THE RECONQUEST• Three stages:

1. VIII- XI century: Muslim hegemony.– Emirate, Caliphate and taifa kingdoms.– Little Christian kingdoms: Asturias, Navarra, Marca

2. XII-XIII century: Christian expansion - Rise of Castilla and Aragon as main powers.

3. XIV-XV century: Late middle age. - Crisis and recovery. - Muslim kingdom of Granada.

- Fall of Granada (1492)

The Muslim expansion

THE MUSLIM HEGEMONYVIII-XI centuries.

NAVARRAREINO ASTUR-LEONES

MARCA HISPÁNICA

The mosquee in Córdoba (VIII-X).Almanzor’s extension.

Double arch

Horseshoe arch

chapitel

THE CALIPHATECordoba reached its peak of

strenght in the X century. Itbecame the biggest cityIn Europe and its mainTrade center.

Medina Azahara (IX-X century)

This is the court of caliphAbdarramán III, what can youdescribe here?

This is the court of caliphAbdarramán III, what can youdescribe here? An embassy

of Jewish peopleis visitingthe caliph

Scribes and poets

scientists

musiciens

The caliphIs giving an audience

ViziersAdvisers

During the X centuryThe caliphate reachedIts peak of military power

Almanzor captures Santiago’sBells and brings them to Cordoba

• SOCIETY: It was typically Muslim. However, the conquest created a complex society where minorities like Christians and Jews played an important role.

The economy

Al Andalus became a great trading centre, working as intermediate between EuropeAnd Africa and Middle East. It was an easy task since all Islam enjoyed the same currency:the golden DINHAR.

COVADONGA,THE BEGINNINGOF RECONQUEST:MYTH AND HISTORY

THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

RECONQUEST (CHRISTIAN SIDE)• EARLY MIDDLE AGE:

Little kingdoms in the North, Asturias, Navarra and the marca hispánica. They were quite poor compared with the Caliphate.

MIDDLE AGE (XI-XIII)Creation of the crown of Castilla-

León and Aragón

LATE MIDDLE AGE (XIV-XV)Crisis and recovery. End of the

Reconquest.

KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS-LEÓN

In the North west, aChrisitian kingdoms Emerged: theKingdom of Asturias-León(VIII-X century)

Santa María del Naranco (Oviedo, IX century)Palace of the kings.

With Alfonso III (end of IX century)the kingdomwon enough Strenght To dominate The Duerovalley

In the east, little counties were founded by frank influenceLater they won their independence.

THE EXPANSIONOF THE CHRISTIANKINGDOMS

XI – XIII centuries.

SECOND STAGE

FROM THE CID CAMPEADORTo LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA.Between the second half of XI century toThe end of XIII century, the ChristiansReconquered most of the iberian peninsulaAnd became the hegemonic powers in This territory.

The Cid Campeador was a mercenary., fighting sometimesIn the Muslim side.

The Christian Resettlement:Different stages.(private lords take land)

Castle of Peñafiel

Society was very similar to the Feudal Europe: * Priviledged (nobility and church)* Not priviledged (peasants).Trade and money was in hands of minorities like the jews.

THE SOCIETY:

The war against the MuslimCreated a spirit of crusade.Religion and warfare had aStrong impact on the population.

However, during a longtime, three cultures livedTogether and tolerate Themselves: Jews, MuslimsAnd Christians.

The growth of the castilllianEconomy was based in the Exportation of raw materials,Especially wool, very appreciateIn North Europe for clothes making.

THE ECONOMY Flock of “Merina” Sheeps

The trade in Castilla was developed in big cities like Seville or northern ports.Cataluña had even a strong impact in the mediterranean sea, with the city ofBarcelona.

THE ECONOMY:TRADE ROUTES

THE FINAL STAGE OFRECONQUEST

CRISISAND FINALCAMPAIGN(GUERRADE GRANADA)

THE CRISISIN THE XIV CENTURYAnd BLACK DEATH

SOCIAL RIOTS:MURDER OF JEWS IN BARCELONA, 1391

SOCIAL UNREST:The economic crisisLed to peasant riots and created an atmosphereHostile to tolerance in towns

CIVIL WARS:KING AUTHORITYWEAKENS AND NOBILITYRISES AS POLITICAL AGENT

Recreation of the deathOf Pedro I in hands of His brother Enrique(1369)

ISABELDE CASTILLAQueen in 1476

FERNANDOII DE ARAGÓNKing in 1479

Married since1469, and ruling together in both

kingdoms

THE BEGINNING OF A SPANISH MONARCHY

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 15TH CENTURY

THE GRANADA WAR

1476

1512

1492

The fall of Granada (1492)

THE END OF RECONQUSTA:The Granada war (1482-1492)And the end of the muslim Kingdom in Spain.

Boabdil, Last king of Granada, gives the keys of the city

The Catholicmonarchs

The beginning of modern age: 1492

The catholic monarchs planted the seeds of what should be Spain later

Consequences Evidences

WHAT WERETHECONSEQUENCES OF AN UNITED KINGDOM?