UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANIBIOTEHNIKA FAKULTETA
Matija KLOPI
SESTOJNA DINAMIKA JELOVO-BUKOVIH GOZDOV V SLOVENIJI
OD ZAETKA NARTNEGA GOSPODARJENJA DO DANES
DOKTORSKA DISERTACIJA
FOREST STAND DYNAMICS OF SILVER FIR-EUROPEAN BEECH
FORESTS IN SLOVENIA FROM THE BEGINNING OF REGULAR
FOREST MANAGEMENT UNTIL THE PRESENT
DOCTORAL DISSERTATION
Ljubljana, 2011
... nature has functional, historical, and
evolutionary limits. Nature has a range
of ways to be, but there is a limit to those
ways, and therefore, human changes
must be within those limits.
(Christensen et al., 1996)
Moji druini, e posebej moji mnogo prekmalu
preminuli mami!
To my family,but especially to my beloved mother,
who died before she should have!
Klopi M. Sestojna dinamika jelovo-bukovih gozdov v Sloveniji od zaetka nartnega gospodarjenja do danes. III Dokt. disertacija. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehnika fakulteta, 2011
Doktorska disertacija je zakljuek podiplomskega tudija biolokih in biotehnikih znanosti s podroja gozdarstva in obnovljivih gozdnih virov in je nastala na Katedri za obnovljive gozdne vire, v Skupini za urejanje gozdov in biometrijo Oddelka za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire Biotehnike fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani.
Na podlagi statuta Univerze v Ljubljani, sklepu Senata Biotehnike fakultete in sklepu Komisije za doktorski tudij (po pooblastilu 30. seje Senata Univerze v Ljubljani 20. 1. 2009) z dne 12. 11. 2009 (t. odlobe 5-1708/09 VJJ) je bil za mentorja imenovan prof. dr.Andrej Bonina.
Komisija za oceno in zagovor:
Predsednik: doc. dr. David HLADNIK, Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehnika fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire
lan: prof. dr. Andrej BONINA, Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehnika fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire
lan: prof. dr. Marco MARCHETTI, Universita degli Studi del Molise, Dipartimento di Scienze e Technoogie per lAmbiente e il Teritiorio
Datum zagovora: 4. 8. 2011
Naloga je rezultat lastnega raziskovalnega dela. Podpisani se strinjam z objavo svoje naloge v polnem tekstu na spletni strani Digitalne knjinice Biotehnike fakultete. Izjavljam, da je naloga, ki sem jo oddal v elektronski obliki, identina tiskani verziji. Izjavljam, da so vsa vkljuena znanstvena dela identina objavljeni verziji.
Matija Klopi
Klopi M. Sestojna dinamika jelovo-bukovih gozdov v Sloveniji od zaetka nartnega gospodarjenja do danes. IV Dokt. disertacija. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehnika fakulteta, 2011
KLJUNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA
D DdDK GDK 22:902(497.4)(043.3)=111=163.6
KGarhivski viri podatkov/sestojna zgradba/Fagus sylvatica/Abies alba/Picea abies/gozdna inventura/vplivni dejavniki/gospodarjenje z gozdovi/gozdnogojitveni sistemi/antropogene motnje/naravne motnje/veliki rastlinojedi
KKAV KLOPI, Matija, univ. dipl. in. gozdarstvaSA BONINA, Andrej, prof. dr. (mentor)KZ SI-1000 Ljubljana, Vena pot 83
ZAUniverza v Ljubljani, Biotehnika fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire
LI 2011
INSESTOJNA DINAMIKA JELOVO-BUKOVIH GOZDOV V SLOVENIJI ODZAETKA NARTNEGA GOSPODARJENJA DO DANES
TD Doktorska disertacijaOP VII, 105 str., 249 vir.IJ enJI sl/enAI Dinamika preteno raznomernih jelovo-bukovih gozdnih sestojev v zadnjem sto-
letju in njeni poglavitni vplivni dejavniki so bili prouevani v treh prostorsko dis-lociranih raziskovalnih objektih (Jelovica, Trnovo in Leskova dolina). S pomojoarhivskih podatkov iz gozdnih inventur in pripadajoih gozdnogospodarskih kartje bila izdelana GIS podatkovna zbirka, v kateri je bil odsek osnovna prostorskaenota. Spremembe v zgradbi gozdnih sestojev so bile ovrednotene z izbranimi ses-tojnimi parametri: lesno zalogo, debelinsko strukturo, diverziteto debelinske struk-ture, drevesno sestavo in vrastjo dreves. V zadnjem stoletju so se prouevani sestojniparametri znailno spreminjali. Med objekti so bile odkrite znailne razlike v ses-tojni dinamiki, vendar tudi nekatere podobnosti. V prouevanem obdobju je lesnazaloga gozdnih sestojev v vseh raziskovalnih objektih stalno naraala. Spremembe debelinske strukture so nakazale dva razlina razvoja sestojev: poveevanje sesto-jne gostote in koliine tanjega drevja (pomlajevanje sestojev) na Jelovici in Trn-ovem in znianje sestojne gostote ob hkratnem poveevanju koliine debelega drevja (staranje sestojev) v Leskovi dolini. Med objekti so bile ugotovljene opazne razlike v diverziteti debelinske strukture, vrasti dreves in drevesni sestavi. Na Trnovem in v Leskovi dolini sta jelka in bukev v prouevanem obdobju izmenjaje prevladovaliv lesni zalogi. Med glavnimi drevesnimi vrstami so bile najveje spremembe obiljain debelinske strukture opaene pri jelki, vendar so se te spremembe med objektirazlikovale. V prouevanem obdobju so na razlien razvoj jelovo-bukovih gozdov vtreh analiziranih obmojih najpomembneje vplivale razlike v pretekli rabi gozdov,reimih abiotskih in biotskih naravnih motenj in rastinih razmerah. Na podlagipresoje vplivov posameznih dejavnikov so bili podani predlogi za prihodnje gospo-darjenje z jelovo-bukovimi gozdovi ter nakazane monosti raziskav v prihodnosti.
