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EPAMS®
Siphonic cast iron drainage system
Comprehensive pipe solutions
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Location Project Area (m²) Building Type
CHINA
Shanghai Shanghai Pudong International Airport Terminal 1 176 000 Airports
Hefei Anhui International Exhibition and Conference Centre 34 157 Exhibition Centres
Xian Xian Xianyang International Airport 35 110 Airports
Dongguan Dongguan Nokia Factory Phase I 16 080 Industrial Buildings and Factories
Dongguan Dongguan Nokia Factory Phase II 12 400 Industrial Buildings and Factories
MACAU
Sai Wan Macau Tower Convention and Entertainment Centre 7 250 Exhibition Centres
Cotai Venetian Macau at Cotai (Parcel 1) – Podium, Expo and Energy Centre 120 548 Casinos/ Integrated Resorts
Nape MGM Grand Macau 29 603 Casinos/ Integrated Resorts
Cotai City of Dreams at Cotai – Podium, Energy Centre, Theatre and Hotel B1/B2 Amenity Deck 36 589 Casinos/ Integrated Resorts
Macau Wynn Cotai 8 900 Casinos/ Integrated Resorts
HONG-KONG
Wan Chai Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre Extension – Old Atrium Link 4 830 Exhibition Centres
Chep Lap Kok Hong Kong International Airport – Contract 312 East Hall Expansion Works 6 340 Airports
Mong Kok The Mall - Langham Place (URA – Development Scheme K2) 3 325 Commercial Buildings and Offices
Tsuen Wan MTR – Drainage Improvement Works to Electronic Workshop at Tsuen Wan Depot 1 320 Railway/Metro Stations
Discovery Bay ESF Foundation – Discovery College 4 710 Schools and Universities
Tseung Kwan O ASD – TKO Sports Ground at Area 45 (Main venue for East Asia Games 2009) 4 780 Stadium and Sports Centers
Tuen Mun ASD – Joint-User Complex & Wholesales Fish Market at Area 44 1 440 Public Markets
Tseung Kwan O MTR – New Toilet for Temporary PTI at Tseung Kwan O South Station 120 Railway/Metro Stations
Tsuen Wan MTR – Upgrade Drainage System for Recreation and Office Building at Tsuen Wan Depot 1 450 Railway/Metro Stations
Tuen Mun MTR – Tuen Mun Workshop Roof Water Drain Improvement and Roof Repair 540 Railway/Metro Stations
Chep Lap Kok Cathay Pacific Cargo Terminal at Hong Kong International Airport 53 607 Airports
INDONESIA
Jakarta TangCity Mall, Tangerang 15 825 Commercial Buildings and Offices
TAÏWAN
Tainan Far East Department Store Commercial Building 1 873 Commercial Buildings and Offices
Taichung Dung Shan Middle School 1 700 Schools and Universities
Kaohsiung Kaohsiung Carrefour Shopping Mall 7 910 Commercial Buildings and Offices
Taichung Jing Yi University 1 850 Schools and Universities
Taichung Yung Chung Elementary School 1 280 Schools and Universities
Taichung Toung Hai University 2 208 Schools and Universities
Taichung AVT Apartments 1 660 Resdiential Buildings
Hsinchu Tax Office Building 946 Commercial Buildings and Offices
Taichung Hwa Yang Building 2 567 Commercial Buildings and Offices
Taipei Shulin Carrefour Shopping Centre 5 795 Commercial Buildings and Offices
Taichung Court Building 1 000 Commercial Buildings and Offices
Hsinchu Land Bank Building 800 Commercial Buildings and Offices
Nan Tou Pu Tai Elementary School – Gymnastics Building 5 160 Schools and Universities
Hualien Pu Lien Building 1 180 Commercial Buildings and Offices
20P_EpamsAsie2014.indd 2 09/05/2018 17:22
EPAMS / 1
Global warming and climate change are the most extensively researched and discussed topical issues affecting the environment. The associated effects are the variability of rainfall and cyclonic patterns that are being observed globally.
In the Asia/Pacific region, there is evidence of prominent increases in the intensity and/or frequency of rainfalls during summer monsoon, when droughts can be observed in winter.
Appropriate drainage of rooftops then becomes a challenge in highly developed residential, commercial and industrial areas which, due to space constraints, see the general size of the buildings constantly increasing.
Traditionally, the run-off collection from the rooftops is drained at regular points by gravity flow. The larger the roof surface, the more numerous points. Discharge downpipes are designed to flow up to a maximum of one third (literature sometimes states ½) full under the action of gravity.
