THE END OF IMPERIALISM & COLONIALISM

1. Who was Mohandas Gandhi?

2. What tactics did Gandhi use to gain India independence from Britain?

3. Why was India partitioned into different countries?

4. What problems does India face today?

India & Pakistan

Seeds of Independence: From the mid-1800's many well

educated Indians, Muslim and Hindu alike, studied the democratic principles and nationalist movements of the west

Gandhi in London

Indian IndependenceSepoy mutiny: 1st revolt against British colonialism by people of India.

1st organized Independence Groups

Indian National Congress organized in 1885 by Hindus

Muslim League organized in 1906

Division between Hindus & Muslims

World War I 

1. British promised Indian soldiers during the war political reforms & Indian self-government

2. Reforms did not come as Indians expected and many used terrorism and violence against the British to show their anger

Amritsar Massacre Protest of Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims

gathered in the city of Amritsar  British said meeting was illegal and

opened fire on the unarmed peaceful protest killing 100's and wounding over 1000

Effect of the Armistar MassacreThe massacre created a revolutionary Indian nationalist movement

Mohandas K. Gandhi lawyer educated in Great Britain, Gandhi

launched a new campaign of non-violent, non-cooperation against the British

civil disobedience or the refusal to obey unjust laws

Satyagraha or "truth force" became the driving force behind the campaign of civil disobedience

Gandhi’s Protests

1.  Boycott of British made DON’T BUY FROM GBcloth and other goods

2.  Homespun movement encouraged Indians to spin their own cloth rather than purchase British cloth

3.  Massive strikes shut down British run communications, transportation and businesses 

Gandhi’s Homespun Movement

Salt March

1. Salt Acts= Indians could only buy salt from GB

1.  March to protest the Salt Acts whereby Indians could only buy salt through the British government 

2.  Gandhi led a 240 mile journey to the sea with 1,000’s of followers

3.  Gandhi and his followers made own salt4.  GB brutal attack against unarmed

protestors at a salt works gained international support for Gandhi

Home-Rule to India

In 1935, the Government of India Act was passed granted self-rule and democratic political reforms

As India moved toward Independence, Hindu and Muslims disagreed on the future of its government (Hindus were the majority)

1947, Partition of India

India given independence and immediately partitioned into 2 nations

Colonial IndiaIndia (Hindu majority)

Pakistan (Muslim majority)

East Pakistan (now

Bangladesh)

The violence between India & Pakistan began with Partition

1.  Millions of refugees fled into India or Pakistan

2.  Minorities of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were massacred

3.  Bitter rivalries ensued and continue into the 21st century

With independence came violence between Indian Hindus and Muslims, which led the British to create a Hindu India and a Muslim West and East Pakistan (which would later called Bangladesh).

Muslims & Hindus

Muslims & Hindus

The partition began what is known as the “great migration” of over 10 million people. Muslims moved to either Pakistan or Bangladesh, and Hindus moved into India.

Millions were killed crossing the borders. Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic while marching to bring peace. Today India and Pakistan continue to have tensions over the disputed territory of Kashmir.

Death of Gandhi

Mohandas K. Gandhi did not support the partitioning movement and he was assassinated on January 30, 1948 by a Hindu extremist

India’s 1st Prime Minister

Jawaharlal Nehru Indian National Congress

Party Tried to unite India Helped to modernize

India Modernization of

agriculture: Green Revolution More food = more people Increased urbanization Increased poverty

Indira Gandhi

Nehru’s daughter Accused of

corruption Elected prime

minister in 1966 Violently put down

a Sikh rebellion Assassinated by

one of her Sikh bodyguards

Mother Theresa

Catholic nun tried to ease suffering in Indian city of Calcutta

Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1st head of state Died in 1948 Pakistan became a military dictatorship

Division of Pakistan

Civil war between East and West Pakistan led to the creation of a new country: Bangladesh

Positive Effects Negative EffectsRoads, railroads, telegraph and postal systems united Indians

Technological advances increased British control over India

Irrigation systems improved farming; medical care improved

Farms grew cash crops instead of food; Indians went hungry

New laws brought peace, order, and equal treatment to all classes; human

rights violations were ended

Indians forced to accept European cultural ways: language, money,

laws, customs

Ideas of democracy and constitutional government were born

Indians were treated as inferior to the British

British schools provided education Top jobs went to the British

The Suez Canal increased trade between Britain and India

Indian resources went to Britain; British goods replaced local goods

Kashmir

India is the worlds largest democracy, but during the Cold War India was nonaligned and received help from both sides.