Klopi M. Sestojna dinamika jelovo-bukovih gozdov v Sloveniji od zaetka nartnega gospodarjenja do danes. V Dokt. disertacija. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehnika fakulteta, 2011
KEY WORDS DOCUMENTATION
DN DdDC FDC 22:902(497.4)(043.3)=111=163.6
CXarchival data sources/forest stand structure and composition/Fagus sylvatica/Abies alba/Picea abies/forest inventory/influential factors/forest management/silviculturalsystems/anthropogenic disturbances/natural disturbances/large ungulates
CCAU KLOPI, MatijaAA BONINA, Andrej (supervisor)PP SI-1000 Ljubljana, Vena pot 83
PBUniversity of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and RenewableForest Resources
PY 2011
TIFOREST STAND DYNAMICS IN SILVER FIR-EUROPEAN BEECH FORESTS INSLOVENIA FROM THE BEGINNING OF REGULAR FOREST MANAGEMENTUNTIL THE PRESENT
DT Doctoral DissertationNO VII, 105 p., 249 ref.LA enAL sl/enAB The dynamics of silver fir-European beech forest stands in the last century and its
main influential factors were studied in three geographically dislocated study areas in Slovenia, Jelovica, Trnovo, and Leskova dolina. The GIS database was created on a (sub)compartment spatial level using archival forest inventory data and forest man-agement maps for a particular forest inventory period. Changes in forest stands were evaluated with selected structural and compositional indicators: stand volume, dbh structure, tree size diversity, tree species composition, and recruitment rate. Over the century-long time period, all studied stand parameters showed noticeable dy-namics. Significant differences, as well as some similarities, in forest stand dynamics were observed at a regional spatial scale. The stand volume has been continuously increasing during the observation period in all study areas. Changes in dbh structure indicated two different directions of stand dynamics: the increase in stand densi-ties and quantity of small-diameter trees (the regeneration of stands) in Jelovica and Trnovo, and the increase in quantity of large-diameter trees combined with the reduction in the number of trees (ageing of stands) in Leskova dolina. Diverse dy-namics between the study areas were observed also in tree size diversity, recruitment rate, and tree species composition. In Trnovo and Leskova dolina study areas, fluc-tuations in dominance between fir and beech were observed. Among the main tree species, fir underwent the most large-scale changes, which varied between the study areas. Differences in past forest management, regimes of abiotic and biotic natural disturbances, and site conditions seem to be the most important impact factors of diverse long-term dynamics of fir-beech forest stands in Slovenia. The influences of particular impact factors were discussed and some implications for forest manage-ment and suggestions for future research were proposed.
Klopi M. Sestojna dinamika jelovo-bukovih gozdov v Sloveniji od zaetka nartnega gospodarjenja do danes. VI Dokt. disertacija. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehnika fakulteta, 2011
KAZALO VSEBINE
Kljuna dokumentacijska informacija (KDI).......................................................................IVKey words documentation (KWD)........................................................................................VKazalo vsebine.....................................................................................................................VIOkrajave in simboli............................................................................................................VII
1 INTRODUCTION........1
2 SCIENTIFIC PAPERS.........6
2.1 Stand dynamics of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)-European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests during the past century: a decline of silver fir?..............................................................................6
2.2 Long-term changes of structure and tree species composition in Dinaric uneven-aged forests: are red deer an important factor?............................................20
2.3 Natural disturbances in Norway spruce dominated forests in the JulianAlps: their extent, influential factors, and importance in forest stand dynamics.........................................................................33
2.4 Factors related to natural disturbances in mountain Norway spruce (Picea abies)forests in the Julian Alps......................................................................................58
3 DISCUSSION WITH CONCLUSIONS........69
