Upload
ngothien
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
The Bauhaus& The Grand BudapesT hoTel
By paTrick GosnellmodernismsprinG 2014850 words
B orn in the years of the Weimar Republic, the Bauhaus
synthesized craft and form into a new type of design
education. In the process, the school had to overcome many
obstacles, including shifting ideologies, public critique, and political
turmoil. However, the Bauhaus succeeded in becoming a highly
influential design institution, instilling in all who attended a sense of
Gesamtkunstwerk, meaning a “total work of art binding different forms
of creative endeavor together” (Dickerman 27).
Since 1996, Wes Anderson has directed a slew of impeccable films, all
of which balance quick-witted slapstick with corresponding pathos. The
maturation of Anderson’s unmistakable style has labeled him one of
the newest cinematic auteurs (fig. 1). His most recent film, The Grand
Budapest Hotel (TGBH), recounts the tale of M. Gustave, the punctilious
concierge of the titular establishment, and his protégé, Zero Mustafa.
The film swiftly fuses all of Anderson’s telltale traits (deadpan dialogue,
eccentric characters, mannered camera movements) with acuity and
swagger—his own Gesamtkunstwerk. Wes Anderson connoisseurs
acknowledge the director’s penchant for literary and historical
references, though an immediate comparison of his directorial oeuvre
to the Bauhaus may seem a bit tenuous. To be certain, there are some
perceptible similarities in visual style between the two.
Fig. 1 — director wes anderson has directed films such as Rushmore, The Royal Tenenbaums, Fantastic Mr. Fox, and Moonrise Kingdom. (image courtesy of washingtonpost.com)
1
Fig. 2 — wes anderson films are known for their distinctive centered framing, shown here in the montage video, “Wes Anderson // Centered” by Vimeo user, kogonada. (images courtesy of vimeo.com)
2
The Bauhaus’ distinct use of a grid is one of its most definable
characteristics, matched in all of his films by Anderson’s frequent use
of perfectly centered framing (fig. 2). Anderson also commonly uses
tracking shots that move parallel to the main action of a scene (fig. 3).
This lateral motion is reminiscent of the work of De Stijl artist Theo van
Doesburg, who favored a strong use of horizontal and vertical lines (fig.
4). Although van Doesburg was not a Bauhaus faculty member, he lived
in Weimar and exerted a palpable influence on its students (Siebenbrodt
17). These correlations could lead to the assertion that Anderson takes
his cues on balance and motion from the Bauhaus school. However,
other more superficial traits lead to the breakdown of this hypothesis.
Two of the strongest graphic devices to develop from the Bauhaus
were the focus on the primary colors—red, blue, and yellow—and the
dominant use of sans-serif typefaces. Paul Renner, who did not teach
at the Bauhaus but was nevertheless influenced by its ideals, created a
geometric typeface called Futura (fig. 5). This typeface was prominently
featured in all of Anderson’s early films (fig. 6), but has been eschewed
for a broader typographic range, which now includes hand lettering by
Jessica Hische for Moonrise Kingdom (Booth) and Archer for TGBH
(fig. 7). And though both are known for their distinctive use of color,
Anderson has adopted a vibrant palette of lush pastels (fig. 8), whereas
Fig. 3 — scenes from the montage video, “Wes Anderson // From Above” by kogonada, highlighting anderson’s extensive use of flat tracking shots, which ascribe to the same grid logic found in much of the work created at the Bauhaus. (images courtesy of vimeo.com)
Fig. 4 — “Composition” (1923) by Theo van doesburg
(image courtesy of wikipaintings.org)
3
Fig. 5 — Futura typeface, designed by paul renner, 1927 (image courtesy of wikipedia.com); Fig. 6 — wes anderson used Futura almost exclusively in his first six films. (image courtesy of alexannmayberry.blogspot.com); Fig. 7 — anderson has broken the typographic pattern for his last two films, using archer, designed by h&FJ, for the promotional materials for The Grand Budapest Hotel (image courtesy of slate.com)
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
4
the Bauhaus stuck to primaries and grayscale (fig. 9). Indeed, to focus
solely on the veneer of the Bauhaus and Anderson’s films would produce
a false positive in their association. A deeper critique is necessary, of the
relationships, aspirations, and demise found in TGBH and the Bauhaus,
to uncover the true linkage of the modernist avant-garde and the
idiosyncratic auteur.
