss of maltenes as a pavement ages [8] Astiffer pavement that is more brittle due to a lack of cohesioninside the binder results from the loss of maltenes [2] Toproperly restore the aged binder properties maltenes mustbe provided to the binder to restore the bindersrsquo stability thiscan be done by the utilization of UMO [9]

The average tire contains about 45 rubber with the restbeing carbon black oils waxes fillers antioxidants sulfurand curing systemsThis rubber portion (45) of the tire hasdifferent compositions passed on the source it was extractedfrom The composition of crumb rubber modifier (CRM)extracted from passenger tire is about 35 natural rubberand 65 synthetic rubber whereas for the CRM extractedfrom truck tires these values change to 65 natural rubberand 35 synthetic rubber [10] When CRM interacts withasphalt the behavior of its rubber components is differentThe natural rubber polyisoprene and isobutylene isoprenerubber (IIR) tend to soften On the other hand styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) butadiene rubber polychloropreneand nitrile butadiene rubber tend to harden as a result ofcross-linking [10] This results in the ability of CRM toprovide both the high and low temperature performance toa given neat asphalt The softening polymers provide lowtemperature performance while the cross-linking rubberprovides high temperature performance [10]

When CRM is added to asphalt the lighter asphaltcomponents penetrate into the internal matrix of the rubberas they have good compatibility with the linear skeleton of therubber [11] Chemical composition of asphalt and its viscositydetermine the CRM swell size and rate The CRM swell ratedecreases with the increase of asphalt viscosity while the rateof asphalt penetration in CRM increases with the increaseof rubber particle size [11 12] Molecular weight of asphalthas a major role in controlling the behavior between asphaltand CRM lower molecular weight asphalt interacts readilywith CRM where the lighter asphalt components penetrateinto the CRM such interaction may result however indeterioration of the colloidal stability of asphalt leading tocoagulation of asphaltenes [12] Vulcanized rubber can bedevulcanized and depolymerized in asphalt under the effectof high temperature shear this increases when asphalt is richin aromatics [13]

As illustrated earlier interaction of CRM with asphaltresults in the absorption of lowmolecular weight compoundsfrom asphaltThis leads to having stiffer asphalt that might beprone to thermal cracking at low service temperature UMOcontribute to the low molecular weight fractions of asphaltdue to the similarity between molecular structures This inturn leads to compensation of the absorbed fractions ofasphalt and thus would be beneficial for the low temperatureproperties of asphalt

On the other hand addition of UMO to asphalt inthe absence of CRM would lead to the disruption of theasphalt molecular size buildup and deterioration of asphaltproperties This can be explained in terms of the factors thatderive the physical properties of asphalt Those are the weakmolecular interactions such as 120587-120587 bonds hydrogen bondsand van der Waals bonds Those types of bonds are the resultof neighbor-neighbor interactions Such interactions will bedisrupted as a result of the addition of UMO that would addto the dispersing medium (light aromatics) while having thesame dispersed interacting molecules

2 Materials and Experimental Procedures

21 Processing

211 Raw Materials In the current work one asphalt binderwas investigated in combination with one type of crumbrubber The asphalt was a PG 64-22 based on the Superpavegrading system The CRM was a cryogenic processed CRMfrom amixed source of scrap tiresThe CRMparticle size wassmaller than mesh 30 and larger than mesh 40 accordingto the US standard system

Collected used motor oils have been tested for benzenetoluene ethyl-benzene and xylenes (BTEX) content and itwas verified that the utilized UMO in the current experi-ments has lower BTEX content than what is allowed by theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA)Maximum Contaminants Levels (MCLs) during leachingexperiments and also from air tested samples above theinteractions carried out in the lab

212 Asphalt-CRM Interactions Table 1 illustrates the list ofinteractions carried out in this research work The interac-tions were conducted in 1-gallon cans and a heating mantleconnected to a bench type controller with a long temperatureprobe (1210158401015840) was used to heat the material

A high shear mixer was used to mix the binder andcrumb rubber The amount of CRM was controlled to beeither 10 or 20 of the initial asphalt binder weight inselected interactions The UMO percentage varied from 3to 9 of the final binder weight Interactions were conductedfor 120 minutes under one of two different temperatures(160 and 190∘C) and a single mixing speed (30Hz) for eachtemperature utilized Samples were taken at 2 30 and 120minutes of interaction time and kept at minus12∘C to avoid anyunwanted reactions All interactions in this research werecarried out under controlled atmosphere of nitrogen gas toprevent any oxidation

A specific coding for the samples was adopted in thecurrent work starting with the asphalt type HU-64 followedby the interaction temperature interaction speed interactiontime UMO percentage and lastly CRM percentage

22 Characterization

221 Extraction of Liquid Phase It is to be noted thatasphalt rubber binders consist of two components the liquidphase and rubber particles Both components are called the












1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)



(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)













1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)



(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)


(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)