India’s caste system is outlawed by their Constitution, but there is still discrimination. Women now have the right to vote, divorce their husbands, and inherit property.

1st India Pakistan War India &

Pakistan went to war in 1947 Cause:

Kashmir Result:

Stalemate… militarization of Kashmir

1971; 2nd war India & Pakistan

Cause: India intervened in Pakistan’s civil war

Effect: India won, Bhutto became Prime Minister of Pakistan

1974…

India successfully tested nuclear weapon

1987

Pakistan successfully tested nuclear weapon

Arms race between India & Pakistan

Current problems

India & Pakistan continue to disagree about Kashmir

Tamil rebels in Southern India are demanding independence

Terrorism & Islamic extremism in Pakistan

Poverty & massive population growth in India

NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

African Independence

Gaining Independence African colonies demanded

independence from their European colonizers following World War II

Problems facing independent African Nations

1) Multi-ethnic populations that didn’t get along

2) Tribalism: loyalty to one’s tribe, rather than to a nation or government

3) No experience with democracy meant bad governments or brutal dictatorships

4) Lack of education; illiteracy 5) Lack of infrastructure 6) Disease 7) Old, imperial borders led to Civil war

Ghana

(formerly the Gold Coast, a British colony) was led by Kwame Nkrumah 

Kwame Nkrumah

Protested for independence using non-violent protests, strikes and boycotts

Jailed by the British Nkrumah eventually

won Ghana's independence in 1957 and became its first Prime Minister  

Pan-Africanism

Nkrumah worked on Pan-African goals and hoped to create a "United States of Africa" and was the founder of the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Black is . . . for black people.  Red shows . . . [that] the blood of an African is the same color as the blood of a European, and green shows . . . [that] when we were given this country by God it was green, fertile, and good

Nigeria

formerly a British colony won its independence in 1960 but faced great obstacles like many of its African neighbors

Nigeria was a multi-ethnic region and attempted to adopt a democratic government and a federal system 

Tribalism and ethnic tensions led to civil war in 1963 between the northern rivals Muslim Hausa and Fulani versus the  Christian Ibo and Yoruba people of the south

Civil War Thirty years of war led to massacres,

starvation, the splitting of the nation (Biafra) and an eventual reunification and a military run government

1999 Nigeria held its first democratic elections

in decades

Kenya

former British colony, won its independence in 1963

Armed rebellion

Mau Mau Rebellion was a secret society of Kikuyu farmers that used violence to scare the British off their lands

(not the name of a person, the name of a tribe)

KenyaKenyaKenyaKenya

Jomo Kenyatta

A freedom fighter who led the Kikuyu people 

Kenyatta, although not connected with the Mau Mau Rebellion refused to condemn their methods and was jailed by the British for 7 years

By 1963, Kenyatta had become the first Prime Minister of a free and independent Kenya

                                   

    

South Africa and Apartheid

independent in 1910, White MINIORITY

 controlled all political power and in

1948 apartheid  separated blacks from whites

Enforcing Apartheid

blacks and whites completely seperated could not live together or marry; 

Whites had majority of land were given the best land while the

black majority lived on only 13% of the land 

Separate EVERYTHING transportation systems, separate public restrooms, separate schools, separate neighborhoods

Anti-Apartheid Movement

African National Congress (ANC) was formed and worked to end apartheid PEACFULLY by leading strikes, boycotts and public demonstrations

The Sharpeville Massacre

One demonstration turned violent and became known as the Sharpeville Massacre, 69 people were killed

"Forward to Independence, Tomorrow the United States of Africa”

Planned PEACEFUL protest 69 people dead -180 people seriously

wounded

“saw no weapons, although I looked very carefully, and afterwards studied the photographs of the death scene.

While I was there I saw only shoes, hats and a few bicycles left among the bodies. The crowd gave me no

reason to feel scared, though I moved among them without any distinguishing mark to protect me, quite

obvious with my white skin. I think the police were scared though, and I think the crowd knew it."