The characters and relationships in TGBH form several parallels to
the inhabitants of the Bauhaus. For example, both Walter Gropius and
M. Gustave, the fastidious caretakers of the buildings in their charge,
believe wholeheartedly in the merit of their institutions (figs. 10 – 11).
Even after his exit as director of the Bauhaus, Gropius continues to
promote the ethics of the school around the world (Neumann 16).
Likewise, M. Gustave remotely directs the operations of his hotel from
prison after being accused of murder. Classes at the Bauhaus operate
under the master-apprentice model, a frequent motif in Anderson’s films.
In TGBH, M. Gustave takes Zero Mustafa under his wing and trains
him to be a first-rate lobby boy. Zero’s education is rapid and hands-on,
akin to the marriage of craft and form taught at the Bauhaus.
Antinational aspirations and a devastating conflict with fascism describe
the clipped trajectories of both the Bauhaus and TGBH. Bauhaus designs
sought a universal approach, avoiding visual ties to particular countries
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10 Fig. 11
Fig. 8 — (image courtesy of wesandersonpalettes.tumblr.com); Fig. 9 — poster of the Bauhaus exhibition, 1923, by herbert Bayer; Fig. 10 — walter Gropius, 1928 (image courtesy Bauhaus-archiv Berlin); Fig. 11 — ralph Fiennes as m. Gustave in The Grand Budapest Hotel. (image courtesy of literaryvittles.wordpress.com)
5
(Dickerman 23). Examples include Herbert Bayer’s universal typeface
and banknotes for the Thuringia region (figs. 12 – 13), both flaunting
a notable lack of serifs. Anderson also seems keen on cutting ties to
existing geographic locations, seeing them as distractions for his lavish
tableaus. TGBH is set in the fictional country of Zubrowka during the
onset of World War II. Finally, as the saddest correlation of all, both
TGBH and the Bauhaus meet their demise at the hands of fascist forces
(fig. 14). The Bauhaus eventually houses Nazi leaders (Forgács 197,
Siebenbrodt 193), and the fanciful hotel is commandeered by Anderson’s
Zig-Zags (fig. 15). Though the marauding events fail to destroy either
entity completely, neither retains the fervor with which they once operated.
There are many stylistic and substantive elements in Wes Anderson’s
films that relate to the ideology of the Bauhaus. It helps that the
Bauhaus’ story is so cinematic—like a Greek tragedy full of good design.
Both the school and the director speak of a broken world, full of darkness
and of dreamers looking for perfection in the details. At the end of
TGBH, Zero Mustafa sums up his mentor, M. Gustave (though he could
just as easily be speaking of Walter Gropius): “He sustained the illusion
with a marvelous grace.”
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 12 — universal typeface design by herbert Bayer, 1926 (image courtesy of Bauhaus-archiv Berlin); Fig. 13 — herbert Bayer also designed emergency currency for the Thuringian government with sans-serif type, as opposed to the more traditional German blackletter type. (image courtesy of Bauhaus-archiv Berlin)
6
Works Cited
Booth, Darren. “Moonrise Kingdom Titles and Credits: Jessica Hische.”
Typographic Design. DesignEnvy, 19 Apr. 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
Dickerman, Leah. “Bauhaus Fundaments.” Bauhaus 1919 – 1933:
Workshops for Modernity. New York: MoMA, 2009. 21 – 27. Print.
Forgács, Éva. The Bauhaus Idea and Bauhaus Politics. Trans. John Bátki.
Budapest: CEU Press, 1995. 196 – 199. Print.
The Grand Budapest Hotel. Dir. Wes Anderson. Perf. Ralph Fiennes,
Adrien Brody, Willem Dafoe, Jeff Goldblum, Tony Revolori and
Edward Norton. Indian Paintbrush, 2014. Film.
Neumann, Eckhard, ed. Bauhaus and Bauhaus People. Trans.
Eva Richter. New York: Reinhold, 1970. 15 – 17. Print.
Siebenbrodt, Michael and Lutz Schöbe. Bauhaus: 1919 – 1933 Weimar-
Dessau-Berlin. New York: Parkstone Press, 2009. 17 – 97, 193. Print.
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 14 — after the closing of the Bauhaus in dessau, the nazi regime
used the building as a minister training school, 1935 (image courtesy
of Bauhaus-archiv Berlin); Fig. 15 — in the film’s climax, The Grand Budapest Hotel is overrun
by hostile “Zig-Zag” forces. (image courtesy of hollywoodreporter.com)
7