The Digital DivideContentsIntroduction2Local and Global2Global Divide2Introduction2Factors Contributing to the Divide2Economic2Geographic3Political3Narrowing the gap4The impact of the digital divide on peoples lives and opportunities5Economic5Social6Educational7The extent of the digital divide7Global Conclusion8Local Divide8Introduction8Factors Contributing to the Divide8Economic8Geographic9Social9Narrowing the gap10The impact of the digital divide on peoples lives and opportunities11Economic11Social11Educational11The extent of the digital divide locally12Local Conclusion12Overall Conclusion12Bibliography12

IntroductionDuring this report I will explain what the digital divide are both globally and locally and how it affects people around the world along with what organisations are doing to help it. A definition of the digital divide: A term used to describe the discrepancy between people who have access to and the resources to use new information and communication tools, such as theInternet, and people who do not have the resources and access to the technology. The term also describes the discrepancy between those who have the skills, knowledge and abilities to use the technologies and those who do not. The digital divide can exist between those living in rural areas and those living in urban areas, between the educated and uneducated, between economic classes, and on a global scale between more and less industrially developed nations. (Webopedia) This definition tells us that the digital divide is the divide between people who have access to modern technology and those who dont, it also tells us different groups of people that this affects such as rural and urban groups and more developed countries along with less developed countries. The digital divide can easily be measured by how many phone lines there are in a country and how big the internet usage is from a country along with other technological factors.Local and GlobalThe global divide is the divide between countries with access to technology such as computers and mobile phones, more developed countries can get technology while less developed countries cannot get technology. Local divide is the division between urban and rural areas, rural areas often dont have the same infrastructure as urban areas meaning they dont get the same level of technology while urban areas often have better internet or cheaper electricity. Local and Global divide are basically the same thing however one is on a country wide scale while the other is places within a country.Global DivideIntroductionThe global divide is the divide between the technologies different countries have, more economically developed countries often have better access to technology such as the internet while less economically developed countries dont have the same level of access to technology. While this is true for most countries some do break the pattern such as China which while being a successfully advanced country blocks some of the internet from its citizens for multiple reasons.Factors Contributing to the DivideEconomicGovernments and Organisations in poorer countries do not have the money to purchase computers or to install internet around the country, this is one of the main reasons the digital divide exists since countries that are poorer cannot afford the technology to compete with the bigger countries. Poorer less developed countries cannot afford to spend money on computers and phones as they need to spend their money on more important things such as food and shelter, a lot of these countries dont have free health care either so any spare money is often saved for when it is needed most. Poorer countries do not have the money needed to pay for the infrastructure that makes their country able to use technology such as electricity and internet, without this there isnt much point in countries spending money on computer programs as they will not have the energy to run it or the internet to use on it. Individually people in these countries do not have the funds necessary to pay for internet and electricity let alone a computer, businesses in these areas might be better off as they can afford to purchase electricity and internet but they probably will not have the funds to purchase many computers for everyone in the company or to afford automated production. Comment by Beardmore Mr S: Need examples and comparison between countries e.g. the GDP per capita and use of technology(, 2013) ((W163), 2013)

These two maps show that areas with lower levels of broadband penetration also had a lower GDP, this is true for places in Africa and southern America along with Asia and Russia, and areas with high broadband penetration like Australia, Europe and North America all have a high GDP.

