Total War The Civil War of the

United States, 1861-1865Social Studies Department

Ms. Jennifer L. Blank

Timeline: 1860◦ South Carolina Secedes

1861◦ Deep south secedes◦ Confederacy formed◦ Battle of Fort Sumter◦ Upper South secedes◦ 1st Battle of Bull Run

1862◦ Grant captures Forts Henry &

Donelson◦ Farragut captures New Orleans◦ McClellan loses Richmond◦ South wins 2nd battle of Bull Run◦ Battle of Antiedam◦ 1st Emancipation Proclamation◦ Battle of Fredericksburg

1863◦ Final Emancipation

Proclamation◦ Battle of Chancellorsville◦ Battle of Gettysburg◦ Battle of Vicksburg◦ Battle of Chattanooga

1864◦ Atlanta falls to Sherman◦ Lincoln Re-elected◦ Sherman marches through GA

1865◦ 13th amendment◦ Grant captures Petersburg &

Richmond◦ Lee Surrenders @ Appomattox◦ Lincoln assassinated◦ Confederacy Surrenders

You only have to write down the events in red

Total War: Involves all aspects/areas of society

Political Systems

Economic Systems

Natural Resources

Human Resources

Military Resources & Talents

**initially the South appeared to be in a better position**

North SouthFarming Small farms

Family laborLivestock, basic food crops

No slaveryFree-Soil System

PlantationsCash crops

Small # of small farmsSlavery

Industry Factories not homesFabric & shoe production

Industrial Revolution

AgricultureLittle industry

Labor Free labor-no slavesWomen then immigrants

Paid hourly wagesSlavery

Cities Crowed-tons of peopleSeveral

Primary location of factories

Few citiesPrimarily Rural

Transportation CanalsSteamboats

Railroads

Few canalsFew railroads

Social Organization

WealthyWorking class

Servants & urban poorFree Blacks

Wealthy Plantation Owners

Yeoman FarmersSlaves

Plans of Attack:North: South:

Offensive War Use large population Use better resources Take Richmond Anaconda Plan

◦ Blockade southern coasts◦ Seize control of Mississippi

River◦ Cut off supplies

Two-Front War◦ Keep pressure on VA◦ Take Mississippi River◦ Blockade the coast

Defensive War Wear out the North Take advantage of

military leadership Use knowledge of

terrain Define cause as defense

of the homeland Control the time &

location of battles Seek help if needed

from Britain & France

Results of these plans: initial Union got trounced

Bad leadership

Underestimated Southern military capability

Lacked knowledge of terrain

Both sides had trouble getting & retaining troops

Governors resisted centralized control of forces

Results of these plans: a bit later Both sides struggled to pay for war

◦ South kept printing $$ = BAD inflation◦ North floated bonds = inflation, but sustainable

Confederate economy could not produce necessary supplies

Union was just fine on supplies Runaway inflation in the South (just like Weimar) Union ok b/c of strong economy Tide turns in favor of Union

◦ Early 1863

Key Battles to know … Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Bull Run I Battle of Bull Run II Battle of Antiedam Battle of Gettysburg Sherman March through

Georgia Battle of Richmond Battle of Appomattox

Know the following:1.Who won2.Year3.Location

Civil War Battles: Battle of Fort Sumter

◦ South◦ 1861◦ South Carolina

Battle of Bull Run I◦ South◦ 1861◦ Virginia

Battle of Bull Run II◦ South◦ 1862◦ Virginia

•Battle of Antietam▫Draw▫1862▫Maryland

•Battle of Gettysburg▫North▫1863▫Pennsylvania

•Sherman March through Georgia▫North▫1864▫Georgia

Battle of Gettysburg

Sherman’s March Through Georgia

Civil War Battles: Battle of Richmond

◦ North◦ 1865◦ Virginia

Battle of Appomattox (last battle of CW)◦ North◦ 1865◦ Virginia

Reasons for Union Victory: Economy

◦ Union had infrastructure & capital◦ South had none

Political leadership◦ Union was centralized◦ Confederacy was like the A of C

Manpower◦ Partially due to the Emancipation proclamation

Resources ◦ North had industry◦ South had none

Lack of decisive Southern military victory◦ Resulted in no foreign support for South◦ North did not need any—just needed people to stay out of it

Key Ideas from CW: African-Americans• Over 200,000 served in union army• Others used as laborers for the war effort• Used as front line• Paid less• Under command of white officers

Effects of the War◦ 618,000 men dead◦ 4,000,000 blacks freed◦ Wartime inflation◦ Federal government won the battle of sectionalism◦ Organizational revolution of government

And the biggest consequence of the CW …

Instead of The United States are …

it became The United States is …

Reconstruction

Social Studies DepartmentMs. Jennifer L. Blank

Reconstruction: central questions What system of labor should replace slavery?