For large rooftops and/or high rise buildings, drainage by gravity flow is a very inefficient way to drain water since the pressure head driving the flow is only the few millimeters (≈ 100mm) of water depth in the gutter, irrespective of the height of the building.
For these specific building projects, cast iron siphonic roof drainage system is the most appropriate to address intense rainfall. Due to projects thoroughly designed and executed, EPAMS® siphonic system is also the safest answer.
A siphonic roof drainage system is also one of the most effective technologies offered for capturing rainwater from a building roof top to aid in implementing rainwater harvesting.
Additional benefits include reduced discharge of rainwater to lakes, streams, rivers and sanitary systems, and decreased dependence on municipal water supplies.
EPAMS®
Stimulate your networks with EPAMS® siphonic drainage systems
Rainwater harvesting tank
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EPAMS / 2
A modern technique based on a dynamic principle.
Alternative method to gravity drainage system, the « siphonic » drainage system is designed so that the pipework can operate up to full bore during a rainstorm.
Harnessing the principle of mechanical energy conservation between the high points – rainwater outlets – and the low point which is the main drain, siphonic systems are based on Bernoulli’s Equation or energy balance relationship.
In a siphonic system the fluid has static, kinetic and potential energies that balance regardless if the individual pressure, velocity or potential energy conditions change.
Once the pipework is filled with water, the column of water in the downpipe wants to fall and the water in the horizontal collector pipe is literally sucked or siphoned and falls below atmospheric.
Siphonic systems are designed to enhance flow and exclude air from the pipework.
The EPAMS® siphonic system is a combination of original anti-vortex outlets preventing air entering the pipework and cast iron SMU pipe system designed to run 100 % full.
The EPAMS® typical pipework consists of one or several horizontal pipes installed with no gradient, connected to a downpipe.
EPAMS® technical principles
Fields of useSiphonic roofwater harvesting systems utilize the potential energy of the building to create negative pressure in the pipework.
Siphonic rainwater drainage system EPAMS® is ideal for:
• low-rise buildings with a vast roof surface including airport terminals and aircraft hangers, malls, office complexes, warehouses, train stations, stadiums, convention centers and factories.
• it is also very efficient for high rise buildings.
We generally consider 3 m being the minimum height and 60 m2 the minimum roof surface (drained by a single downpipe) compatible with an EPAMS® siphonic system.
If it happens to rain at a rate below the design DRI (Dimensional rainfall intensity), the system simply acts like a traditional gravity system with an air-water mixture at atmospheric pressure (see explanations on siphonic regimes p12).
FOCUS
Operating mechanism
In case of intense rainfall, the rainwater flows towards the outlet equipped with an anti-vortex mechanism. When the grid is half covered by rainwater -30 mm- the mechanism limits the entering of air into the pipe system and initiates negative pressure.
As the speed and the water flow increase the air entering the system decreases; it creates suction of the water into the roof outlets. When no air is entering the pipework, the drainage capacity of the siphonic system is at its optimum level.
At the bottom of the downpipe, the pipework is increased by generally two diameter sizes – causing decompression and reduction in the flow velocity. Before connection to the main drain the system returns to gravity flow.
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Advantages
The first advantage is the method itself which compared to gravity has a much better absorbing capacity. A siphonic system is thus more capable of addressing intense rainfalls, regularly observed in Asia, and preventing the roof overloading.
Once the system is fully primed, there is an abrupt increase of velocity within the pipes and they flow full bore under negative pressure. Because the system flows under pressure, the majority of the pipework can be horizontal rather than vertical. So, compared to gravity systems, siphonic velocity allows :
• smaller pipe sections
• long horizontal runs without gradient which can be installed very close to the roof or ceiling and reduced need for vertical pipework.
All these features mean full use of internal space and aesthetics being preserved in architectural projects.
Siphonic system EPAMS® is also made to accommodate site drainage limitations.
The harvested run-off can easily be drained to a specific location favoring water management, storage, treatment and beneficial reuse.
The global cost of a syphonic drainage system and a gravity flow are differently apportioned but siphonic systems result in a significant reduction in lengths (esp below ground pipes) and material.
It was estimated that for the simple case of an outlet with a given diameter of vertical downpipe, a siphonic system would have approximately up to six or eight times the flowrate capacity of a conventional gravity system.
FOCUS
Operating mechanism
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Rooftop drainage in total safety
In case of intense rainfall, safety rests with quick and efficient drainage.
