SECESSION … AND SECESSION … AND

THE CIVIL WARTHE CIVIL WAR

The Deep South Secedes The Deep South Secedes (1/2)(1/2)

• 1860--South Carolina secedes1860--South Carolina secedes• 1861—CSA formed1861—CSA formed

– included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and TexasAlabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

The Deep South Secedes The Deep South Secedes (2)(2)

• CSA government headed by moderates CSA government headed by moderates • CSA constitution resembles U.S.CSA constitution resembles U.S.• Southerners hope to attract Northern Southerners hope to attract Northern

states into Confederacystates into Confederacy

The Failure of CompromiseThe Failure of Compromise

• Crittenden Plan: extend the Missouri Crittenden Plan: extend the Missouri Compromise line to the PacificCompromise line to the Pacific

• Lincoln rejectsLincoln rejects– does not think it will end secession does not think it will end secession – viewed as repudiation of Republican viewed as repudiation of Republican

principles principles

• Buchanan takes no action to stop Buchanan takes no action to stop secessionsecession

• Some wish to “let the South depart in Some wish to “let the South depart in peace” peace”

And the “Rebellion” Came And the “Rebellion” Came … …

• North seeks action to preserve UnionNorth seeks action to preserve Union• April 13, 1861--Fort Sumter, S.C, fallsApril 13, 1861--Fort Sumter, S.C, falls• April 15--Lincoln calls out Northern April 15--Lincoln calls out Northern

state militias to suppress Southern state militias to suppress Southern “insurrection”“insurrection”

• April-May--Upper South secedesApril-May--Upper South secedes• Border states--slave states remain in Border states--slave states remain in

UnionUnion• War defined as effort to preserve War defined as effort to preserve

UnionUnion

Resources of the Union Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, and the Confederacy,

18611861

Prospects, Plans, and Prospects, Plans, and ExpectationsExpectations

• South adopts defensive strategy--North South adopts defensive strategy--North must fight in unfamiliar, hostile terrain must fight in unfamiliar, hostile terrain

• Lincoln adopts following strategies:Lincoln adopts following strategies:– capture Confederate capital, Richmond, capture Confederate capital, Richmond,

Va.Va.– seize control of the Mississippi Riverseize control of the Mississippi River– deploy navy to blockade Southern portsdeploy navy to blockade Southern ports

Mobilizing the Home Mobilizing the Home FrontsFronts

• 1862--North & South begin 1862--North & South begin conscriptionconscription• Northern mobilizationNorthern mobilization

– finance war through taxes, bonds, paper finance war through taxes, bonds, paper moneymoney

– private industry supplies Union armies wellprivate industry supplies Union armies well

• Confederate mobilizationConfederate mobilization– government arsenals supply CSA armiesgovernment arsenals supply CSA armies– efforts to finance lead to inflationefforts to finance lead to inflation– transportation system inadequatetransportation system inadequate

Political Leadership: Political Leadership: Northern Success and Northern Success and

Southern FailureSouthern Failure• Lincoln expands wartime powersLincoln expands wartime powers

– declares martial law declares martial law – imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without

trial (write of habeas corpus) trial (write of habeas corpus) – briefly closed down a few newspapersbriefly closed down a few newspapers

• Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis– concerned mainly with military duties concerned mainly with military duties – neglects civilian morale, economyneglects civilian morale, economy– lacks influence with state governmentslacks influence with state governments

The Diplomatic StruggleThe Diplomatic Struggle

• England England – belligerent rights extended to Confederacy belligerent rights extended to Confederacy – conditions recognition of independence on conditions recognition of independence on

proof that South can win independence proof that South can win independence

• France--CSA not recognized unless France--CSA not recognized unless England does so firstEngland does so first

• "King Cotton" has little influence on "King Cotton" has little influence on foreign policy of other nations foreign policy of other nations

Fight to the FinishFight to the Finish

• North adopts radical measures to winNorth adopts radical measures to win• 1863--war turns against South1863--war turns against South• Southern resistance continuesSouthern resistance continues

The Coming of The Coming of EmancipationEmancipation

• 1862--Antietam prompts preliminary 1862--Antietam prompts preliminary Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation – surrender in 100 days or lose slaves surrender in 100 days or lose slaves

• 1863--Proclamation put into effect for 1863--Proclamation put into effect for areas still in rebellionareas still in rebellion

• African Americans flee to Union linesAfrican Americans flee to Union lines

• Confederacy loses thousands of Confederacy loses thousands of laborerslaborers

African Americans and the African Americans and the WarWar

• 200,000 Black Union troops200,000 Black Union troops• Many others labor in Northern war effortMany others labor in Northern war effort• Lincoln pushes further for black rightsLincoln pushes further for black rights

– organizes governments in conquered organizes governments in conquered Southern states that abolish slavery Southern states that abolish slavery

– Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery – 1865--13th Amendment (?) passed1865--13th Amendment (?) passed

The Tide TurnsThe Tide Turns

• May, 1863--war-wearinessMay, 1863--war-weariness– New York riots against draftNew York riots against draft– Grant seems bogged down at Vicksburg Grant seems bogged down at Vicksburg – Union defeated at ChancellorsvilleUnion defeated at Chancellorsville– Democrats attack LincolnDemocrats attack Lincoln

• July, 1863July, 1863– Lee loses Battle of GettysburgLee loses Battle of Gettysburg– Vicksburg falls, North holds the Vicksburg falls, North holds the

MississippiMississippi

Last Stages of the ConflictLast Stages of the Conflict

• March 9, 1864—US Grant made March 9, 1864—US Grant made supreme commander of Union armiessupreme commander of Union armies

• Union invades the South on all frontsUnion invades the South on all fronts– Sherman marches through GeorgiaSherman marches through Georgia– Grant lays siege to RichmondGrant lays siege to Richmond

• September 2--Sherman takes AtlantaSeptember 2--Sherman takes Atlanta• November 8--Lincoln reelected November 8--Lincoln reelected

Last Stages of the ConflictLast Stages of the Conflict

• April 9, 1865--Lee surrenders April 9, 1865--Lee surrenders • April 14--Lincoln assassinatedApril 14--Lincoln assassinated• May 26--Final capitulation of May 26--Final capitulation of

Confederacy Confederacy

Effects of the War (1/2)Effects of the War (1/2)

• 618,000 troops dead618,000 troops dead

• 4 million blacks free, not equal4 million blacks free, not equal

Casualties of WarCasualties of War

Effects of the War (2)Effects of the War (2)

• Federal government predominant over Federal government predominant over statesstates

• Federal government takes activist role Federal government takes activist role in the economyin the economy– higher tariffs, free land, national banking higher tariffs, free land, national banking

system system

An Organizational RevolutionAn Organizational Revolution

• Modern bureaucratic state emergesModern bureaucratic state emerges

• Individualism gives way to organized, Individualism gives way to organized, cooperative activitycooperative activity

• Catalyst for transformation of American Catalyst for transformation of American society in the late nineteenth centurysociety in the late nineteenth century