The Civil WarThe Civil War

South Carolina SecedesSouth Carolina Secedes

SC Secedes December 24, 1860SC Secedes December 24, 1860 Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,

Mississippi, and Texas seceded days laterMississippi, and Texas seceded days later A new constitution was drawnA new constitution was drawn

Guaranteed the right to own slavesGuaranteed the right to own slaves Declared each state “sovereign and Declared each state “sovereign and

independent”independent” Jefferson Davis became the provisional Jefferson Davis became the provisional

president of the Confederate States of president of the Confederate States of AmericaAmerica

The Civil War BeginsThe Civil War Begins The confederates took over many of the federal The confederates took over many of the federal

forts in their states. Fort Sumter remained forts in their states. Fort Sumter remained under federal control under the command of under federal control under the command of Major Robert Anderson.Major Robert Anderson.

Anderson sent word to Washington that he Anderson sent word to Washington that he needed supplies. Lincoln sent word to SC that needed supplies. Lincoln sent word to SC that he was sending unarmed supply ships.he was sending unarmed supply ships.

General Beauregard ordered the federal troops General Beauregard ordered the federal troops to evacuate the fort – Anderson refused.to evacuate the fort – Anderson refused.

At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Confederate At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Confederate troops opened fire on Fort Sumter. After 34 troops opened fire on Fort Sumter. After 34 hours, Anderson and his men formally hours, Anderson and his men formally surrendered. There were no fatalities on either surrendered. There were no fatalities on either side. side.

The Confederacy GrowsThe Confederacy Grows

Lincoln calls on the states not in the Lincoln calls on the states not in the Confederacy to provide soldiers to put Confederacy to provide soldiers to put down the uprising in the south. down the uprising in the south.

Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia responded to the and Virginia responded to the president’s call for troops by seceding. president’s call for troops by seceding.

Four other slave states remained in Four other slave states remained in the Union: Delaware, Maryland, the Union: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and MissouriKentucky, and Missouri

A Divided NationA Divided Nation

Lee DecidesLee DecidesRobert E. Lee’s Letter of Resignation from the Union Army

Northern AdvantagesNorthern Advantages Much greater population Much greater population

(22 million vs. 9 million)(22 million vs. 9 million) Industrial – could meet Industrial – could meet

military and civilians military and civilians demandsdemands

Greater wealthGreater wealth Greater number of Greater number of

Railroad tracks which Railroad tracks which could move men and could move men and supplies to the supplies to the Confederate linesConfederate lines

Most of the U.S. Navy Most of the U.S. Navy remained loyal to the remained loyal to the UnionUnion

An established central An established central government government

Southern AdvantagesSouthern Advantages Fighting to defend Fighting to defend

its territoryits territory Best Military Best Military

LeadersLeaders Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee Thomas “Stonewall” Thomas “Stonewall”

JacksonJackson Joseph E. JohnstonJoseph E. Johnston

Mostly ruralMostly rural HuntersHunters Used to the outdoorsUsed to the outdoors

First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run Manassas, VAManassas, VA Southerners called it the Battle of ManassasSoutherners called it the Battle of Manassas Union leader: General Irvin McDowellUnion leader: General Irvin McDowell Confederate leader: General Joseph E. Confederate leader: General Joseph E.

JohnstonJohnston Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson earned nicknameThomas “Stonewall” Jackson earned nickname Jackson’s troops raced toward the Union line Jackson’s troops raced toward the Union line

with a loud eerie sound that became known as with a loud eerie sound that became known as the “Rebel yell.”the “Rebel yell.”

Union soldiers retreated, throwing down their Union soldiers retreated, throwing down their guns and running back to Washington.guns and running back to Washington.

Results of Bull RunResults of Bull Run Southern victorySouthern victory Lincoln replaced Irvin McDowell with Lincoln replaced Irvin McDowell with

George McClellan to head the Union troops.George McClellan to head the Union troops. Jefferson Davis chose Joseph Johnston to Jefferson Davis chose Joseph Johnston to

command the Army of Northern Virginia and command the Army of Northern Virginia and chose Robert E. Lee as his military advisor. chose Robert E. Lee as his military advisor.

People realized the war would last longer People realized the war would last longer than a few months.than a few months.

The Confederate victory resulted in a false The Confederate victory resulted in a false sense of security.sense of security.