The safety of EPAMS® siphonic systems leans on three cornerstones :
• Accuracy of the design study and project follow-up, including trade coordination and installation in full compliance with the study.
• Products design: suitable siphonic outlets plus pipes and brackets able to withstand negative pressure and dynamic loading from siphonic flow.
• Clear guidance for maintenance requirements.
Design accuracy
A siphonic roof drainage system is truly an « engineered system » which must be designed with careful and expert analysis. The pipework design is the key factor for performance and operational safety.
SAINT-GOBAIN PAM salesmen, trained to the EPAMS® system first evaluate your roof drainage project. When feasibility is confirmed, a technical team, designs both technical study and network sizing using the dedicated EPAMS® Software.
The system must always be properly balanced and the flow velocity controlled. To protect the lifespan of the EPAMS® siphonic systems, the SAINT-GOBAIN PAM design sets that the dynamic pressure within the system should never exceed 5 bar.
Trained people specifically in charge will handle your siphonic project till the acceptance of work; each change in the plans results in the need of a new study.
Before the acceptance of work, SAINT-GOBAIN PAM or a delegated third party checks on site that the installation fully meets the last study isometries; any modification on an EPAMS® pipework route at installation stage needs further approval from PAM.
This thorough management of the EPAMS® projects - feasibility study, project follow-up and control after installation completion – is carried out to ensure the EPAMS® system efficiency and provides the project manager with total peace of mind.
Products design
Siphonic systems are sometimes considered to involve potential risks of claims and losses.
Specific care has been brought to the design of the EPAMS® outlets to enhance their absorbing capacity up to 8l/min/m2 * which corresponds to a rainfall amount of 480 mm/h.
The extended surface of an EPAMS® outlet represent 700 cm2 which can be compared to a DN300 gravity flow outlet and then means no more risk!
EPAMS® outlets are 100% metal to provide mechanical strength and durability. There is no risk of damage during insulation and waterproofing works on rooftops.
They fully comply with EN 1253 for flow capacity, watertightness, solidity, mechanical strength, resistance to heat and climatic stresses (resistance to Ultra Violet…) where most of the competitors’ are only tested on flow rates.
EPAMS® grid and the anti-vortex device are made in one piece which allows quick removal with no risk of error at reassembling and ensures easy intervention and maintenance.
EPAMS® being an all metal system is stable and serviceable in total safety, over a long period of time.
* Maximum value, specific for the Asian area
EPAMS® technical principles
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Maintenance
Many specifiers are concerned that siphonic roof drainage systems need much higher levels of maintenance, but all roof drainage systems need adequate maintenance including gravity. Gutters should be inspected and cleaned when appropriate twice a year and even more frequently where specific clogging risks exist (trees and airborne debris).
For EPAMS® systems, all necessary recommendations and information are described in the Technical Assessment*: biannual maintenance is highly required.
In a building project a clogged outlet could under certain conditions affect the system balance and cause damage.
The maintenance rate is fully detailed in the Maintenance Manual supplied with the study at submission stage for approval.
Specific labels are applied on the system to remind that any modification on an EPAMS® pipework route requires approval from PAM.
In practice, due to the outlet design and the traditional ranges, maintenance on siphonic EPAMS® systems requires no special skills, nor specific tools.
All these factors ensure efficient maintenance and prevent potential malfunction over time.
EPAMS® siphonic systems have proven to be a reliable and totally safe solution over time. Specific design and procedures allowed that no claim has been registered against an EPAMS® system for the past 20 years it has been installed on projects worlwide.
*The EPAMS® siphonic system is run by a Technical Assessment (5+14/14-2386), and undergoes precise controls.
EPAMS®: rely on the outstanding properties of the PAM cast iron systems
Cast iron properties – mechanical strength and stability, thermal expansion coefficient, resistance to negative pressure, acoustic properties, resistance to fire and outstanding service life– make the EPAMS® system the best choice to design a safe and reliable siphonic system.
The installation of the EPAMS® system is generally performed by installers trained with our products. The traditional assembly as work progresses is perfectly aligned with the reality and constraints of the job site, so that 100% of the expected performances are effectively achieved.
SAINT-GOBAIN PAM being liable for dimensioning studies they carry out, installation is thoroughly checked and technical compliance validated after inspection is completed.
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Hydrodynamic forces in the design of thrust blocks
Traditional gravity flow systems generally operate without pressure; the anchoring strategy takes into account end thrust forces liable to occur from overloading risks and considers static fluids.