GeographicMany countries that are less developed are often in areas where it would not be geographically possible or economical to install internet and electricity there, for instance mountainous countries would be difficult to install electricity to as it would mean that you would have to install wires going through or around mountains which would either be very expensive or impossible to do. Some countries are also very rural with the majority of the population living in sparse villages, this would also be difficult to install electricity and internet to as it would mean having a large network spread out across the whole country which would not be very stable. On the other hand some countries have a population living close to each other in squalor; this would also be difficult as it would be hard to install the wires. Overall Geographic factors can be the decider for an area receiving vital infrastructure such as internet and electricity as it can make it nearly impossible or make it cost a lot of money to install. Areas without access to these basic infrastructures are at risk of driving away people who might potentially be settling in these areas; Randeep Ramesh writes for the guardian that almost 60% of urban areas are able to receive a cable-based broadband service, while in villages and hamlets this drops to 1.5%. this was a big reason that people were leaving rural areas to head to more urban places. (Ramesh, 2010)Comment by Beardmore Mr S: Needs examples and statsPoliticalSome countries both developed and not-developed may block and limit the access to technology for political reasons. China is a good example of this, some websites are blocked in China because of the content that is put on them, for instance YouTube is blocked in China for fear that the Chinese people may see something the government does not want them to see; however China also blocks some websites because it wants to promote its own companies, for instance Facebook is blocked in China but Chinas own Facebook variants Renren and kaixin001 support 100 Million users between them (Moore, 2010).

This is a picture comparison of kaixin001 and Facebook, the two are very similar but Facebook is blocked in China in order to promote kaixin001.Another example of this is North Korea, North Korea is a much poorer country than China and many of its people do not have internet access or electricity; many places in North Korea do not have running water either. However, even though they do not have internet in many parts of North Korea with only 17 IP addresses (Internet Statistics North Korea), the internet is still heavily censored, this is because the government is a dictatorship and only sites that the government deems safe can be shown to the general public, the websites that the North Korean government deems safe are often filled with north Korean propaganda and these websites are often under the governments control. In fact, the only internet that the people can access is known as Kwangmyong, this incorporates many features from the actual internet such as e-mail, news and information on different topics such as science and maths. Narrowing the gapThe mobile phone is very important in modern day society; it allows us to keep in contact with friends and family thus allowing us to lead bigger and better social lives, mobile phones also allow us to work from home and to perform other services such as banking. Less developed countries dont have access to phones though meaning that businesses cannot perform as efficiently and that people cannot keep in contact with each other. This means that countries that cannot afford mobile phones are at a significant disadvantage to other countries which can afford to have mobile phones. This mobile phones metaphor can be applied to nearly any technology in a country such as computers, radio or even a printer as countries that dont have access to these technologies dont have the same level of efficiency or work that other countries have.Comment by Beardmore Mr S: Show growth of global use of mobile phones and state how that is closing the gap in access to digital technology (Mobile Internet)This graph shows that the global use of mobile phones is increasing as the population increases, soon both lines should meet as the mobile subscriptions are increasing faster than the population is, this means that everyone will have access to a mobile phone severely narrowing the digital divide.Green Wi-Fi is a company which provides internet for people in developing countries, they provide them with solar powered Wi-Fi hotspots hooked up to a battery to keep power, when multiple of these are combined it allows people in the community to create a broadband network which they can work with, recently they set up Wi-Fi hotspots in a school in Haiti for the children and instructed some of the teachers in how to use the internet to set up servers and email addresses, they raised enough money to get 500 laptops up and running and were also able to set up solar panels to charge them. (Green Wi-Fi Corporation)Another company which helps set up internet and technology in developing countries is Invenoa a non-profit organisation which works to deliver computers and broadband to developing countries which is sustainable they also help teach people how to set up and use computers along with ways to use them sustainably and at a low cost to the community using them. Since 2006 Invenoa has brought this to 1,000 communities across Haiti and South Asia and has helped bring it to 24 countries across the Sub-Saharan desert. (Invenoa Organisation)Finally Interconnection provides computers to third world countries and people in underserved communities around the world; they do this by recycling old computers and delivering them. Interconnection also provides NGOs with recycled computers to use and to send to other countries, this way they are able to help countries both directly and indirectly. (Interconnection Organisation)An example of a city that help promote technology would be the Hong Kong government who feel strongly about