10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)

1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

100000000C

ompl

ex m

odul

us (P

a)


(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


Unaged asphalt

64 7058


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

01234

(a)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

RTFO aged asphalt


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

048

1216

(b)






HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt

120575(k

Pa)

010002000300040005000

22 2519


Glowastmiddot

sin





00102030405


m-v

alue

PAV aged asphalt


HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM(a)

0150300450600750900

Stiff

ness

(MPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt


(b)








0

20

40

60

80

100

()

Polararomatics

Naphthenearomatics





0

02

04

06

08

1

12M

v


HU-64-NEAT


(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv


HU-64-NEAT


(b)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(c)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(d)






4 Conclusions



Disclaimer






Acknowledgments


References


































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials














1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)



(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)













1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)



(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)


(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)













10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)

1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

100000000C

ompl

ex m

odul

us (P

a)


(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


Unaged asphalt

64 7058


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

01234

(a)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

RTFO aged asphalt


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

048

1216

(b)






HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt

120575(k

Pa)

010002000300040005000

22 2519


Glowastmiddot

sin





00102030405


m-v

alue

PAV aged asphalt


HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM(a)

0150300450600750900

Stiff

ness

(MPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt


(b)








0

20

40

60

80

100

()

Polararomatics

Naphthenearomatics





0

02

04

06

08

1

12M

v


HU-64-NEAT


(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv


HU-64-NEAT


(b)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(c)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(d)






4 Conclusions



Disclaimer






Acknowledgments


References


































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)



(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)













1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)



(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)


(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)













10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)

1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

100000000C

ompl

ex m

odul

us (P

a)


(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


Unaged asphalt

64 7058


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

01234

(a)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

RTFO aged asphalt


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

048

1216

(b)






HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt

120575(k

Pa)

010002000300040005000

22 2519


Glowastmiddot

sin





00102030405


m-v

alue

PAV aged asphalt


HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM(a)

0150300450600750900

Stiff

ness

(MPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt


(b)








0

20

40

60

80

100

()

Polararomatics

Naphthenearomatics





0

02

04

06

08

1

12M

v


HU-64-NEAT


(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv


HU-64-NEAT


(b)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(c)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(d)






4 Conclusions



Disclaimer






Acknowledgments


References


































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)



(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

Com

plex

mod

ulus

(Pa)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)


(a)


45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)


(b)













10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)

1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

100000000C

ompl

ex m

odul

us (P

a)


(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


Unaged asphalt

64 7058


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

01234

(a)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

RTFO aged asphalt


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

048

1216

(b)






HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt

120575(k

Pa)

010002000300040005000

22 2519


Glowastmiddot

sin





00102030405


m-v

alue

PAV aged asphalt


HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM(a)

0150300450600750900

Stiff

ness

(MPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt


(b)








0

20

40

60

80

100

()

Polararomatics

Naphthenearomatics





0

02

04

06

08

1

12M

v


HU-64-NEAT


(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv


HU-64-NEAT


(b)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(c)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(d)






4 Conclusions



Disclaimer






Acknowledgments


References


































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800Temperature (∘C)

1001000

10000100000

100000010000000

100000000C

ompl

ex m

odul

us (P

a)


(a)



45

60

75

90

Phas

e ang

le (d

eg)

(b)


Unaged asphalt

64 7058


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

01234

(a)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

RTFO aged asphalt


Glowasts

in 120575

(kPa

)

048

1216

(b)






HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt

120575(k

Pa)

010002000300040005000

22 2519


Glowastmiddot

sin





00102030405


m-v

alue

PAV aged asphalt


HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM(a)

0150300450600750900

Stiff

ness

(MPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt


(b)








0

20

40

60

80

100

()

Polararomatics

Naphthenearomatics





0

02

04

06

08

1

12M

v


HU-64-NEAT


(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv


HU-64-NEAT


(b)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(c)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(d)






4 Conclusions



Disclaimer






Acknowledgments


References


































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




00102030405


m-v

alue

PAV aged asphalt


HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM(a)

0150300450600750900

Stiff

ness

(MPa

)

HU-64-NEAT

HU-64-190-30-120-10 CRMHU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO

HU-64-190-30-120-3 UMO-10 CRM

PAV aged asphalt


(b)








0

20

40

60

80

100

()

Polararomatics

Naphthenearomatics





0

02

04

06

08

1

12M

v


HU-64-NEAT


(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv


HU-64-NEAT


(b)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(c)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(d)






4 Conclusions



Disclaimer






Acknowledgments


References


































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0

02

04

06

08

1

12M

v


HU-64-NEAT


(a)

0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv


HU-64-NEAT


(b)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(c)


0

02

04

06

08

1

12

Mv

HU-64-NEAT


(d)






4 Conclusions



Disclaimer






Acknowledgments


References


































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials







Acknowledgments


References


































CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



Documents

Research Article Investigation of the Physical and