The siphonic principle is fully dependent on flow velocity. This water in motion produces forces whenever velocity or flow direction change. The forces produced are called hydrodynamic forces.
In a siphonic pipework, changes in flow regime or direction can cause unbalanced hydrodynamic forces. Like unbalanced hydrostatic forces, hydrodynamic forces are called thrust forces liable to drive to joint dislocation.
In EPAMS® siphonic drainage systems design, the range of fluid velocity is limited to 6 to 8 l/s. As such, the resulting unbalanced hydrodynamic forces induced are around ten times lower when compared with unbalanced hydrostatic forces.
If the couplings ensure watertightness, the jointing areas have to be secured to counteract these forces and the EPAMS® siphonic system
must be anchored or restrained where necessary to ensure pipework stability. The anchoring is essentially made with the installation of grip collars over clamped on the usual couplings or with self-anchored high pressure joints like GRIP HP couplings.
These devices, types and locations, are specified in the technical study and design and include a safety margin.
Formulas Thrust effect due to hydrostatic pressure*:
Thrust effect due to dynamic pressure:
Tightening torque for grip collars and GRIP HP couplings PAM grip collar is so designed that it is normally not necessary to check the torque: the assembly is completed when the edges of the plates are tightened to fullest extent.
For high pressure GRIP HP couplings, the torque needs being checked.
For both types of couplings, if using a powered tool, this torque can be programmed to the minimum torque requirement. (see opposite)
* at a change of direction under alpha angle.
GRIP HP-S GRIP HP-InoxDN Torque Torque
100 20 N.m 20 N.m
125 20 N.m 20 N.m
150 30 N.m 30 N.m
200 50 N.m 30 N.m
250 65 N.m 50 N.m
300 80 N.m 80 N.m
400 80 N.m 90 N.m
500 80 N.m 90 N.m
600 120 N.m 80 N.m
PAM grip collarsDN Torque
50-125 20 N.m
150-300 30 N.m
EPAMS® technical features
F2
F1
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EPAMS / 7
Address end thrust forces : the specific case of watertightness test
End thrust force calculation:For deviation with angle α: Thrust force = 2 x Pressure (in bar) x Section (in cm²) x sin(α/2)
i.e. At 10 bars, a 88° bend DN150 (diameter 15.2 cm) will undergo the following thrust force:
2 x 10 bars x 7.6cm x 7.6cm x π x sin (88°/2) = 2 521 daN
The opposite table gives the details of end thrust forces to consider for 10 m of head water column (1 bar pressure) for the PAM cast Iron bends most commonly found in each diameter
Plugs are prohibited on an EPAMS® pipework and as access door pipes are designed to withstand a hydrostatic pressure according to their diameter, no special care is to consider on pipe terminations subjected to overloading.
Thrust blocks or restraints shall be calculated to resist thrust forces calculated with the above values multiplied by the pressure (in bar) to consider. These values shall be increased by a 50% safety margin (multiplying coefficient of 1.5) to avoid support bending or deformations. For intricate bearing structures or very important thrust forces, the multiplying coefficient will be 2.
End thrust force (daN) Angle of bend αDN S (mm2) 22° 45° 88°
50 2 043 7.8 15.6 28.4
75 4 536 17.3 34.7 63.0
100 8 332 31.8 63.8 115.8
125 12 668 48.3 97.0 176.0
150 18 146 69.2 138.9 252.1
200 31 416 119.9 240.4 436.5
250 54 325 207.3 415.8 754.7
300 77 437 295.5 592.7 1 075.8
400 135 526 517.2 1 037.3 1 882.9
To assess the EPAMS® pipework watertightness, it may happen that a watertightness test is carried out. In this specific case, the anchoring rules and thrust blocks calculations are the ones used for a pipework liable to undergo thrust forces due to unbalanced hydrostatic forces.
Anchoring rules to address hydrostatic pressure
Straight runs of the pipeworkIn case of accidental overloading, straight runs between two fixed points do not experience exceptional forces, grip collars are then not necessary.
The couplings will only have to address hydrostatic pressure. They generally withstand:
• 5 bars for couplings like PAM Rapid S from DN 50 to 200
• 3 bars for the same couplings for DN 250 and 300
Changes of direction and specific elementsEnd thrust forces can exert in changes of direction, gradient and specific components like branches and plugs for example. In these areas, the forces have to be addressed to avoid any risk of disconnection or slippage of the pipe system:
• isolating the section subjected to thrust forces between two fixed points, like stack support pipes i.e and
• adapting the joints (selection of couplings + over clamped grip collars) between these fixed points.