promoting their position as a digital city and to that extent they have designed the Digital 21 strategy where they promote the use of ICT in the city, Hong Kongs penetration rates for broadband connection and mobile phones are among the highest in the world and their pricing offered by the service providers is cheap and very competitive, the government also installed free Wi-Fi hotspots in major government premises to provide free access to the internet for citizens. According to the page at Wikipedia Hong Kong is ranked 57th on the scale of internet usage and 44 on broadband penetrations, this is within the top 25% out of nearly 210 countries. (List of Countries by internet usage) Comment by Beardmore Mr S: StatsThe impact of the digital divide on peoples lives and opportunitiesNot having technology impacts peoples lives both socially and economically because it means they dont have the ability to work efficiently and they ability to stay in contact with their friends, this can limit their lives as they cannot effectively communicate with others and businesses dont have access to the technology that they need to efficiently work.EconomicTechnology can easily impact the economic side of a country, countries that dont have access to technology such as computers are severely limited on what kinds of jobs they have, if you cannot run computers then you cant have jobs that need computers such as automatic production, large stores and any businesses that receive emails and phone calls. This can severely impact an economy as it means that other countries can have specialised businesses that you cant have. Use of technology also improves the GDP of countries, the higher the internet use and broadband penetration the higher the GDP of a country is likely to be.Comment by Beardmore Mr S: Use of technology is considered to improve GDPBusinessBusinesses that work with computers and phones also have access to larger markets as they can send and receive messages allowing them to take orders from many different places. Businesses also get access to different markets which may pay a higher price for their goods or for the services they provide.Technology also means that businesses can communicate efficiently between one another with emails and phones, this means they can work more efficiently and are able to expand into different branches that can all keep in touch. If a country has technology it also means it can capitalise on its major exports since it has the technology to communicate and sell its products to other people.Businesses also need access to technology that provides automate production and management software, if companies dont have these technologies they will not be able to produce goods as cheaply as other companies or at the same rate, companies that are also mainly office based will suffer without some kind of management software with which they can look after their employees with, this allows them it manage who works on what project, who is in work that day and what the employees are doing on their computer.A big disadvantage to the digital divide is that people with access to this technology will be able to sell more products at a cheaper price where as people who dont have access to this level of technology will not be able to sell their products as other companies are doing it, this means the people with access to technology will be able to afford better technology because they are selling their products, while the people who dont have access to technology wont make any money so they still cannot afford any technology meaning the rich get richer while the poor stay poor.IndividualIndividually having technology means people can better organise their lives allowing them to save time and money on doing things they wouldnt be able to do. Products that people purchase of the internet are usually cheaper too meaning that the cost of living will be cheaper. Individually using technology can help with managing funds and purchasing things, a debit card can be used to purchase items without needing to carry money around with you and your bank can easily help you save for things or give large amounts of money to other people.SocialBetter technology means that people in a country can also communicate better between each other; this means people can lead bigger and better social lives as they are constantly in communication with each other. If everyone in a country has phones or access to instant messaging they can stay in touch with each other wherever they are, not only does this encourage people to be more social as they are always in communication but it can also be used for other things such as work and banking in some areas. Technology also doesnt just allow people to stay in touch though, those who have access to the internet can become involved with many other social sites such as forums and internet chat rooms these can lead to people being able to meet new people online, games that can be played multiplayer through the internet can also allow people to be more social as they can play games together with friends and also meet new people online. The internet is also big on technology allowing you and other people to do a wide variety of stuff from playing games to talking to organising events with an online calendar. Overall not having access to technology can more or less make someone a social outcast as everyone will be communicating all the time through the internet and with phones while people without access to this technology will not have the level of communication that others will be receiving. Technology has also made it easier to do other things too, we can find out the latest news from the internet as soon as it breaks out and we can watch the latest movies and programs from out laptops, this means that not only does technology make us more sociable but also allows us to get other entertainment.EducationalTechnology in countries also allows schools and teachers to teach their students using technology which allows students to learn in a way that suits them, whether it is through sound, activities