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Comparative study of methods for estimating a

permeability profile across the Opalinus Clay at the

Mont Terri rock laboratory (DB Experiment)Faire avancer la sûreté nucléaire

25th Earth Science Meeting Caen

October 26th 2016

C. Yu, M. Al Reda, J.-M. Matray, G. Berthe, J. Gonçalvès, D. Jaeggi

Context of the study

| The Deep Borehole (DB) experiment■ Drilling of a 250 m deep inclined borehole and installation of a

multipacker system (7 double packer intervals with P and T sensors)

■ Goal: develop and validate a methodology for assessing the

containment properties of a thick argillaceous unit using the

Opalinus Clay as an example.

□□□□□n□□■□□□□□n□

Alsace Molasse

Reuchenette Formation

Courgenay Formation

Vellerat Formation

St-Ursanne Formation

Baerschwil Formation

Ifenthal Formation

Hauptrogenstein

Passwang Formation

Opalinus Clay

Staffelegg Formation

Klettgau Formation

Bànkerjoch Fomation

Sctiinznach Formation

Zeglingen Formation

Kaiseraugst Formation

Permo-Cartonifenous sédiments ?

Basement undifferentiated

NNW

m. a. s. I

SSE

/Thrust planes

(adapted from Nussbaum et al., 2017)

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 iRsn

Permeability évaluation at different scales of investigation

| Methods based on pore structure model, Darcy’s law combined to Poiseuille law, poro-elastic deformation due to tidal load, interpretation of the pressure response to an hydraulic load (in situ test or laboratory scale permeameter)

| Different sample volumes => interrogation on the results comparability

Petrophysical mesurements

In situ hydraulic tests and permeameter tests

Pressure time series and tidal identificationBDB-1 4

V> 20

LO 10

0.5 1 1.5 2.5Dimensional frequencies [sA{-1}] x10'6

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 iRsn

Petrophysical model

Density

PDeduced from chlorinity data (Unesco, 1980)

Grain density

PsHe pycnometry

and XRD

Dynamic viscosity

PDeduced from T and P

measurements (Mercer et al. 1975)

Hydraulic conductivity

pkgK =

P

Half pore size

b =

Intrinsic permeability

b2k = 3F

(Kostek et al., 1992; Pape et al.,

1999)

Specific surface ' area

AsBET and BJH

Ps-As^X (Neuzil and

Provost; 2009)

Formation factor F = M~m

(Archie, 1942; Revil and Leroy, 2004)

Computed

Experimentally determined or fitted with experimental data

Connected porosity

Water loss at 105 °C and density

measurements

Cementation factor

mBetween 2 and 3 for clayrocks (Mazurek

et al., 2009)

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 iRsn

Intrinsic permeability and hydraulic conductivity

Intrinsic permeability [m2] 1E-22 1E-200 _|__ I_I......... ..... I_I........ ...... I_I......... ..... I_I_L

Hauptrogenstein

50

■oA3CD

100oeuo_Qeu

PasswangFm

150

Eo

euucA3

4->co

200

250

i A » ♦A' 4

A HIII» i[ALI ii ♦ iïï •' A » ♦ " • ' i A | m\

^^^OPA Sandyi t.i f.rr

I A 'IlAl OPA Shaly

OPA SandyOPA Carb.-rich

i A » ♦ u • i|------'------"------1 OPA Shaly

Staffelegg

Main fault

t'"A« '♦Fm m = 2 m = 2.5 m = 3

Hydraulic conductivity [m s-1]1E-15 1E-14 1E-13 1E-120 -I__ I_I............ I_I............ I_I............ I_I_L

„ 50

■oA3eu

_euoeuo

_Q

100Passwang 1----- 11----- 11----- 1Fm

I I 11 HH | A' ' ' • i 1111111—h

150

Eo

euucA3

4->CO

200

Hauptrogenstein

I A ' ♦An 4

A I ♦ II An ♦

1—AI" I f|l fl—#-i JIM IIi------ 1------ 1------ 1 OPA Sandy■ ' f If >

i A » A OPA Shaly

m—A1 I MA1 1 OPA SandyOPA Carb.- i------ «-----rich i a m

i a ■ AOPA Shaly

250 Staffelegg A <rFm m = 2 m = 2.5 m = 3

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 iRsn

Nor

mal

ized

P an

d dPIn situ hydraulîc tests

| Numerical interprétation using nSIGHTS and MultiSIM

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016

150

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

hydraulic test resultsHydraulic conductivity [m s-1]

14 1E-13 1E-12 1E-11 1E-10 1E-09 1E-08 1E-07

• 1-- H

Pas>swang Fm• K Pulse withdrawal tests

K constant rate withdrawal tests

• K hydraulic tests (sequence)----- flhfl— OPA Sandy/

H-----

•

H

-fl

»

*

OPA Shaly ■

m CL

CL

O O

A Sandy/A Carbon ate-rich Sandy1 J

. Amr\ A

OPA - Shaly ■

1 \R»*

Sta ?legg Fm A AW ■

\rsuEarth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016

Comparison with littérature data

Compilation of K-values obtained by in situ hydraulic tests Shaly facies versus sandy facies (not affected by the EDZ)