StrategiesStrategies

Union Strategies (Anaconda Plan)Union Strategies (Anaconda Plan) Capture Richmond, the Confederate capitalCapture Richmond, the Confederate capital Gain control of the Mississippi River thus Gain control of the Mississippi River thus

splitting the Southsplitting the South Naval blockade of Southern portsNaval blockade of Southern ports

Confederate StrategiesConfederate Strategies Defend homelandDefend homeland Capture Washington, D.C. and invade the Capture Washington, D.C. and invade the

NorthNorth Win the support of Britain and France who Win the support of Britain and France who

depended on southern cottondepended on southern cotton

Opposition to the WarOpposition to the War In the spring of 1862, the Confederacy passed the first In the spring of 1862, the Confederacy passed the first

conscription (draft) act in American history. Since conscription (draft) act in American history. Since plantation owners were exempted from the draft, many plantation owners were exempted from the draft, many whites became critical saying it was a “rich man’s war and whites became critical saying it was a “rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”a poor man’s fight.”

The Republicans of the north proposed a draft in 1863 The Republicans of the north proposed a draft in 1863 which led to riots in New York City. Democratic which led to riots in New York City. Democratic newspapers claimed the draft forced white workers to newspapers claimed the draft forced white workers to fight to free slaves who would then come north and take fight to free slaves who would then come north and take their jobs. their jobs.

Copperheads were northerners who sympathized with the Copperheads were northerners who sympathized with the southsouth

Lincoln suspended the Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpuswrit of habeas corpus by putting in by putting in jail Copperheads and other opponents of the war without a jail Copperheads and other opponents of the war without a trial.trial.

War in the WestWar in the West Battle of ShilohBattle of Shiloh

Name of a Methodist church in TNName of a Methodist church in TN Confederate name: Battle of Pittsburg LandingConfederate name: Battle of Pittsburg Landing Confederate Generals Albert Johnston and Confederate Generals Albert Johnston and

P.G.T. Beauregard commanded the P.G.T. Beauregard commanded the Confederate Army of the MississippiConfederate Army of the Mississippi

Union Army led by Ulysses S. Grant.Union Army led by Ulysses S. Grant. Confederates surprised the Union Confederates surprised the Union

army/fighting lasted 2 daysarmy/fighting lasted 2 days Union victoryUnion victory Confederates: over 10,000 casualties including Confederates: over 10,000 casualties including

Gen. Albert Johnston Gen. Albert Johnston Union: over 13,000 casualties Union: over 13,000 casualties

War in the WestWar in the West

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans In order for the Union to control the In order for the Union to control the

Mississippi River they needed to take New Mississippi River they needed to take New Orleans.Orleans.

Union ships commanded by David Farragut Union ships commanded by David Farragut attacked the Confederate forts guarding the attacked the Confederate forts guarding the approach to New Orleans. After 6 days of approach to New Orleans. After 6 days of unsuccessful attacks, Farragut decided to sail unsuccessful attacks, Farragut decided to sail past the forts. Farragut unhooked the chains past the forts. Farragut unhooked the chains guarding the waterway and sailed into New guarding the waterway and sailed into New Orleans under heavy fire. Farragut lost 4 out Orleans under heavy fire. Farragut lost 4 out of 17 ships. The city was forced to surrender.of 17 ships. The city was forced to surrender.

Eastern CampaignsEastern Campaigns The Peninsula CampaignThe Peninsula Campaign

George McClellan’s attempt to take RichmondGeorge McClellan’s attempt to take Richmond McClellan met the Confederates at Yorktown. Lincoln McClellan met the Confederates at Yorktown. Lincoln

urged McClellan to attack, but he refused claiming there urged McClellan to attack, but he refused claiming there were too many enemy troops. Instead McClellan laid siege were too many enemy troops. Instead McClellan laid siege on the city. on the city.

Johnston retreated toward Richmond – McClellan Johnston retreated toward Richmond – McClellan followed. followed.

The Battle of Seven Pines was fought outside of The Battle of Seven Pines was fought outside of Richmond.Richmond.

Union victoryUnion victory Confederate Gen. Joseph Johnston was seriously wounded. Confederate Gen. Joseph Johnston was seriously wounded. Jefferson Davis put Lee in charge of the Confederate forces. Jefferson Davis put Lee in charge of the Confederate forces. McClellan hesitated in overtaking the weakened Confederates.McClellan hesitated in overtaking the weakened Confederates.

Eastern CampaignsEastern Campaigns

Seven Days Campaign (Outside of Seven Days Campaign (Outside of Richmond)Richmond) Lee sent James E. B. “Jeb” Stuart to gather Lee sent James E. B. “Jeb” Stuart to gather

information on the enemy. information on the enemy. Lee and Stonewall Jackson attacked the Union Lee and Stonewall Jackson attacked the Union

forces in the Seven Days Campaignforces in the Seven Days Campaign Confederate victory even though they had the most Confederate victory even though they had the most

losses because McClellan retreated. losses because McClellan retreated. Lincoln removed McClellan from command and gave Lincoln removed McClellan from command and gave

General John Pope command of the Union army.General John Pope command of the Union army.