Couplings and grip collars can be used as well as GRIP HP couplings provided that their performance is compatible with the forces entailed.
Remark: under end thrust forces, where a coupling is secured with a grip collar, the maximum performance of both is limited by the weakest performance of the two products.
Depending on the forces and site constraints, other restraints to address the forces might have to be installed on the pipework route: concrete thrust blocks or mechanically welded devices can be used alternatively to self-anchored joints. Their resistance and shapes will be designed so that the forces entailed are adequately counteracted. They will also be designed according to their location in the building - walls, ceilings beams etc… and shall comply with the relative Codes of Practice.
Grip collars on couplings
Stack support pipes
Couplings alone
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Focus on areas subjected to dislocation forces
EPAMS / 8
Like previously stated, on EPAMS® siphonic system, the unbalanced hydrodynamic forces will arise in changes of directions and specific locations where changes in the flow regime occur.
Grips collars are specified on couplings where they shall withstand dislocation forces. Grip collars like any bracketing device or fix points are used to restrain the pipework and ensure its stability.
Note: if the pipework was to be tested in watertightness all the couplings should be gripped and the end thrust forces suitably addressed (see details on p7).
To avoid overloadings, it is compulsory that siphonic drainage systems are discharged at atmospheric pressure into the main sewer drain. At stack ends, the bottom pipe increases in diameter –generally two extra diameters – causing decompression and reducing the flow velocity.
The decompression zone is subject to high turbulences, and subsequently, every component at the bottom of the stack, before the change in flow regime, shall be gripped and the forces from the pipes weight addressed through stack support pipes.
Seeking balance of potential energy and head losses on the pipework can call for reduction of the nominal diameters to increase head losses.
By regulation, the reduction of nominal diameter (DN) of discharge pipes is prohibited in the direction of flow, except for siphonic systems like EPAMS® (EN 12056-3 §7.6.5) where it can be useful to control the pressure level.
Increase and reduction of nominal diameters are made with the tapered pipe reducer.
On horizontal runs, the pipe reducer will be installed so that the pipe invert is continuous.
Horizontal pipe connected to the outlet when expected pressure is > 0.5 bar or < - 0.5 bar.
Head of the stack: the negative pressure will be at its highest at the head of the stack (down to - 0.9 bar); the couplings will therefore be sys-tematically installed with grip collars
Change of direction: in changes of direction on stacks and low collectors, the couplings will be gripped. Where a change of direction will be added or removed, SAINT-GOBAIN PAM will carry out a new study taking the new head loss into account.
EPAMS® design features
Tapered pipe reducer
Short access pipe
Stack support pipe
Tapered pipe reducer
Gravity bend
All the gripped components are specified in the isometries of the design study.
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Focus on areas subjected to dislocation forces
EPAMS / 9
Specific points on the network
An EPAMS® pipework consists of one or several horizontal pipes without fall connected to a downpipe: horizontal runs and stacks are made of ENSIGN- SMU S cast iron components.
The joints are made with PAM Rapid couplings or other couplings of the PAM range able to withstand a negative pressure of 900 mbar.
Connections of the roof outlets to the pipe system:Depending on the jobsite constraints, the connection can be made flat or vertical.
Decompression zoneThis area where the siphonic system returns to gravity flow regime can be designed vertically or horizontally, in both cases, the air reserve shall be sufficient to break the flow speed.
In the case of vertical decompression the zone shall be a minimum of 50 cm and in the case of horizontal decompression the minimum distance requirement will be 3m.
Minimum dimension vertical branching
Minimum dimension flat branching
DN 50 Roof outletDN 50 Roof outlet
Case n°1:Vertical decompression zone in the last metre of the stack.
Case n°2:Decompression zone directly connected to a manhole.If the manhole is connected close to the stack, the short access pipe is optional. The potential important discharge rates shall be taken into account for the manhole sizing.
Case n°3:Horizontal decompression zone. This solution must be considered before the design study.
Pipe supportStack support pipes are installed at the bottom of stacks to address forces due to changes in the flow regimes. Every 15 metres, is the general requirement.
Tapered pipe reducer
Short access spipe
Stack support pipe
Tapered pipe reducer
Gravity bend
Stack support
pipe
Manhole cover
Short access spipe
Stack support pipe
Tapered pipe reducer
Tapered pipe reducer
Sewer main Gravity drain
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Pipeworks stability
Stack support pipe for open slab penetrations
A pipework is subjected to different forces liable to affect its stability. Stack supports are cast iron components designed to address these efforts when a stack is installed through open slab penetrations.