or reading. Educational technology can also help people learn since there are lots of different services designed for different people with different needs; some websites are specifically designed to help people with learning disabilities while others can be more advanced for people who are doing a higher level of work. Technology in education can also be better for the teachers themselves, teachers can use it for things such as registers and resources to better teach the students and make their life easier while students can access their work from home using remote access. Schools without access to this technology are at a disadvantage as they cannot use the resources that the internet and computer software can provide for education. Children not having access to computers at home however are a major problem in the digital age as it means they cannot complete work requiring access to the internet or to be done with computers, it also means they cannot use social networking to talk to their friends and socialise. Even worse from a survey from the Times Educational Supplement half the teachers surveyed said that children without the internet at home where at a significant disadvantage and had their learning hampered. More than a million children in the UK do not have access to a computer at home and nearly two million do not have access to the internet at home. (BBC News, 2010) Overall a lack of technology in education will affect future generations down the line as they wont have internet access either meaning that the cycle repeats itself.The extent of the digital divide This pie chart shows that in 2012 Northern developed areas such as Europe and Asia had the most internet users compared to third world regions such as Africa and the Middle East showing than in third world countries they dont have access to the same level of technology as people in first world countries. (Internet World Stats, 2013)Comment by Beardmore Mr S: Pie chart.Comment by Beardmore Mr S: More global stats like this for different technologies needed, add line graphs and comment on the trends This graph shows fixed broadband internet subscribers per 100 people for the world, China and the UK, this shows that in the UK there is a high level of internet subscriptions while in China the level of internet access is far behind us and overall the rate of internet connection is terrible for the world as a whole, however it is slowly increasing showing that the digital divide is closing, however it could just be that the population is increasing faster in first world countries rather in third world countries so there are more people in those countries using the internet.In 2012 the UK had 81.6 Million mobile phones; this is huge compared to third world countries like Libya which had 10 Million cell phone users in 2011 showing that first world countries have better access to technology than third world countries as they have more money to afford mobile phones along with the access to these things. (Central Intelligence Agency)In the UK in 2011 there were 33.2 Million main lines in use compared to Libya where in 2011 there were only 1 Million main lines this is a huge difference and further reinforces the point that in third world countries they do not have the same level of technology as they do in third world countries. (Central Intelligence Agency)Global ConclusionThe gap is closing between people who have access to technology and those who dont have access to it; eventually everyone will have access to the same level of technology and services however it could be a long time until this comes to pass because countries access to technology is only growing slowly. However, the global divide is definitely something which affects every country in the world, some to a greater extent than others, overall the digital divide is one of the biggest problems in the world that needs to be solved as it affects both developed and developing countries and limits their growth along with the abilities and lives of the people who live there.I think the real concern is the quality of the technology people can access, people in rural areas dont receive the same level of technology as those in urban areas because in urban areas there is a higher level of broadband and better access to electricity, this extends to the global divide too with many countries having access to the internet and computers but not many of these being a high standard.Local Divide IntroductionIn this section I will talk about the local divide in a country, the reasons this divide exists, the people trying to narrow the gap and the impact that this has on the people affected by the local divide.

Factors Contributing to the DivideEconomicWhen technology first comes to an area it is often very expensive because the company that installed the infrastructure must reimburse the costs of installing technology to that area, this means that for the first year or so that the technology is available it can often be quite expansive to have and use, purchasing the technology to use it for can be expensive to, broadband hubs are often expensive and require a technician to install one. For an area that has only just received electricity getting it installed in your building can be costly too especially if your area is quite remote, overall in more rural areas technology is more costly to access.A lot of technology also has to be constantly upgraded if you want to have the latest and greatest tech, phones have to be replaced every couple of years as a better model comes out that offers more functions and enhanced services while internet increases all the time and there is always a better deal which offers more. All these things can mean that people in rural areas that dont have the same income as people in more urban areas wont be able to get the technology, it can also be more expensive to buy things in rural areas too leading to less purchases as they cant afford it.Comment by Beardmore Mr S: Use stats to show costs and relate to minimum wage etc.GeographicThe main problem with urban and rural