16

14

_ 12CO

CD10

fC

8

Définition of classes:

Range 1E-13 corresponds to K- values from 1.0 E-13 to 1.9 E-13

eu_QEc

6

4

2

0

□ Sandy facies - BDB-1

□ Shaly facies - BDB-1

□ Sandy facies - previous studies

□ Shaly facies - previous studies

Lnt't't't'tttttnnnnoinnnnNfMNNNNNN

o NrotmvONCOO NntinvONOOO' N M t in VO S CO

K, hydraulic conductivity [m s-1]

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 IRSU 8

Water and gas permeability in Hassler Cell

| Steady state method

| Darcy’s law-based formulak =2 ^

app s(PÏ - P|)

_ 1 kg = fi. kapp. + kapp

Klinkenberg correction for gas slippage

(no correction for liquid permeability)

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 iRsn

150

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

of permeameter testsHydraulic conductivity [m s-1]

14 1E-13 1E-12 1E-11 1E-10

Passwrang Fm

From t<l

K Hassler cell (perp.)

K Hassler cell (par.)

_____________________________Covered with

' . epoxy resin

_

OPA - Sandy i!!!1

:tr___ J O

11111

♦ ♦i

OPA - Shaly

1

" -l1

.. J

O 1

♦

OPA - SandyOPA - Carbotia\e ri ch Sandy

OPA - Shaly

“ "

♦-

♦K =

kp-

/i

Staffe?leg< Fm77

Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 iRsn

Dim

ensi

onal

RM

S sp

ectru

m [b

ars]

Spectral analysis on pore pressure time series

| Models based on the bulk deformation effects due to earth tides in the poroelastic water-filled porous medium

| Specific storage (Bredehoeft, 1967):ç _ |Ae|

jAftj

|Ae|= 2^10-8 m3/m3 Amplitude of the volumetric strain fluctuations

related to the M2 semi-diurnal earth tide (Melchior, 1978)

EwSsB| Effective dynamic porosity (Jacob, 1940): O dyna —

Vertical effective hydraulic conductivity (Boldt-Leppin et al., 2003)

pg

f^Ampl. p n (z±-Z2)JM2 — JM2 -1(/M2)

n (Z1-Z2)

ln Azi^fM2

Ln Az^fM2

2

Dimensional frequencies

Computed using MUSTAT (Bailly et al., 2014)

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016

' - SS(fM2 ^ yl [A^/M2)J

iRsn

2

Spectral analysis results97.3 m 0 m

Data from 01/09/2014 to 10/03/2015188 165145115 100

3Sf. Fm. OPA Pw. Fm. H

I1 I2 I2-3 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7

Ah (cm) 0.852 1.73 1.86 1.28 1.73 1.70 1.32 0.649

Ss (m-1) 2.35-E-06 1.16E-06 1.08E-06 1.28E-06 1.73E-06 1.70E-06 1.53E-06 3.08E-06

I1 vs I2 I2 vs I2-3 I2-3 vs I3 I3 vs I4 I4 vs I5 I5 vs I6 I6 vs I7

^dyna 0.09 0.24 0.11 1-33 0.12 0.08 039

^water loss 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.14

Am.pl.Ky 4.78-E-08 2.50E-06 1.40E-07 2.88E-07 5.66E-05 6.38E-07 3.89E-08

s-Ky 7.17^E-07 1.02E-05 3.32E-06 5.81E-06 4.11E-06 1.80E-05 7.33E-08

| Consistent values for spécifie storage and effective porosity

| Method unappropriate to estimate hydraulic conductivity (overestimation of several orders of magnitude)

IRSlJ25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 12

150

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

asurements comparison

14 1E-13Hydraulic conductivity [m s-1]

1E-12 1E-11 1E-10 1E-09 1E-08 1E-07

♦ A

♦• >

Passwang

OPA - Sandy

OPA - Shaly

Fm

a K petrophysical model, m=2

A K petrophysical model, variable m

• K Pulse withdrawal tests

K constant rate withdrawal tests

• K hydraulic tests (sequence)

• K Hassler cell (perp.)

O K Hassler cell (par.)

A-+ OPA - S

I- k a\ I1 Aa 1

andy

OPA - Carbonate-rich

OPA - Shaly

Sandy

Staffelegg Fm*

Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 iRsn

Conclusions and outlook

| Global consistency between the results obtained from BDB-1 borehole and data acquired at the rock laboratory level.

| Order of magnitude for OPA permeability ~10-13 - 10-12 m s-1, with higher values in the shaly facies compared to the sandy facies. No clear difference is highlighted by numerical interpretation of hydraulic tests in the fault zone.

| Tidal analysis is unappropriate to compute hydraulic conductivity in this study but gives consistent values for specific storage and effective porosity.

| The acquisition of advective transport parameters will enable a future fluid flow modelling accounting for coupled transport processes.

25th Earth Science Meeting - Caen - October 26th 2016 iRsn 14