Republic(a form of govt where power resides in the people and the govt is ruled by elected leaders run according to law (Latin: res publica)First-Fifth Republic

First Republic Malolos Republic -Malolos Congress in Barasoain Church President Emilio Aguinaldo He held office at the Malolos Cathedral Produced the Malolos Constitution, the

blueprint of the 1935 Philippine Constitution, later the 1973 Philippine Constitution and the 1987 Constitution

Second Republic -during Japanese Occupation -most turbulent -President Jose P. Laurel in the

Philippines -Commonwealth Government in the USA

(Transition Government): President Manuel Quezon VP Sergio Osmena

Third Republic (1946) I. President Manuel Roxas Problems: 1. Issues on Japanese collaboration 2. Hukbalahap rebellion 3. no money for reconstruction 4. unemployment 5. inflation and devaluation (inflated

circulation of money while its value is devaluated)

Third Republic II. President Elpidio Quirino (defeated

President Jose P. Laurel) Problems: 1. Huklabahap 2. Philippine dependency on US

economy because of various treaties 3. Conflicts between Nacionalista and

Liberal Parties

Third Republic III. President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) -former manager of Try-Tan Bus Company; travels

from province to province -always wore barong Tagalog Achievements: 1. agrarian reform 2. opened the Palace to the public 3. Japan agreed to pay US$ 550 B for war damages 4. Luis Taruc surrendered with the help of Benigno

Aquino Jr.

Third Republic IV. President Carlos P. Garcia; VP Diosdado Macapagal -known for First Filipino Policy -worked for the revision of the Military

Bases Agreement that resulted to: Ramos-Bohlen Treaty that

shortened the years of US Military bases from 99 to 25 years.

Third Republic V. President Diosdado Macapagal (1961-

1965)

Achievements:1. Signed the Agricultural Code2. Created MAPHILINDO to negotiate Sabah3. Changed July 4 Independence Day to June

124. Succeeded in strengthening the peso

Third Republic VI. President Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986) -”This nation will be great again.”-1. declared Martial Law 2. weakened peso against the dollar due to multiple loans 3. strengthened nepotism (assigning of relatives to govt positions)4. Ratified 1973 Phil. Constitution changing the system from presidential to parliamentary form of govt

Fourth Republic President Ferdinand Marcos (!981-1986) 1981- opposition boycotted the

elections (Marcos vs. Retired Gen. Alejo Santos); Marcos won allegedly

Ninoy was assassinated in 1983 1986 Snap election as mandated by

Marcos’ signed bill -EDSA Revolution

Fifth Republic President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992) Programs: 1. 1987 Constitutional Convention

ammending the Constititution 2. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program 3. privitization of govt owned companies 4. Value added tax 5. Creation of Commission on Human Rights

Fifth Republic President Fidel Ramos (1992-1998) Defeated Miriam Santiago by 800,000

votes Programs: 1. Medium-Term Development Plan 2. deregulated trade (liberalization of

foreign trade policy) 3. established the Overseas Workers

Welfare Administration (OWWA)

Fifth Republic President Joseph Estrada1. Angat Pinoy Program (Erap Para sa Mahirap -aimed to develop rural areas, agricultural reform,

housing for the homeless, health services and advancement of trading liberalization policies

2. Signed the Visiting Forces Agreement approving the Phils. to be a place of military exercises (in return the Phils. Is promised to receive US military aid for the modernization of the AFP and the PNP

-Impeachment Trial and EDSA II

Fifth Republic President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo -first won in huge advantage as VP -broke her promise; ran for reelection and won in

a minimal advantage against Fernando Poe, Jr. -ordered for the arrest of former President

Estrada for plunder and perjury; resulted to EDSA III; uprising was pacified; Erap was put to jail

-”Hello, Garci” intructing Mindanao Comelec Chair Virgilio Garcillano to let her win

Fifth Republic President Benigno Simeon Aquino III (2010-

present)-“Matuwid na daan”His vision:1. Battle corruption and put into trial corrupt

officials (SC Justice Corona was impeached)2. work for the unemployed3. Devt in education4. To end arm struggle in Mindanao5. Sustainable development