On straight runs, stack support pipes should be installed to address the pipes weight. At the bottom of the stack, the stack support pipe addresses both pipes weight and end thrust effort. For the last case, it is recommended that the support and fixings should be adapted accordingly.
We recommend to position the first stack support pipe at the base of the first floor, and then every subsequent fifth floor, in case of a standard average 2.5 m between floors, or more generally every 15 m.
In case of closed slab penetrations, no stack support pipe is required.
Stack support pipe with acoustic insulation
The support bracket covered with rubber gasket prevents the structure- borne noise from the drainage network from radiating at the slab level.
Stack support pipe installed horizontally
Wall bracketing system in mild steel, for use with stack support pipes and brackets, is available.
Stack support pipe installed vertically
Either on cantilever arms or stack support consoles for DN 100.
EPAMS® design features
Rubber gasket
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EPAMS / 11
Bracketing requirements for EPAMS® siphonic roof drainage system
Because of flow speed, two brackets per pipe length shall be installed for horizontal or vertical pipework. It is also recommended to use one bracket per length or fitting (when the shape allows it, i.e branches…).
For the EPAMS® siphonic system, only round full and rubber lined brackets shall be used.
For brackets affixed to plain threaded rods, the distance between the bearing structure (concrete slab, steel frame, etc.) and the axis of the pipe shall not exceed 500 mm. If this maximum distance could not be respected, the rigidity of the fixings should be increased (triangulation…steel knee brace).
Consult local requirements for compliance.
* When the shape of the fitting permits
Support for horizontal pipeworkFor siphonic pipework, the requirement for horizontal runs is two load bearing brackets per pipe. For an indication, they should be installed at 0.75 m from each spigot so that, ideally, the distance between two brackets should be 1.5m.
Due to flow velocity specific to the design for siphonic system, no gradient is required.
Pipe weight in kg per metre.
Note: The technical specifications for threaded rods and metal brackets shall be established on this basis
Bracketing features
The bracketing system is used to affix the pipework to the building structure.
For cast iron, the bracketing system is designed to carry the weight of the pipe only and its content, which makes the specifiers’ design work easier.
Since EPAMS® systems are designed to operate up to full bore, the bracketing design values will always consider full pipes.
To prevent dislocation, the bracketing system shall be compatible with the loads to be addressed and selected to restrain pipework movement due to flow speed.
Support for vertical pipeworkFor EPAMS® stacks, the brackets aim at preventing the pipework to fall over but also at preventing dislocation due to flow speed. The requirement is that two brackets be fitted for each floor level. Ideally the brackets should be installed one third from the upper spigot, and one third from the lower spigot.
DN 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 400 500 600
Pipe weight (kg/m) 6 11 16 24 31 54 82 113 185 278 390
Number of brackets
Vertical run
PipesFittings*
21
Horizontal run
Pipe length > 2 m 2
Pipe length < 2 mFittings*
11
1,5 m mini
= =
Rubber gasket
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EPAMS / 12
Explanations on siphonic regimes
1. No rain
2. Rainfall starts at low intensity– Drainage is made by gravity flow
3. Continuous flow is obtained acc. to the rainfall intensity and roof area drained
4. Rainfall intensity increases to the maximum DRI – Flow continues by gravity until the maximum value is reached
5. No more air entering the system – Kinetic and pressure energies enhance quickly the absorbing capacity to the maximum design flow rate
6. Rainfall intensity stabilizes to max value => absorbing siphonic flow rate is maintained
7. Rainfall intensity decreases – Flow comes back to gravity regime
8. Rainfall intensity stabilizes to low value => absorbing gravity flow rate is maintained
9. No more rain – the rooftop surface is emptying
Maintenance general features
Keeping the roof outlets clean is key in the good working order of an EPAMS siphonic system. The Technical Assessment recommends they should be cleaned minimum twice a year.
Any element like plant matters (leaves, twigs...) or debris from the surrounding can end up on rooftops and must be regularly cleared away to prevent clogging in the pipework or of the EPAMS outlets.
Maintenance cleaning frequency will highly depend on the building environment. For buildings surrounded by trees and gardens inspections shall be more frequently done and the maintenance rate shall also be higher than the standard twice a year requirement.
For all types of roof outlets the cleaning process has to be carried out as displayed opposite.
Be sure the leafguard grid is in place
Clean the leafguard grid
Unscrew the nuts and lift the leafguard grid to remove it.
