Chapter 4

The variety of resources on Earth

4.1 The Various Resources on Earth

Living natural resources

• Plants

(fruits, oil, vegetables …)

Non-living natural

resources

• Water

• Air

• Soil

• Animals

(milk, meat …)

• Soil

• Minerals

• Fossil fuels

• Metals

• Non-metal

Nitrogen bulb

Oxygen is one of

the gases that we

breathe in everyday

from the airPure carbon dioxide gas can

be poured because it is

heavier than air

Element, Compounds and Mixtures

Element can be divided into :

Metals ( Logam 金属金属金属金属)

• All metal element in solid

form but except for

mercury which exist in

liquid

Non- metals

(bukan logam 非金属非金属非金属非金属 )

• Non-metal elements exist

in all state. Solid, liquid

and gas at room

temperatureliquid

• Example of metal

Calcium, copper, gold,

lead, magnesium,

platinum, potassium,

silver, sodium

temperature

• Example of non-metal

Sulphur, carbon, bromine,

oxygen, neon, hydrogen,

Cobalt chloride indicator

Moist / Damp

( basah 潮湿)

Colour : Pink

Dry

(kering干燥)

Colour : Blue

Gas tests

Hydrogen (氢氢氢氢)

What you will observe:

-Your light splint

(Popsicle stick) will “POP” POP”

and go out.

Oxygen (氧氧氧氧)

What you will observe:

-Your glowing splint will re-light

and go out.

Why does this happen:

-Hydrogen gas is very

flammable and in the

presence of heat or fire it

will explode at a certain

temperature.

What does that mean:

-This happened because

Oxygen is part of the fire

triangle. The fire triangle is

composed of three things:

Fuel, Heat energy source

and Oxygen.

Mixture (campuran 混合物)

Brass Iced miloPaint

Nasi lemak Ice kacang Sugar solution

Example of variety type of mixture and its components

Formation of compound

( sebatian 化合物)

In chemical reactions the chemical identities of substances change. Here, a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen undergoes a chemical change to form water.

The differences between compounds and mixture

Separation of mixtures

• To separate insoluble solids

(pepejal tak larut 不能溶解的固体) from

Method : Filtration

( penurasan 过滤过滤过滤过滤)

能溶解的固体) from the liquid in a solid-liquid mixtures

E.g. To separate water and sand

Separation of mixtures

Distillation (penyulingan 蒸馏法)

To separate a solvent from a

liquid or solid-liquid mixture.

Two types of processes to

take place

(a) Boiling

liquid vapour/Gas

• (b) Condensation

vapour Liquid

E.g. To separate water from

salt solution

Using magnet

• To separate substances which are attracted to a magnet from other objects made from non-objects made from non-magnetic materials

• E.g. To separate iron filings and sulphur

Extraction

To separate liquid substances that do not mix well and with different

Oil with different densities.

E.g. To separate oil from water

Water

Chromatography

• Separates coloured components in a mixtures

Sieving (penapisan 筛选)

• To separate mixture of solid substances with different sizes.

AIR ( udara 空气) Oxygen :

i. Breathing / cell respiration

(penafasan 呼吸)ii. Combustion / burning

Carbon dioxide

(karbon dioksida 二氧化碳 ): i. To put out of fire

ii. Importance for photosynthesis

(fotosintesis 光合作用)

Soil and mineral

Soil is habitat

( tempat tinggal 栖

息地) for many types of living

Soil contains water and minerals which is vital for the growing of plants.

types of living

organisms ( benda

hidup 生物).

Fossil fuel

• To provide energy for household use, factories household use, factories and power stations to generate electricity.

Water

• Regulates body temperature.

• Controls the • Controls the concentration of blood ( mengawal

kepekatan darah 调

节血液浓度).

Living things

• As food, medicine, fibre, building materials and so on.

Conservation

• Conservation of recourses

involves the intelligent use and

care of our resourcescare of our resources

Preservation

• The act of keeping the resources in their original state.

Example :Example :

i) Find alternative resources, such as solar energy to replace depleting resources such as petroleum)

ii) to prevent the extinction of flora and fauna.