areas is that rural areas often are remote with a small population while urban areas are heavily built up with a big population. This means that installing infrastructure such as electricity, internet and phone lines in rural areas may not be cost-effective for organisations since rural areas are remote meaning that installing these things is more expensive and the population is smaller so they will have fewer customers. Urban areas are the complete opposite, there is less room to install infrastructure and the competition between companies is huge to see who can get the most customers leading to prices decreasing as the quality of internet gets better. The broadband and mobile networking is however expanding in Britain meaning that people who didnt have access to quality high speed broadband are now getting access to it along with mobile networks such as 4G. The problem with people in rural areas wanting access to bigger and better internet is that since they wont find it in the country there is more rural to urban migration since the internet and infrastructure is better there, this is not what the government wants as the population in big towns and cities is already very high and there isnt much space remaining.Comment by Beardmore Mr S: Show coverage of e.g. broadband, 3g, 4g with maps (Coverage Checker)This map shows areas of the UK that have different levels of mobile internet, areas around cities have access to 4G while everywhere else has to make do with 3G because wither they havent expanded their yet or it is too costly to do so.Social A big factor contributing to the global divide is the social aspect of it, people who are much older can easily find new technology daunting and may be swayed by what they hear in the media about the negative effects of using technology, this can all mean that people who are old will not use new technology which adds to the local divide in countries, a divide between the younger generations and the older ones. There is also a divide between the ethnicity of users of technology in countries, according to a study by the University of Leicester (er134, 2013) those who identified themselves as white people were much more likely to use the internet than those of other ethnicity such as Asian or Hispanic, the study says Class was also related to using online banking services, while youth and education were the most important factors in increasing the likelihood of using the Internet to look for work. Ethnicity was only strongly linked to one of the uses, with those describing themselves as White being more likely to purchase goods or services online. However even though ethnicity affects peoples technological use age is a much bigger factor from the same source they say that Respondents who had stayed in full-time education beyond the age of 16 or had recently participated in learning were more than twice as likely to have Internet access while those aged over 65 years were five times less likely to report be able to go online at home. (er134, 2013) This shows that people who are aged over 65 are very unlikely to have access to either a computer or the internet while people who have stayed in education and are over 16 are very likely to have access to the internet.Comment by Beardmore Mr S: StatsNarrowing the gapThe UK government is very committed to make Britain a nation with a high level of technological usage, to solve this the government teams up with a lot of broadband operators to ensure that much of the country receives high-speed broadband, they have recently been at talks with several high-value companies in order to achieve this, (Curtis, 2013) the government has promised that by 2018 they will have wireless and mobile broadband reaching at least 99 per cent of UK premises. In order to achieve their targets the government set aside 250m in June, along with 530m already set out, to extend super-fast broadband to 95% of houses by 2017.All this is part of the governments plan to improve access to technology in the UK and make it one of the countries with the best levels of internet and computer access.Some non-governmental organisations within England do help solve the technological divide; one company called Pass IT On provides computers for the disabled. Pass IT On takes broken unusable computers and fixes them up, they then make these computers suitable for the person who wishes to use them, for instance they might make a computer where the keyboard is able to rest in the persons lap if they are unable to bend forward and use the keyboard normally, people who are partially blind can get a bigger screen to allow them to see what is happening on screen. Pass IT On works with all kinds of disabled people to help them to meet their needs for a computer to do work on, communicate with friends and play games. (Pass IT On )Pass IT On has a sister company too known as Ucandoit a company which teaches people with disabilities how to use computers effectively, they work with all kinds of people to teach them how to do basic tasks on computer such as typing, emails and creating documents. The company then goes on to teach the people more advanced parts such as how to use free programs like Skype to talk to friends and also how to make new ones, Ucandoit has affected quite a few people in the UK and taught them how to effectively make use of computers. Ucandoit has a number of partners throughout the UK which it helps to train and which it recommends clients to, many people who have gone through the Ucandoit course also decide they want to be a helper for Ucandoit, this way they can continually keep teaching new people while being able to take more people on. (Ucandoit Organisation)Another company that provides computers and training to people in the UK is Computers for the Disabled; CftD has been around for fifteen years and in that time have helped supply 2300 computers to both individuals and organisations, they have also helped over 1000 people with advice and help on how to set up and use these computers. This charity runs completely off donations, people donate