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Marija Klopčič
University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Dept. of Animal Science, Slovenia
Sustainable agriculture in mountain areas, promotion and protection of the traditional
products in Slovenia
Slovenian Conditions
• Human population: 2,1 million
• Less favored areas (hilly, mountainous, sensitive):
74 % of agricultural land
2/3 of rural population on these farms
2/3 of all cattle; > half of milk and meat
• Land area: 63 % forest; 37 % agricultural, of which more than half
grasslands
• Small farms: on average 7.5 ha; from history
• Maintenance of grassland and development of cattle production of
strategic importance
Grassland in EU
Diversification
• Agricultural activities
•Dairy & Suckler cows
•Beef/pigs/sheep/goats
•Horses / bees
•Vineyards/horticulture
•Forestry…
• Non-agricultural activities
•Special local products
•Milk & meat products
•Oil, honey, …
•Energy production
•Machinery services
•Agro-tourism
•Cottage industry
•….
No of cattle by category on the summer alpine pastures 2005 - 2010
Suckler cows
Dairy cows
No of sheep and goats on the summer alpine pasture 2008-2015
y = -385.82x + 8299.3
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Št.
živ
alii
koze-mesne pasme koze-mlečne pasme ovce-mesne pasme ovce-mlečne pasme skupaj Linear (skupaj)Dairy goats Dairy sheep
No of animals on mountain pasture in Bohinj (1966 – 2015) Year cows heifers calves oxen horses sheep goats TOTAL
1966(1) number 713 425 167 139 14 0 0
AU 713 297,5 25,05 166,8 18,2 0 0 1220,5
% 58,4 24,4 2 12,7 1,5 0 0
1973(1) number 464 324 170 136 9 29 0
AU 463 226,8 25,5 163,2 11,7 2,9 0 894,1
% 51,9 25,4 2,8 18,3 1,3 0,3 0
1983(1) number 343 494 0 12 23 3 0
AU 343 345,8 0 14,4 29,9 0,3 0 734,2
% 46,7 47,1 0 2 4,1 0,1 0
1994(1) number 257 469 14 10 23 930 85
AU 257 328,3 2,1 12 29,9 93 8,5 730,8
% 35,2 44,9 0,3 1,6 4,1 12,7 1,2
2005(2) number 265 206 36 44 10 300 0
AU 265 164,8 5,4 44 10 45 0 534,2
% 49,61 30,85 1,01 8,24 1,87 8,42 0
2015(2) number 294 162 113 35 14 202 0
AU 294 129,6 16,95 35 14 30,3 0 519,8
% 56,55 24,93 3,26 6,73 2,69 5,83 0
Decline of biodiversity if dairy farming disappears
Dairyfarming determines landscape
Simulation of the Development of a Mountain Landscape (Kučan &Simonič):
Map of tourist cheese path
Page 11
The perspective of local products - What are the benefits for producers participating in quality policy schemes
Page 12
Page 13
Page 14
Page 15
Page 16
Page 17
Page 18
Page 19
Characteristics for traditional products
Page 20
Factors and aspects describing region-bound
Factor Subject Aspect
Territoriality Chain
Regional agriculture
Regional processing
Regional trade organisation
Local/regional consumption
Typicality Physical
product /
processing
Typical raw material
Regional recipe
Artisanal processing
Limited production capacity
Typical shape or packing
Four factors may describe the extent to which the different
categories of regional products are region-bound.
Page 21
Factors and aspects describing region-bound
Factor Subject Aspect
Traditionallity Story of the product Long tradition
Exclusive historical bonds
Quality of the story
Traditional way (recipe,
processing)
Collectiveness Organisation Primary producers
Processors
Marketing
Page 22
Local products need good and convincing story
Direct contact between buyer/customer and seller/producers
Public-informative material in different languages
Articles in newspapers and public appearance in media
Emphasis on the tradition, quality, appetizing and specialities of product – part of story
The internal and external system of control is part of this story
Close link of product to region and/or province
Story
Page 23
Designation of origin and geographical indication
“Designation of origin - PDO” means
the name of a region, a specific place or in
exceptional cases, a country, used to describe
an agricultural product or a foodstuff:
Originating in that region, specific place or country
The quality or characteristics of which are essentially or
exclusively due to a particular geographical environment
with its inherent natural and human factors
The production, processing and preparation of which
take place in the defined geographical area
Page 24
Designation of origin and geographical indication
“Geographical indication - PGI” means
the name of a region, a specific place or in
exceptional cases, a country, used to describe
an agricultural product or a foodstuff:
Originating in that region, specific place or country
Which possesses a specific quality, reputation or
other characteristics attributable to that geographical
origin, and
The production and/or processing and/or preparation
of which take place in the defined geographical area
Page 25
PDO / PGI: Differences?