ANC Leaders

Stephen BikoStephen Biko

Beaten to Beaten to death while in death while in custody for his custody for his part in leading part in leading protest protest

His death His death was the turning was the turning point for point for apartheidapartheid

Nelson Mandela

Jailed for 27 Jailed for 27 yearsyears

Became 1Became 1stst black President black President of South Africaof South Africa

Bishop Bishop Desmond TutuDesmond Tutu

Won Nobel Won Nobel Peace PrizePeace Prize

Called on Called on nations to nations to boycott South boycott South AfricaAfrica

Nelson Mandela

The African National Congress (ANC) fought apartheid.

1950’s launched a campaign of civil disobedience, openly breaking apartheid law.

violent attacks on peaceful protesters.

ANC leaders, among them a black lawyer, Nelson Mandela, now felt that they would have to confront violence with violence. In response, the government banned the ANC.

In 1961, an Afrikaans led government proclaimed South Africa fully independent from Britain and immediately arrested Mandela and other ANC leaders, found them guilty of treason and sentenced them to life jail terms.

Nelson Mandela jailed for 20 years Nelson Mandela jailed for 20 years in his fight against in his fight against ApartheidApartheid

Desmond Tutu Went worldwide putting Apartheid “on blast”

He and others convinced foreign nations and businesses to limit trade and investment in segregated South Africa.

• This would be like asking them to place _________________sanctions

1989, F.W. de Klerk elected president of South Africa

Immediately lifted a 30 year ban ANC NELSON MANDELA FREE AT LAST!!! 1994 1st free election Nelson Mandela

ELECTED!

Desmond Tutu

F.W. de Klerk

apartheid laws were repealed,

multi-racial free elections took place, and a

new constitution was written based on equality, justice and protected all people from discrimination and guaranteed the rights of all South Africans

The End of Apartheid

International pressure and internal unrest led to changes during the mid-1980's

white president F. W. de Klerk legalized the ANC and released activist Nelson Mandela after 27 years in prison

What is a human rights violation?

Human rights violation AKA mass murder

Causes?

Human rights violation AKA mass murder

Effects?

When was the United Nations created? What is the United Nations? What is the purpose of the United

Nations

“all people are free and equal regardless of

race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other

opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status."

Human Rights Violations in Africa

RwandaRwanda Sudan (Darfur)Sudan (Darfur)

Today the Congo IsToday the Congo IsExperiencing Punishing Experiencing Punishing

War!War!

Today the Congo IsToday the Congo IsExperiencing Punishing Experiencing Punishing

War!War!

Michael Kamber for Michael Kamber for The New York TimesThe New York Times

About 5,000 people fleeing the ethnic warfare in About 5,000 people fleeing the ethnic warfare in and around Bunia, Congo, sought safety at a and around Bunia, Congo, sought safety at a camp on Monday. camp on Monday.

Young Soldiers & a Young Soldiers & a VictimVictim

Young Soldiers & a Young Soldiers & a VictimVictim

Dates

RwandaRwanda

19941994Sudan (Darfur)Sudan (Darfur)

2003 - 20122003 - 2012

Causes•Belgium took over Rwanda Belgium took over Rwanda from Germansfrom Germans•Put Tutsis in chargePut Tutsis in charge•Handed out “ethnic identity Handed out “ethnic identity cards”cards”•Education only open to Education only open to TutsisTutsis•Hutus could only be Hutus could only be laborers or low level laborers or low level workersworkers•Rwanda given Rwanda given independence in 1962independence in 1962•Civil war between Hutus & Tutsis ended with power sharing

•President Habyarimana President Habyarimana assassinatedassassinated

•Sudan separated into North Sudan separated into North & South by British & South by British •North vs. South civil war North vs. South civil war •Drought in Sudan caused Drought in Sudan caused migrationmigration•Ethnic differences between Ethnic differences between Northern & Southern Northern & Southern SudaneseSudanese•Dictator of Sudan (Omar Al-Dictator of Sudan (Omar Al-Bashir) has encouraged Bashir) has encouraged “ethnic cleansing”“ethnic cleansing”

The ConflictHutus vs. TutsisHutus vs. Tutsis

Between April and Between April and June 1994, an June 1994, an estimated 800,000 estimated 800,000 Rwandans were Rwandans were killed in the span of killed in the span of 100 days.100 days.

Arab northerners & Arab northerners & Janjaweed vs. Southern Janjaweed vs. Southern (darker-skinned) (darker-skinned) SudaneseSudanese

The genocide in Darfur The genocide in Darfur has claimed 400,000 has claimed 400,000 lives and displaced lives and displaced over 2,500,000 people.over 2,500,000 people.