Remove the nut caps
Clean the inside of the roof outlet bowl.
Make sure that debris are not allowed to get into the EPAMS pipework during cleaning operations
Refit the anti-vortex / leafguard device according to the reverse procedure.
Special cases Welded roof outlets
Visual inspection of the welds. Reprocess where necessary.
Outlets for membrane waterproofed roofs
Inspection of the area where the waterproofing sheet or membrane and the roof outlet connects. Reprocess where necessary.
Where roofing elements have been subjected to extreme weather conditions (high winds, storms, etc.), an inspection of the roof outlets is advisable to check products integrity.
EPAMS® special features
OutletFlowrate
(l/s)
QSiphonic
by design
QMax
gravitary
QGravitary
Rainfallintensity(l/min.m2)
Time (s)Gravity �ow Siphonic �ow Gravity �ow
Imax = DRI
I<max gravity
�� �
� � �
� �
�
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EPAMS / 13
EPAMS® 100% metal outlets
French Technical Assessment CSTB (5+14/14-2386) for Roof Outlets
The EPAMS® system is a combination of SMU /ENSIGN cast iron pipes, fittings and accessories, jointed with SMU Rapid 2® stainless steel couplings.
The EPAMS® outlets are made of 3 different parts:
• The Anti-Vortex mechanism, aluminium grating. Bolted on the bowl is the same for all the outlets.
• An identical stainless steel bowl for all the outlets, on which different components can be assembled depending on the field of use.
• A stainless steel tail available in four DN: 50 – 75 – 100 – 125.
Installation
The EPAMS® outlets are easy to install. The installation has to be done in accordance to the good practice and the Technical Assessment requirements.
SAINT GOBAIN PAM EPAMS® all metal outlets full guarantee mechanical strength and durability. They totally comply with EN 1253 on every specific point: flow capacity, watertightness, solidity, mechanical strength, heat resistance and climatic stresses (resistance to Ultra Violet…)
The grating and the anti-vortex mechanism are made in one piece. This allows quick removal with no risk of mistake at reassembling, easy intervention and maintenance.
Anti-vortex mechanismCast aluminium
BowlStainless steel
TailStainless steel
40
400
14,5
70width 0,4
Ø 192
Ø 340
Square plate 500 x 500
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EPAMS® outlets to be welded
- Stainless steel body, including M10 bolts
- Aluminium grating
This outlet is the basis for the three next outlets, on which are grafted various elements depending on the application fieldSee previous pages for main dimensions
EPAMS® outlets with flange
Elevating kits for the anti vortex mechanism
- Stainless steel body, including M10 bolts
- Aluminium grating
- Aluminium flange
250 mm
Anti-Vortex device fitted to Elevating Kit.
For roof with waterproofing protection by fine gravel or by flags on isolatinglayer by fine gravel.
DN Product code
DE mm
Weight kg
Capacity l/s
Surface drainage m2
50 171283 58 5.4 13 260
75 171284 83 5.7 23 460
100 171285 110 6.4 26 520
125* 172850 135 8.3 26* 520
DN Product code
DE mm
Weight kg
Capacity l/s
Surface drainage m2
50 171288 58 6.2 13 260
75 171289 83 6.5 23 460
100 171290 110 7.2 26 520
100** 206377 110 7.2 26 520
125* 172871 135 9.1 26* 520
125** 211377 135 9.1 26* 520
90 mm
Description Dimension mm
Product code
Elevating device + anti vortex 90 171291
Elevating device + anti vortex 250 171292
* The advantage of the DN 125 outlet is in the “gutters” application where the water cover height can exceed the 55 mm figure (see French Technical Assessment 5+14/14-2386)
** Supplied in stainless steel 316
EPAMS® syphonic roof outlets range
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EPAMS® outlets with steel plate
- Stainless steel body, including M10 bolts
- Aluminium grating
- Stainless steel plate - 500 x 500 mm
* The advantage of the DN 125 outlet is in the « gutters » application
EPAMS® outlets for flexible PVC membranes
- Stainless steel body, including M10 bolts
- Aluminium grating
- Laminate-steel PVC plate - 500 x 500 mm
* The advantage of the DN 125 outlet is in the « gutters » application
Anchoring steel plate for EPAMS® outlet with flange
DN Product code
DE mm
Weight kg
Capacity l/s
Surface drainage m2
50 171081 58 6.4 13 260
75 171267 83 6.7 23 460
100 171305 110 7.4 26 520
125 172874 135 9.3 26* 520
DN Product code
DE mm
Weight kg
Capacity l/s
Surface drainage m2
50 171286 58 6.8 13 260
75 171287 83 7.1 23 460
100 171263 110 7.7 26 520
125 172876 135 9.6 26* 520
Description Product code
Anchoring steel plate 172431
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EPAMS® syphonic roof outlets range
EPAMS® outlet to be welded
Application field:This roof outlet is especially designed to be welded (or brazed) in gutters or in metal roof valleys
EPAMS® outlet with flange
Application field:This roof outlet can be used for roofs containing extra-thick metal gutters or valleys as well as for roofs waterproofed by synthetic or bituminous membranes
EPAMS® outlet with steel plateTechnical: The plate is fixed to the roof outlet body in the factory by bonding then tightening with 6 nuts on the 6 bolts. This assembly can never be disassembled. The stainless steel plate is tinned on the two faces.Plate size 500 x 500mm with a thickness of 0.4mm.