COMMON FEATURES
• Existence of link with the «territory»
• Geographical names (but not always)
• Types of product
• Originating in the area whose name they carry
• Procedure
• Level of protection
KEY DIFFERENCE
“Intensity” of link
with territory
number of steps
that have to take
place in the relevant
“geographical area”
Page 26
Traditional specialities guaranteed (TSG)
Traditional specialities guaranteed (TSGs) refer
to a name of agricultural product or foodstuff
that is either:
• produced using traditional raw materials, or
• characterised by a traditional composition, or
• produced using a traditional method of
production.
Page 27
PDO/PGI/TSG recognition has pointed out:
Expected positive effects:
• market differentiation on quality level products;
• market and notoriety creation (to use on long channels and with multiple retailers);
• higher sale prices;
• exclusion from the misuse of product reputation on local wholesale and retail
markets;
• support to the marketing of processed products
• stimulus to adopt the logic of quality assurance and certification procedures, at
present almost totally absent;
• pull-effects on other local agricultural and craft products;
• promotional effect for tourism activities;
• increase of public funding and support.
Page 28
PDO/PGI/TSG recognition has pointed out:
Expected negative effects:
• increase in production costs (with special reference to certification costs; transformation
costs, that is the costs farmers would have to face to adapt their production process to the
specifications of the code of practices);
• higher selection of the product;
• increase in internal competition (particularly if production zone will be wider than
“historical” one);
• production increase if external investors will be attracted by the PDO/PGI/TSG
products
• expected increase in the misuse of the name (unfair competition) due to higher
prices of the product with PDO/PGI/TSG;
• the “formal logics” brought on by PDO-PGI certification often “select” firms, and
may exclude small and non professional firms, and more marginal areas
Page 29
Effects of GI protection: Comté (PDO) - Emmental
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
50.000
55.000
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
5
6
7
8
9
10
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
20,00
25,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Production (tons) Milk price (€/Kg)
Gross price (€/Kg) Retail price (€/Kg)
Page 30
A - The specific features of the production
1) A strong link to the soil
- Self sufficiency in forage and concentrate...
- Differents forage systems in different countries
Different dairy products
- Different vintages from different «soils»
even in the same region, on permanent grassland
ex: Comté story
Prospects for Quality Products
Page 31
A - The specific features of the production
2) Breeds and herd management are part
of the product
Most of the great cheese have a common history
with an animal breed:
- Comté with Montbéliarde
- Beaufort with Tarine
- Lacaune with Roquefort
But often Holstein has replaced the local breeds
and in the same time, the feeding system ...
Even for the Parmiggiano Reggiano !
Prospects for Quality Products
Page 32
Breed
• Nanos and Tolmin cheese from milk of Brown breed in two sub-regions
• Bovec cheese from milk of local Bovec sheep breed
• Mohant cheese from milk of local Cika or traditional Simmental breed
• Karst and Kočevje honey from local bee breed Apis mellifera carnica
• Sebrelje stomach, Ham from Prekmurje and Prleška Tünka from traditional Slovenian breeds of pigs
• Karst lamb's meat and Karst sheep cheese from local sheep breeds Istrian Pramenka
Page 33
A - The specific features of the production
3) The cheese process: a natural processing...
that maintains the milk specificities and expressed
the typicity
Raw milk, daily collection, individual artisanal
process, no additives etc.
A long practical learningship for cheese makers
A traditional know-how, part of the cultural heritage
Prospects for Quality Products
Page 34
B - Market expectation :
• A stronger demand for quality, but sensitive to crises:
- BSE, Foot and Mouth, increased the demand
- Economic crises, risk of unemployment decrease it
• Most of the consumers are not prepared to pay a large
difference
• The priorities are different:
- in Norther Europ: health and environment
- in Southern Europ: pleasure products...
But in France the raw milk cheese market increases less than the pasteurised cheese market !
Prospects for Quality Products
Page 35
The EU approach: in conclusion…
Positive economic effects
•Production, price
•Profitability, income distribution
•Tourism
EU experiences shows
that GIs have…
Positive effects on jobs
•Direct & indirect jobs
•Job Qualification
•Rural exodus
Positive effects for
tradition
•Quality
•Traditional know-how
Positive effects for
environment
•Biodiversity
•Environment preservation
•Landscape
Thank you!
