CHAPTER 4

The Variety Resources On Earth

List the resources on Earth needed to sustain life

List resources on Earth used in everyday life

4.1 The different resources on earth

Since the beginning of life on Earth, every living thing depends on

Earth’s resources

such as energy, plants, animals, air, water, soil and other living

things to stay alive.

Imagine what will happen to us if Earth is without the essential

resources below.

Air , Living things, water,

energy, soil

What is Matter?

Since the beginning of life on Earth, every living thing depends on

Earth’s resources

such as energy, plants, animals, air, water, soil and other living

things to stay alive.

Imagine what will happen to us if Earth is without the essential

resources below.

Discuss what your life would be like if Earth’s resources are lost.

All resources on

Earth are classified as matter except energy. Why?

What is matter made up of?

Various resources

Air

Is needed by all living things to survive.

Air is a mixture of gases. It consists of :

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Water vapour

Inert gases

Dust and microorganism

The layer surrounding the earth is called ATMOSPHERE

Water

• Covers a total of about three quarted of the Earth’s surface

Various resources

Sources of water include:

Rivers

Lakes

Oceans

Seas

Rainfall

Groundwater

All living things need water to survive. 70% of the human

body is water.

Soil

Is the habitat for many types of organisms

Various resources

Soil provides support for plants and ensure proper growth

for plants

There are various types of flora and fauna on Earth. These

flora and fauna are natural resources that sustain life. They

provide us food, clothes and building materials.

Minerals

Are inorganic substances found naturally on land and in

seas. Examples:

- iron - Silver

- lead - gold

Minerals are required by our body to ensure proper

functioning of our systems.

Various resources

Minerals are also required by plants for healthy growth.

Fossil Fuels

Formed from the remains of animals and plants that died

millions of years ago

Fossil fuels include petroleum natural gas and coal

Petroleum is a hydrocarbon that can be separated into different

components by fractional distillation

Living Things

The living things consists of plants (flora) and animals (fauna).

Living things provide us with food, clothes, fuels, building

materials and medicine

State what elements, compounds and mixtures are

Give examples of elements, compounds, mixtures

State differences of elements, compounds, mixtures

Carry out activities to see the differences of metal and non

metal

Classifies elements as metal and non-metal

Give examples of metals and non-metals

Carry out activities to separate the components of mixture

CHAPTER 4

The Variety Resources On Earth4.2 What are elements, compounds, mixtures

ElementsMatter on Earth is made up of elements.

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into two or

more simpler substances by any known method.

More than one hundred elements have been discovered or synthesized

by scientists. Most of the elements occur naturally while the rest are man-

made.

Hydrogen and helium are the most abundant elements in our universe.

Oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust.

Most elements are solids at room temperature except for bromine and

mercury which are in liquid form. 11 elements are gases including

chlorine,

fluorine, oxygen and helium.

Element

Molecule of element

An element is made up of 1 type of

molecule only

ElementsAll metal elements are solids at ordinary room temperature except mercury

To find out whether an element is metal or non-metal, we have to identify and compare

the properties of the element with those of metals or non-metals.

The table below shows the general propeties of metals and non-metals

Metal Non-metal

Shiny Appearance Dull / not shiny

Good electric conductor Electric conductivity Poor (except graphite)

Good heat conductor Heat conductivity Poor heat conductor

High melting points Melting points Low melting points

High density Density Low density

Hard Solids Soft

Ductile / easily molded Ductile Not ductile / snap easily

Malleable (easily

shaped)

malleability Brittle (easily break when

beaten)

Uses of Metal Uses of Non-Metal

Compounds

A compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two

or more elements. Every compound is represented by a chemical symbol.

Example

Water is a compound because it is made up of two chemically combined

elements, which are hydrogen and oxygen. Have you seen the symbol

H2O before?

These particles combined chemically in a fixed proportion.

Compound can only be separated by chemical methods such as

electrolysis.

Some examples of compounds are common salt, water, sand and

carbon dioxide.Example

Compound

Molecule of elementElement X

Element Y

Combined together chemically

Compound

Examples of Compound

Molecule of element

Oxygen Atom

Hydrogen Atoms

Water is made up of two types of

elements: Oxygen and Hydrogen

Hydrogen Atoms

Nitrogen Atom

Ammonia is made up of two

types of elements: Nitrogen

and hydrogen

Mixtures

Mixtures are substances that are made up of two or more types of

particles which combine physically.

These particles do not combined chemically and they are mixed in any

proportion.

Some of the examples of mixtures are blood, sea water, air and soil

The components of mixture can be separated by physical methods such

as evaporation, filtration, using separating funnel and using a

magnet.

Mixture

Element X

Element Y

Element Z

Element X

Element Y

Compound

Compound X

Compound Y

Mixture of elements

Mixture of elements and compound

Mixture of compounds

Comparison of compounds and mixtures

Compound Difference Mixture

Formed using

chemical methods

Method of

formation

Formed using physical

methods

New substances

formed

Formation of new

substances

No new substances

formed

Heat is absorbed or

released during

formation

Energy changes

No heat is absorbed or

released during

formation

Ratio of components is

fixed

Composition of

components

Ratio of components is

not fixed

New properties are

formed

Properties of

components

Properties of

components remain the

same

Components can only

be separated using

chemical methods

Separation of

components

Components can be

easily separated using

physical methods

Explain the importance of the variety of Earth’s resources to man

State the meaning of preservation and conservation of resources

on Earth

State the importance of preservation and conservation of

resources on Earth

Practice reusing and recycling of materials

CHAPTER 4

The Variety Resources On Earth4.3 The importance of the variety of Earth’s

resources to Man

All living and non-living

things on Earth are

interlinked.You can perceive

things on Earth as a giant

spider web.The threads of the

web are the relationships

among the plants, animals,

soil,

water, temperature, light and

other living and non-living

things. Do you think the basic

needs of life are also related to

the Earth’s resources?

Resources On

Earth

AIR

Oxygen is needed for

respiration and

combustion

Carbon dioxide is

needed for

photosynthesis

Water

For drinking, cooking,

washing and bathing.

About 70% of the human

body weight is made up of

water.

Dissolves and transports

food and oxygen to all

parts of the body.

For generating electricity.

For recreational

activities.

Fossil Fuels

A very important source of

energy.

For generating electricity

Fuel

Minerals

Needed by man,

animals and plants for

healthy growth.

Metals are used in the

construction of building

and bridges

Soil

Agriculture

Mining

Construction of buildings

Making ceramics, glass,

cement and bricks

Habitat for many living

things

Preservation and Conservation

Preservation Is the effort to maintain natural resources in their original state

Conservation Is the careful use and management of natural resources so as

to minimize loss, wastage and damage

Preservation and conservation of natural resources are very

important to prevent:

a) Destruction to the natural environment

b) The extinction of animals and plants

c) The loss of economic resources

d) Pollution of air, water and soil

e) Health problems

f) Natural disasters

Effects of pollution1. Air pollution causes green house effect and acid rain

2. Water pollution reduces sources of clean water and

threatens the habitats of aquatic life

3. Soil pollution results in the infertility of the soil and

natural habitats of living things being damaged

Ways to reduce pollution on Earth’s resources

1. Recycle waste materials

2. Use recycle papers

3. Practice reforestation

4. Practice selective logging

5. Use unleaded petrol

6. Use biodegradable substances

7. Fix filters to factory chimneys in order to filter

poisonous gases

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