Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

andhis National Movements

Submitted to: Submitted By:

Gurpartap10th

1913 Satyagraha

Gandhi called his method ‘Satyagraha’, meaning ‘struggle for truth’

He was prepared to sacrifice his own well-being in order to change the hearts of his opponents.

Mahatma Gandhi successfully organized Satyagraha movements in various places. 

1913The Satyagrahi

Gandhi ceased to wear European clothes

He believed that simple dress was appropriate for defending the rights of ordinary Indians

1919-1922Khilafat Movement

The Khilafat Movement was organized by the Ali brothers- Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali in protest against the injustices done to Turkey (which had fought against Britain) after the First World War.

Turkey was important to the Indian Muslims as the Sultan of Turkey was also the ‘Caliph’ (or Khalifa) and was the head of the Muslims throughout the world.

The movement gained force after the Treaty of Sevres (August 1920) which imposed the partitioning of Ottoman Empire.

Khilafat Movement Continued

The Khilafat leaders put pressure upon the British government to give better treatment to Turkey.Through this demand, Muslims were drawn into the national movement in large numbers. In India, although mainly a Muslim religious movement, the movement became a part of the wider Indian Independence Movement.

The Khilafat Movement, aimed against the British government, received the support of Mahatma Gandhi, who related his Non Cooperation Movement with it.

By the end of 1922, the Khilafat movement collapsed when Turkey gained a more favorable diplomatic position .

1920-22 Non-Cooperation

MovementIt was one of the first series of non violent

protests nationwide.educational institutions, civil services, army,

police, courts and legislative councils & foreign goods were boycotted

people let go off their nominated seats in govt institutions.

titles given by the  government were surrendered.

liquor shops picketed.foreign cloth burnt in huge

bonfires.Nationalists expected to wear

khadi (handspun & handwovencloth- Indian).

Non-Cooperation Movement Continued

Causes of this movement were: Colonial oppression,

exemplified by: Rowlatt ActJallianwala Bagh Massacre

In Champaran and Kheda poor farmers were forced to

grow cash crops like tobacco, indigo, and cotton instead of food crops.

Inspite of famine, they had to pay taxes. Later the Governments signed agreements where

the farmers were allowed to grow their own crops and without paying taxes.

Non-Cooperation Movement Continued

The movement failed asKhadi cloth was often more expensive than mass

produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. 

Boycott of British institutions posed a problem.so students and teachers began trickling back to

government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

On 4th February 1922, in the Chauri Chaura, a violent clash broke up between local police and protestors. Gandhi went on for a 3 days fast to appeal to the Indians to stop all resistance and the movement was called off.

1930-31Civil Disobedience

MovementIt was more active than the non cooperation

movement.

Some of its highlights were:People refused cooperation with the British &

broke colonial law.Peasants refused to pay the revenue and taxesVillage officials resigned.Forest laws were violated.

People going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

Salt tax was abolished.A very important movement was that of Salt

Satyagraha where Gandhi undertook the Dandi march as a protest against the Salt tax. 

Civil Disobedience MovementContinued

This resulted in the arrest of many important congress leaders.

In May 1930, Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested due to which all structures that symbolized British rule were attacked.

An important feature of this movement was the large-scale participation of women in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

1930Salt March

The tax on salt, Illegal to make it or sell it without a government license, was to be evaded by the Indians.

Mahatma Gandhi on 11March started his famous salt march with 78 other volunteers.

The march was over 240 miles from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati, Ahmedabad to the coastal town of Dandi.

The volunteers walked for 24 days to reach Dandi.

1930Making Salt

On 6 April they reached Dandi and violated the salt law manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

Gandhi is shown picking up salt from the beach – ‘making’ salt – which was illegal for Indians

1942Quit India Movement

The next major milestone after the Salt Satyagraha in the history of Indian independence struggle.

It was a civil disobedience movement launched in August 1942 with Gandhiji’s call for immediate independence.

It is also known as the Bharat Chodo Andolan or the August Kranti.

 It was the last mass movement organized by Gandhiji with the famous slogan “Do or Die”.

Quit India Movement Continued

The aspirations for self-government were again thwarted by the proposals of Cripps’ Mission which failed to meet the Indian expectations.

On 8th August Gandhi in his stirring speech told the people "There is a mantra, short one, that I give you. You imprint it on your heart and let every breath of yours give an expression to it. The mantra is  "do or die".

 Almost the entire Indian National Congress leadership, and not just at the national level, was imprisoned early morning next day i.e August 9 without trial within hours after Gandhi’s speech—at least 60,000 people.  

The entire congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over 3 yrs.

Gandhi went on a fast for 21 days demanding the release of the leaders despite his failing health. The British had to secure the release of the leaders

Other significant development was the founding of Indian National Army by Subhash Bose which fought against the allied forces in the Burma and seiged kohima. But the INA forces were captured and during their trial mass revolts broke out specially among the Indian navy which defied the orders of the British superiors.

Quit India Movement & The Final Hours of

Independence

All this agitations culminated into the unwilling British masters to step down from power under Lord Mountbatten in August 1947 when Independence was announced and partition of India followed with the birth of two nations- that of India and Pakistan.

Quit India Movement & The Final Hours of

Independence

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