Application field: This roof outlet is used on all the roofs mentioned in the field of application of the French Technical Assessment 5+14/14-2386, except for those with waterproofing by synthetic membrane
EPAMS® outlet for flexible PVC membraneTechnical: The plate is fixed to the roof inlet body in the factory by bonding then tightening with 6 nuts on the 6 bolts. This assembly can never be disassembled. The dimensions of the steel-PVC laminated plate are 500 x 500mm with a total thickness of 1.8mm. It consists of a galvanised steel sheet, thickness 0.62mm, covered in the factory on one face by a PVC membrane (from SIKA-SARNAFIL). The steel part contains 4-drilled holes for possible fixing to the roof. This plate is compatible with PVC-P membranes.
Application field: This roof outlet is used on non-accessible roofs and/or with equipment zones, and waterproofed by synthetic PVC-P membranes according to the manufacturer Technical Assessment. Waterproofing is provided by a weld between the various PVC elements to seal it in a traditional way. The membrane may be visible or may be given heavy mineral protection. For this latter case, it is possible to use gravel > 15mm but in this case the roof outlet is to be fitted with an elevating kit for the anti vortex mechanism (see page 14).
EPAMS® outlets : application fields
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EPAMS® projects in France
Visit us on saint-gobain-pam-cast-iron.com
Projet Types of buildings Surface (sm) Date
NOUVEAU STADE DE LILLE (ETUDE 3) Stadium ; sport arenas 66 452 06/08/2010
CENTRE COMMERCIAL AÉROVILLE Shopping malls 47 242 24/08/2012
SATELLITE S4 CORPS CENTRAL Airports 19 017 19/03/2010
RETAIL PARK Logistic buildings 15 517 16/08/2011
SFR - BAT 1&2 - TRANCHE 1 Commercial buildings 14 917 01/03/2013
SATELLITE S4 AILE SUD Airports 13 368 01/04/2010
SATELLITE S4 AILE NORD Airports 10 730 23/02/2010
PLATEFORME LOGISTIQUE APHM Logistic buildings 10 365 24/11/2011
DÉCATHLON OXYLANE LESQUIN Commercial buildings 8 176 22/03/2011
STADE DE NANTES Stadium ; sport arenas 7 820 05/07/2012
HALL D'ATHLÉTISME Stadium ; sport arenas 7 774 07/07/2011
DUPONT MÉDICAL FROUARD Commercial buildings 7 237 14/10/2011
STADE ARMAND CESARI Stadium ; sport arenas 4 860 18/01/2011
PISCINE DE KIBITZENAU Stadium ; sport arenas 4 657 18/04/2013
DÉCATHLON OXYLANE CALAIS Commercial buildings 4 446 20/06/2011
LIAISON AC Airports 4 010 09/11/2010
ILOT B CŒUR BASTIDE Commercial buildings 3 876 16/11/2010
CENTRE DE FORMATION DE CAEN Education buildings 3 702 12/09/2013
STADE DE LA ROCHELLE Stadium ; sport arenas 3 498 28/01/2010
GALLOO PLASTICS Recycling facilities 3 360 05/06/2012
POLE LOGISTIQUE BOURG EN BRESSE Logistic buildings 3 068 12/07/2011
TENNIS LILLE Stadium ; sport arenas 2 452 20/03/2014
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www.pam-cast-iron.com
SAINT-GOBAIN PAM Soil & Drain Business Unit
Head Office & Marketing Department 91, avenue de la Libération 54076 Nancy Cedex - France Tel: +33 (0)3 83 95 20 00 Fax : +33 (0)3 83 95 29 51
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