Pope and his men were defeated at the 2Pope and his men were defeated at the 2ndnd Battle of Bull RunBattle of Bull Run

James E. B. “Jeb” StuartJames E. B. “Jeb” Stuart At the 2At the 2ndnd Battle of Battle of

Bull Run he lost his Bull Run he lost his famous plumed hat famous plumed hat and cloakand cloak

Later in a Later in a Confederate raid, he Confederate raid, he overran Pope’s overran Pope’s headquarters, he headquarters, he captured Pope’s full captured Pope’s full uniform and orders uniform and orders which provided Lee which provided Lee with more valuable with more valuable intelligence. intelligence.

AntietamAntietam Confederates moved into Maryland Confederates moved into Maryland

Hoped a victory on Union soil would convince the North Hoped a victory on Union soil would convince the North to accept the South’s independenceto accept the South’s independence

Hoped it would help the South win recognition from Hoped it would help the South win recognition from Britain.Britain.

Lee’s plans were lost and discovered by Union Lee’s plans were lost and discovered by Union soldiers wrapped in a pack of cigars.soldiers wrapped in a pack of cigars.

McClellan met Lee at Antietam CreekMcClellan met Lee at Antietam Creek The Battle of Antietam was called the Battle of The Battle of Antietam was called the Battle of

Sharpsburg by the Confederates. Sharpsburg by the Confederates. The bloodiest single-day battleThe bloodiest single-day battle

Union had over 12,000 casualtiesUnion had over 12,000 casualties Confederates over 13,000 casualtiesConfederates over 13,000 casualties

Although a Union victory, Lincoln fired McClellan Although a Union victory, Lincoln fired McClellan after he let Lee’s army escape into VA.after he let Lee’s army escape into VA.

Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

The Union reasoned that more slaves at work The Union reasoned that more slaves at work meant more Confederate soldiers were meant more Confederate soldiers were available to fight against the Union.available to fight against the Union.

Lincoln hoped if slaves learned the North was Lincoln hoped if slaves learned the North was fighting to free them, they would desert their fighting to free them, they would desert their masters, thereby weakening the South’s masters, thereby weakening the South’s economy.economy.

Lincoln issued a military order that would free Lincoln issued a military order that would free all slaves living in areas of rebellion. all slaves living in areas of rebellion. Confederate states had until January 1, 1863 to Confederate states had until January 1, 1863 to end the rebellion in order to keep their slaves. end the rebellion in order to keep their slaves. Slaves escaping to the north could join the Union Slaves escaping to the north could join the Union

armyarmy Slaves in the border states were not freed.Slaves in the border states were not freed.

5454thth Massachusetts Massachusetts InfantryInfantry

African American regiments African American regiments Commanded by white officersCommanded by white officers Earned less than half the pay of white soldiers Earned less than half the pay of white soldiers

until Congress equalized the pay in June 1864until Congress equalized the pay in June 1864 About 100 African Americans commissioned as About 100 African Americans commissioned as

junior officersjunior officers Black soldiers captured by the Confederates Black soldiers captured by the Confederates

were treated as outlaws and could be executed were treated as outlaws and could be executed or sold into slaveryor sold into slavery

The 54The 54thth led in the attack on Fort Wagner led in the attack on Fort Wagner which guarded the entrance to Charleston which guarded the entrance to Charleston Harbor – suffered heavy losses.Harbor – suffered heavy losses.

New Union CommandersNew Union Commanders

Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose E. Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose E. Burnside.Burnside.

Burnside met Lee’s forces at FredericksburgBurnside met Lee’s forces at Fredericksburg Confederate victoryConfederate victory Union suffered heavy losses (12,000 to Lee’s Union suffered heavy losses (12,000 to Lee’s

5,000)5,000) Lincoln transferred Burnside and put Lincoln transferred Burnside and put

General Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker in General Joseph “Fighting Joe” Hooker in chargecharge ““May God have mercy on Lee for I will have May God have mercy on Lee for I will have

none.”none.”

ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville One of Lee’s greatest One of Lee’s greatest

victory and yet his victory and yet his greatest loss.greatest loss.

Stonewall Jackson was Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by his accidentally shot by his own troops who own troops who mistaken him for a mistaken him for a Union cavalryman. His Union cavalryman. His left arm had to be left arm had to be amputated. Infection set amputated. Infection set in and he died 8 days in and he died 8 days later. later.