What rights should freedmen receive other than emancipation?

On what terms should the confederate states be reunited with the union?

How far should the Federal government go to settle these concerns?

Comparison of Presidential Reconstruction Policies: Lincoln

Middle ground—compromise

The South should not be punished

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

10 Percent Plan

States could return to the union w/o a problem

Individuals violated the Constitution, not the states themselves

Vetoed Wade-Davis Bill

Comparison of Presidential Reconstruction Policies: Johnson

Appointed provisional governors

States had to hold new constitutional conventions

Only “loyal” whites could vote

Required Oath of Allegiance to the Union

Confederate leaders were excluded

Apply for presidential pardon to regain political & property rights

Southern states had to ratify the 13th amendment

Repudiate the national debt

Declare ordinances of secession illegal

Comparison of Presidential Reconstruction Policies:

Lincoln:

Middle ground—compromise

The South should not be punished

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

10 Percent Plan States could return to the

union w/o a problem Individuals violated the

Constitution, not the states themselves

Vetoed Wade-Davis Bill

Johnson:

Appointed provisional governors States had to hold new

constitutional conventions Only “loyal” whites could vote Required Oath of Allegiance to

the Union Confederate leaders were

excluded Apply for presidential pardon to

regain political & property rights Southern states had to ratify the

13th amendment Repudiate the national debt Declare ordinances of secession

illegal

Lincoln’s 10 % plan: Once 10% of population took oath of allegiance

states would be readmitted to the union

Proposed during the war

Meant to weaken southern rebellion and play on southern exhaustion and devastation from war

Never enacted—Republicans claimed it did not go far enough by guaranteeing black male suffrage

Johnson’s background: White southerner

Loyal to union

Against planter class (wealthy southerners)

Racist

Pro-slavery … for everyone

Endorsed emancipation only to reduce power of wealthy planter class

Worse relationship with Congress than Lincoln

Sectionalist divides …. again

Initially, Republicans & Northerners happy with Johnson

This changed when Johnson:◦ Pardoned confederate officials

◦ Allowed passage of black codes

◦ Denied blacks the right to vote

◦ Vetoed 2 bills designed to extend the Freedman’s Bureau and nullify Black Codes

Response & Rebellion to Johnson:

Congress refused to seat the Southern Congressional Delegation

Established joint committee to reevaluate Reconstruction Policy & set further conditions for re-admission to the Union

2/3 majority passed Civil Rights Bill

Passed the 14th amendment

Enacted Radical Reconstruction policies

Black codes: Illegal for blacks to be unemployed

Poll taxes

Apprenticeships for blacks mandatory

Resulted in extended servitude very similar to slavery

Community and private enterprise segregation

Limits on property ownership

Radical Reconstruction: Extended period of military rule over southern states

Passage of 15th amendment ◦ Denial of franchise because of race, color, or previous

servitude illegal

Tenure of Office Act◦ President could not dismiss cabinet members whose

appointments required congressional approval

Impeachment of Johnson◦ Not convicted in Senate trial

Problem # 1: Economics Plantation based economy no longer viable

Contract Wage Labor System

Sharecropping◦ A system of agriculture in which a landowner

allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land

◦ System did not improve Southern economy◦ Resulted in stagnation of farm economy

Problem # 1: Economics Country devolved into severe depression

Republicans blamed for mismanagement◦ Instituted several social reform programs that

resulted in huge state debt

Conservative Democrats elected to Congress

Southern Reactions: Black Codes enforced through private

enterprise and community pressure

KKK – founded in 1865

By 1866 KKK = Democratic Party

President Grant (1868) responded with arrest & prosecution of Klan members, military intervention & martial law

Southern Reactions: Supreme Court ruled in 1872 that fed. Govt.

exceeded its authority—overturned Grant’s initiatives

Dealing with racial and reconstruction problems was a state issue

SC declared Civil Rights Act unconstitutional in 1883

Conclusions: North grew weary of Reconstruction problem

Stopped viewing reconstruction as a moral imperative

Black codes remained and were followed by Jim Crow Laws

Southern economy and landscape devastated by war

Racist attitudes unchanged and continued into the 21st century

Websites…please visit them & take notes! Southern Economy

◦ http://southerneconomyreconstructionand.weebly.com/the-southern-economy-during-reconstruction.html

PBS◦ http://

www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/sharecrop/sf_economy.html Virtual Textbook

◦ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section3/section3_intro.html

◦ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section4/section4_intro.html\

◦ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/section5/section5_intro.html

◦ http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/exhibits/reconstruction/epilogue.html