computers and spare parts which there teams then use to fix up computers and ensure they work correctly they also work with many other charities such as RSPCA and PDSA. (CftD)The impact of the digital divide on peoples lives and opportunitiesIn this section I will talk about how limited access to technology hampers and affects peoples lives.EconomicPeople without access to technology will definitely suffer economically, they wont have access to the same software and technology that other people will so they wont be able to user things such as online credit cards or online banking. People without access to the internet wont be able to do things such as purchasing their goods online, this means they wont receive the same savings that people who purchase goods online will, people without access to technology also wont be able to manage their funds the same way, having access to more technology means people in urban areas have access to things such as mobile credit cards and mobile banking among other things which means they can better manage their funds and savings. Not having access to technology can also affect your job opportunities; some jobs require a basic understanding of computers to be able to perform the job so if you have never used a computer before then you may find yourself missing out on an opportunity. SocialPeople without access to internet and technology will suffer; this is because people with access to the internet or phones will always be in touch with their friends, while those without access to phones wont be able to achieve the same level of communication that others will have, this means that those people without access to communication will be missing out. People without social networking will also miss out on any events that happen as they wont be able to receive invitations to events that are made online. Not having access to social networking can actually lead to social exclusion because people will not be in on all the latest events that are happening now will they be able to talk to their friends and find out the latest piece of news.EducationalHaving access to technology allows people to get a better education than those without, this is because those who can access the internet have access to a large database of information on every subject, this means that people with access to technology will constantly be learning new things about the subjects they are interested in. Having access to technology also helps people in school, having access to the internet means that people can use the internet for revision, researching or for doing work, schooling would be much harder without access to the internet because you wouldnt have a resource that is as expansive or as descriptive. Technology has also become a staple in education, many schools teach ICT classes now and use ICT to help teach their lessons, not only this but teachers often set homework that requires going on the internet so having access to technology and the internet is vital for education and schooling. Many students are also expected to have access to the internet and a computer at home, this shows that those without these things are severely disadvantages and is causing a divide between the students with access to the internet and those without, this further causes a divide between the ability of the students, those without access will perform worse in their work than those who have it. (How Computer and Internet Access at Home Can Improve Grades, 2012)The extent of the digital divide locallyThere are: 82.7 million mobile subscriptions in the UK in 2013 (Stats and Facts) This graph of mobile subscriptions in the UK per 100 people shows that the number of mobile subscriptions has been steadily increasing during the past 10 years which means that the gap has been steadily closing in the UK however it has slowed down during the past few years. 49% of adults in the UK used their phones for internet in 2013; this is up from 39% just one year ago. (Stats and Facts) 23 million fixed broadband lines (UK Broadband Factsheet) 33.1 million fixed landlines (Facts) This picture shows that between November in 2008 and May in 2013 the average broadband speeds in the UK increased, the overall speeds increased along with 30 Megabytes per second increasing, however lower speeds decreased as more internet suppliers decided to upgrade to a higher level of quality.Local ConclusionThe digital divide is narrowing in Britain, urban places are still far better in terms of infrastructure and technology but rural places have slowly being receiving better infrastructure and access to technology, the quality of the access in the UK is actually fairly good, we have high-speed broadband which is available to many people in the UK and most people have access to broadband, those people who dont have access to broadband can also receive internet through their phones instead.Overall Conclusion The digital divide is slowly getting smaller, the divide is however decreasing more rapidly locally than it is globally and it will be a long time before the divide has completely closed. The global divide hasnt moved much, less developed countries still dont have access to the same level of technology as more developed countries do with more developed countries having the infrastructure and resources to effectively use technology, however locally the digital divide has changed quite a bit, rural areas in the UK are getting access to the levels of technology that had originally only been available to urban areas and the divide has gotten a lot smaller, now it is only the levels of technology that needs to be changed as both urban and rural have access to the same kind of technology. The main concern now is that the global divide is much worse than the local divide so that is what we should ideally be focusing on next or focusing on making the technology we have access to a moment better by using high speed broadband and 4G services.Bibliography(W163), J. O. (2013, July 6). File:FixedBroadbandPenetration. 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