Gettysburg Gettysburg Lee met Union General George G. Meade in PA Lee met Union General George G. Meade in PA Confederates converged on the town driving the Union Confederates converged on the town driving the Union

back to Cemetery Hill and Cemetery Ridge. The back to Cemetery Hill and Cemetery Ridge. The Confederates held the lower Seminary Ridge. (July 1, Confederates held the lower Seminary Ridge. (July 1, 1863)1863)

Lee attempted w/o success to capture a dome-shaped Lee attempted w/o success to capture a dome-shaped hill called Little Round Top. (July 2, 1863)hill called Little Round Top. (July 2, 1863)

The next day, Lee ordered George Pickett’s men to The next day, Lee ordered George Pickett’s men to charge up Cemetery Ridge (Pickett’s Charge). (July 3, charge up Cemetery Ridge (Pickett’s Charge). (July 3, 1863)1863)

Unsuccessful, Lee retreated to VA. (July 4, 1863)Unsuccessful, Lee retreated to VA. (July 4, 1863) The North had over 23,000 casualties and the South The North had over 23,000 casualties and the South

had over 20,000 casualties in the 3-day battle. had over 20,000 casualties in the 3-day battle. 4 months later, Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg 4 months later, Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg

Address to dedicate a national cemetery at the Address to dedicate a national cemetery at the battlefield. battlefield.

Siege of VicksburgSiege of Vicksburg The Confederates last stronghold on the The Confederates last stronghold on the

Mississippi RiverMississippi River Grant placed the city under siege from May Grant placed the city under siege from May

28 – July 4, 1863 bombing the city daily.28 – July 4, 1863 bombing the city daily. The city was held under the Confederate The city was held under the Confederate

general John Pemberton. general John Pemberton. With no supplies coming in, the people began With no supplies coming in, the people began

eating mules and rats to keep form starving. eating mules and rats to keep form starving. Pemberton finally surrendered to Grant on Pemberton finally surrendered to Grant on

July 4, 1863.July 4, 1863. In 1864 Grant was promoted to commander In 1864 Grant was promoted to commander

of all Union forces. of all Union forces.

Sherman’s March to the Sherman’s March to the SeaSea

Beginning in Chattanooga, William Tecumseh Beginning in Chattanooga, William Tecumseh Sherman, marched toward the Atlantic Ocean and then Sherman, marched toward the Atlantic Ocean and then northward.northward.

Sherman took what supplies he could use and Sherman took what supplies he could use and destroyed everything else leaving a path of destroyed everything else leaving a path of destruction. Cities were burned and pillaged. Farms destruction. Cities were burned and pillaged. Farms were destroyed and livestock were killed. were destroyed and livestock were killed.

PurposePurpose Destroy southern railroads and industriesDestroy southern railroads and industries Destroy crops and livestockDestroy crops and livestock Destroy the moral of the SouthDestroy the moral of the South

Savannah, GA was spared destruction bec/ Savannah, GA was spared destruction bec/ Confederate soldiers had fled Savannah, and the Confederate soldiers had fled Savannah, and the mayor surrendered the city to Sherman’s army. mayor surrendered the city to Sherman’s army. Sherman sent a telegram to Lincoln delivering to him Sherman sent a telegram to Lincoln delivering to him Savannah as a Christmas gift. Savannah as a Christmas gift.

The Confederates The Confederates SurrenderSurrender

Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA on April 9, 1865.Courthouse, VA on April 9, 1865.

Terms of Surrender Terms of Surrender Confederate soldiers could keep their side Confederate soldiers could keep their side

armsarms All soldiers could keep their horses and All soldiers could keep their horses and

mulesmules None would be tried for treasonNone would be tried for treason

Joseph Johnston surrenders to Sherman Joseph Johnston surrenders to Sherman under similar terms at Durham Station, under similar terms at Durham Station, NC on April 26, 1865.NC on April 26, 1865.

Lincoln’s AssassinationLincoln’s Assassination Lincoln had expressed in a speech that Lincoln had expressed in a speech that

voting rights should be extended to voting rights should be extended to Blacks. This infuriated Booth. Booth Blacks. This infuriated Booth. Booth blamed Lincoln for all of the South’s ills blamed Lincoln for all of the South’s ills and wanted revenge. and wanted revenge.

John Wilkes Booth shot the John Wilkes Booth shot the president in the head as he president in the head as he and his wife watched the play and his wife watched the play ““My American Cousin” atMy American Cousin” atFord Theatre.Ford Theatre.

Lincoln never regained Lincoln never regained consciousness and passed away at the consciousness and passed away at the Petersen House on April 15, 1865.Petersen House on April 15, 1865.

Results of the WarResults of the War

The bloodiest war in U.S. history - Over The bloodiest war in U.S. history - Over 600,000 died in the four year war600,000 died in the four year war

The South’s economy was destroyed The South’s economy was destroyed and many cities were in ruins and many cities were in ruins

The 13The 13thth amendment to end slavery was amendment to end slavery was ratified in December of 1865 ratified in December of 1865

The Confederate states were put under The Confederate states were put under the control of the Union militarythe control of the Union military