Effect

Rwanda is currently Rwanda is currently trying to reconcile trying to reconcile ethnic tensions.ethnic tensions.

Both Hutus & Tutsis Both Hutus & Tutsis still live in the same still live in the same countrycountry

DISTRUSTDISTRUST

Sudanese people Sudanese people voted to split into two voted to split into two separate countries separate countries (North & South)(North & South)

Massacres, Massacres, displacement, human displacement, human rights violations rights violations continuecontinue

Sudan became 2 Sudan became 2 different countries different countries July 9, 2011 July 9, 2011

The great divide across Sudan is visible even from space, as this Nasa satellite image shows. The northern states are a blanket of desert, broken only by the fertile Nile corridor. South Sudan is covered by green swathes of grassland, swamps and tropical forest.

UN Response

The UN sent in 2,500 The UN sent in 2,500 peacekeepers to help peacekeepers to help RwandaRwanda

They were told not to They were told not to intervene in the intervene in the genocidegenocide

UN troops fled UN troops fled RwandaRwanda

The UN did not The UN did not intervene in Sudanintervene in Sudan

RWANDA

A Story of Genocide

Background Small African

nation Two ethnic groups

lived in Rwanda: Hutus and Tutsis

Generally lived peacefully until the Europeans came

BackgroundHutus Majority - 80% Migrated from

southern Africa Worked as

laborers and farmers

Background

Tutsis Minority - 20% Migrated from

Northern Africa (Egypt)

Became the elite and political rulers

Background German

colony until 1918 (end of WWI)

Belgium took it over

Put Tutsis in charge

Handed out “ethnic identity cards”

Education only open to Tutsis

Hutus could only be laborers or low level workers

Independence Once Belgium

granted independence in 1962, Hutu majority took control

Over 200,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring countries and formed a rebel guerrilla army, the Rwandan Patriotic Front.

Civil War

In 1990, the rebel army invaded Rwanda and forced Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana into signing an accord mandating that Hutus and Tutsis share power.

Escalating Conflict Ethnic tensions

heightened in October 1993 upon the assassination of Melchior Ndadaye

United Nations peacekeeping force of 2,500 was dispatched to preserve the cease-fire

Assassination

On April 6, 1994, Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana was assassinated when his plane was shot down

Hutu extremists began killing Tutsis

United Nations Response The U.N. Security

Council voted unanimously to abandon Rwanda. The remainders of U.N. peacekeeping troops were pulled out, leaving only a tiny force of 200 soldiers for the entire country.

Genocide

Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed in the space of 100 days.

Still at Large

Hundreds of men are still wanted in connection with the Rwandan genocide

THE DARFUR CONFLICT

GeographySudan in the Region

Darfur1

Sudan in the World

Child RebelsChild RebelsChild RebelsChild Rebels

A child fighter in a rebel group stands A child fighter in a rebel group stands watch with a U.N. armored vehicle in watch with a U.N. armored vehicle in Bunia, Congo, where there have been Bunia, Congo, where there have been reports of rape and cannibalism.reports of rape and cannibalism.

Darfur Conflict

Who was fighting? Janjaweed, a militia group recruited

from the tribes of the Abbala (camel-herding Arabs)

Non-Baggara people (mostly land-tilling tribes) of the region

Nomadic peoples v. Sedentary peoples Fighting over land and resources

Darfur Conflict

The Sudanese government, publicly denied that it supported the Janjaweed, but provided arms and assistance and participated in joint attacks with the group—Janjaweed

Conflict began in July of 2003 Estimated deaths so far 450,000 2.5 million displaced

General Summary of the situation in Darfur

The Sudanese Government, using Arab "Janjaweed" militias, its air force, and organized starvation, systematically killed the black Sudanese of Darfur

Over a million people, driven from their homes, now face death from starvation and disease as the Government and militias attempt to prevent humanitarian aid from reaching them.

Darfur Conflict

Following air raids by government aircraft, the Janjaweed would ride into villages on horses and camels

They would then slaughter the men, rape the women, and steal whatever they could find

Sudan now 2 countries

Fix the map; draw the new borders of Sudan & Southern Sudan

Complete the Venn diagram How does imperialism relate to both?