The Counter The Counter ReformationReformation

Ms. JamesMs. James

10/7/1510/7/15

Warm up:Warm up:– Imagine you are a Muslim or Jew in Imagine you are a Muslim or Jew in

Spain after the Reconquista (Re-Spain after the Reconquista (Re-conquest of Spain by Christians).conquest of Spain by Christians).

– What are your fears in regards to What are your fears in regards to how you will be treated? Will you how you will be treated? Will you stay, leave, or convert? stay, leave, or convert?

– Why?Why?

Reforming the Catholic Reforming the Catholic ChurchChurch

Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation– The Catholic Church’s series of reforms The Catholic Church’s series of reforms

in response to the spread of in response to the spread of ProtestantismProtestantism in the mid-1500’s to the in the mid-1500’s to the early 1600’s.early 1600’s.

Early ReformersEarly Reformers

Girolamo Girolamo SavonarolaSavonarola– Monk who tried to Monk who tried to

change the change the church from church from within. “within. “Bonfire of Bonfire of the Vanitiesthe Vanities”” Excommunicated Excommunicated

and Executed in and Executed in Florence.Florence.

Religious OrdersReligious Orders

JesuitsJesuits– ““Society of Jesus” Society of Jesus”

Renewed church’s emphasis of spirituality Renewed church’s emphasis of spirituality and service.and service.

– Founded by Founded by Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola Basque Nobleman and former soldier.Basque Nobleman and former soldier.

Concentrated on education as a Concentrated on education as a means of combating the Protestant means of combating the Protestant Reformation.Reformation.

The Council of TrentThe Council of Trent

1545, Church members decided to 1545, Church members decided to redefineredefine some religious doctrines some religious doctrines of the Catholic Church.of the Catholic Church.

Clarified Catholic teachingClarified Catholic teaching1.1. Addressed AbusesAddressed Abuses2.2. Addressed CorruptionAddressed Corruption3.3. Training of Priests regulatedTraining of Priests regulated4.4. Addressed Financial Abuse Addressed Financial Abuse 5.5. Sale of Indulgences was abolishedSale of Indulgences was abolished

The Council of Trent The Council of Trent Cont….Cont….

Council Council reaffirmedreaffirmed::– TransubstantiationTransubstantiation– Sacraments Sacraments

1.1. BaptismBaptism

2.2. ConfirmationConfirmation

3.3. MarriageMarriage

4.4. EucharistEucharist

5.5. Penance (Confession)Penance (Confession)

6.6. Anointing Sick Anointing Sick

Basic structure of Church reaffirmed!Basic structure of Church reaffirmed!

Reforming CatholicsReforming Catholics

Charles BorromeoCharles Borromeo– Archbishop of Milan (1560 to 1584)Archbishop of Milan (1560 to 1584)

Implements Council of Trent reformsImplements Council of Trent reforms– Builds a school to educate PriestsBuilds a school to educate Priests

Francis of SalesFrancis of Sales– Implemented a missionary program Implemented a missionary program

in Savoy (Italy). He returned many in Savoy (Italy). He returned many back to the Catholic Church.back to the Catholic Church.

Women in the ChurchWomen in the Church

Angela MericiAngela Merici– Began Company of Saint UrsulaBegan Company of Saint Ursula

Jane of ChantalJane of Chantal– Trained women to be teachersTrained women to be teachers

Mary Ward of EnglandMary Ward of England– Created networks of schools for girlsCreated networks of schools for girls

Teresa of AvilaTeresa of Avila– Most famous female spiritual leader for Most famous female spiritual leader for

the Catholic Church.the Catholic Church.

The Inquisitions The Inquisitions

Two different Inquisitions:Two different Inquisitions:– Roman Inquisition (1542)Roman Inquisition (1542)– Spanish Inquisition (1478)Spanish Inquisition (1478)

The Roman Inquisition tried people The Roman Inquisition tried people for:for:– Being ProtestantBeing Protestant– Witchcraft Witchcraft

(Malleus Maleficarum) “Hammer of Witches”(Malleus Maleficarum) “Hammer of Witches”

– Breaking with Church LawBreaking with Church Law

Spanish InquisitionSpanish Inquisition

Tried to convert:Tried to convert:– JewsJews– MuslimsMuslims– ProtestantsProtestants

Many accounts of torture and Many accounts of torture and executions!executions!

Index of Forbidden Books= censorshipIndex of Forbidden Books= censorship

The Protestant The Protestant Reformation’s Long Term Reformation’s Long Term

EffectsEffects

Changes in ReligionChanges in Religion

Jesuits bring many back to the Jesuits bring many back to the Catholic Church, and renew the Catholic Church, and renew the doctrines of the Catholic Church.doctrines of the Catholic Church.

New denominations form because New denominations form because reformers interpret the Bible reformers interpret the Bible differently!differently!

Expulsion of Jews and Expulsion of Jews and MuslimsMuslims

Spain gives these groups of people Spain gives these groups of people three options.three options.– (1) CONVERT to Christianity(1) CONVERT to Christianity– (2) GET OUT of Spain(2) GET OUT of Spain– (3) DIE(3) DIE

Jews segregated to ghettoJews segregated to ghetto– Ghettos- were walled sections of the Ghettos- were walled sections of the

city and their gates closed at a certain city and their gates closed at a certain time each evening.time each evening.

Censorship in the Censorship in the ChurchChurch The Index Librorum ProhibitorumThe Index Librorum Prohibitorum

– The Forbidden Books were a list of The Forbidden Books were a list of books that people should not read. books that people should not read.

You could lose your soul by You could lose your soul by reading these books.reading these books.– Contained Reformer’s writing and Contained Reformer’s writing and

some secular works.some secular works.

Witchcraft Witchcraft

Hysteria of Witchcraft swept Hysteria of Witchcraft swept through Europe during 1580 to through Europe during 1580 to 1660. 1660.

Witches would:Witches would:– Kill ChildrenKill Children– Kill LivestockKill Livestock– Work with the Devil.Work with the Devil.

Political EffectsPolitical Effects

States and businesses want States and businesses want church to become less involved church to become less involved with political affairs.with political affairs.

Political power was now separate Political power was now separate from the church!from the church!

Religious Wars and Religious Wars and UnrestUnrest

The Italian WarThe Italian War– King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy,

and Spain joined in the fight too.and Spain joined in the fight too. Fighting ended in 1559.Fighting ended in 1559.

The war is credited with spreading The war is credited with spreading Renaissance ideas throughout Europe. Renaissance ideas throughout Europe. – During the fighting many important artists During the fighting many important artists

fled from Italy, and took their ideas as fled from Italy, and took their ideas as well!well!

Conflicts among Conflicts among GermansGermans Peasants War is stirred by Peasants War is stirred by

Renaissance and Reformation ideas.Renaissance and Reformation ideas.– Luther is connected with this revolt Luther is connected with this revolt

even though he denounces it.even though he denounces it.

Local Lutheran Princes go to war Local Lutheran Princes go to war with Holy Roman Emperor.with Holy Roman Emperor.– Peace of Augsburg (1555) Each prince Peace of Augsburg (1555) Each prince

can choose the religion that his can choose the religion that his subjects would practice. subjects would practice.

Conflicts between Conflicts between ReligionsReligions

Conflicts between Catholic faith and Conflicts between Catholic faith and Protestant faith in France.Protestant faith in France.

In 1598, Henry of Navarre converted In 1598, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism, and this created to Catholicism, and this created temporary peace.temporary peace.

Edict of Nantes granted religious Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants. freedom to Protestants.