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Reconstruction
The rebuilding of
the United States
after the Civil War
LIST AS MANY CAUSES AND EFFECTS AS YOU
CAN OF THE CIVIL WAR
“Burnt Richmond”
“Locomotive Ruins” in Petersburg/Richmond
“Lincoln’s Procession”
EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR Human toll of the Civil War: The North lost
364,000 soldiers. The South lost 260,000 soldiers.
creation of a single unified country abolition of slavery-13th Amendment Dec
6th, 1865 increased power of fed. gov't U.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalism w. lands increasingly opened to settlement a deep hatred of the North remained.. South was economically and physically
devastated the plantation system crippled War destroyed 2/3 of South’s shipping industry
+ 9,000 miles of railroad.
The struggles in the SouthBy the end of the Civil War…
Black Southerners began lives as newly freedmen in a poor region with slow economic activity.
Plantation owners lost slave labor worth $3 billion.
Poor white Southerners: job competition due to newly freedmen.
What are the BIG, KEY questions that would have to be answered following the
Civil War?
Now that the Union won the war, what issues are they going to be
faced with?
Key QuestionsKey Questions
1. How do webring the Southback into the
Union?Pardon or punish?
2. How do we rebuild the
South?
3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipated
black freedmen?
4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process of
Reconstruction?
Reconstruction When? 1865 to 1877
By Who? The federal government will carry it out
Purpose? To create a plan that would repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union.
How Lincoln tries to answer the questions
1863 he issues the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction He outlined his plan on reunion
This plan was called the “10 Percent Plan”
Amnesty = to
pardon
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
In order to be “re-admitted” into the Union: Confederate Governments had to disband A pardon would be issued to any
Confederate who would take an oath of loyalty to the United States, and accept the federal policy on slavery (which was that slavery would be abolished).
Pardons denied to high-ranking Confederate officers and gov’t officials
Pardons denied to southerners who had killed African American War prisoners
Once 10 % of 1860 eligible voters are pardoned states would then…
hold a constitutional convention, for the purpose of creating a new state constitution (which would have to conform to the Constitution of the United States).
hold elections and resume full participation in the Union. No former leaders of Confederacy or high
ranking officers could be a part of the new government
**Once “readmitted”, Lincoln would protect their property, not their slaves!
Lincoln’s plan was forgiving
In Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address March, 1865, he said the following:“With malice toward none, with charity for all, ...let us strive on to finish the work we are in, ...to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among
ourselves and with all nations.”
1864- 3 states under Union occupation set up governments under the plan Louisiana, Arkansas, and
Tennessee Once representative
were chosen for Congress CONGRESS REJECTED
THEM
Was Lincoln’s Plan a Success?
Lincoln was
Assassinated
before a plan was
agreed upon
**if re-admitted under Lincoln’s plan
then that state would not get
representation in Congress
Those who were unhappy with Lincoln’s Plans became known
as the Radical Republicans Lincoln was too lenient on the south and
the south needed to be punished saw it as a threat to their Congressional
Authority. It’s Congress’s job to make laws, not the
president’s!
Lincoln “should confine himself to his executive duties—to obey and execute, not make the laws…
and leave political reorganization to Congress.”
Charles Sumner: Leading radical in the
Senate
Thaddeus Stevens: Leading radical in the
House
They created the following plan...
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required the majority, over 50%, of
number voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
Required a state constitutional convention.
banned former Confederates from holding public office
New state Constitutions had to accept Emancipation
Gave newly freedmen civil liberties EXCEPT the right to vote
Promised to redistribute southern land
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
Congressman
HenryW. Davis(R-MD)
What happened to the Wade-Davis Bill?
Lincoln let the bill die in a pocket veto.
How does a pocket veto occur? Typically, if president does not sign bill
within 10 days it automatically becomes law
But….if Congress adjourns/leaves within those 10 days and is not signed then it does not become law
How a bill is passedCongress creates a law
Congress votes on law (majority)
President of U.S.Yes Veto
(no)
Congress 2/3 vote override
Pocket Veto
President ignores 10 days Congress goes into recess bill “dies”
Why use a pocket veto?
Re-elections are coming up
Doesn’t get accused of saying “No”
Can’t go back to Congress for 2/3 override
Freedmen’s Bureau Created by Congress March, 1865 to help
black and poor white southerners adjust to freedom Offers clothing, medical supplies, and food to
war refugees Built schools, offered teacher training…
Over 250,000 African Amer students received their first former education through the Bureau schools.
Created job opportunities redistributed additional confiscated land to
former slaves and poor whites.. leased 40acres could purchase later
How were things left before Lincoln was assassinated?
No decisions were made At the end of the Civil War, in the
spring of 1865…
Lincoln and Congress were on the brink of a political showdown with their competing plans for Reconstruction…….and then….
Lincoln’s hopes of forgiveness end
Weeks after his Second Inauguration, April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated at the Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth
John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Confed soldier plotted with others to first kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for prisoners. Failed
Vice President Andrew Johnson replaced Lincoln as President
MAKE A T-CHART ON THE FOLLOWING AND INCLUDE
10 NOTES FOR EACH
JOHNSON’S ACTIONS/BELIEFS CONGRESS’S/BELIEFS ACTIONS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJLBrDSTgng
Restoration Johnson’s plan would grant amnesty
to most Southerners once they swore loyalty to the Union High-ranking Confederates could be pardoned
only by appealing to the president…why?
Could hold constitutional conventions without Lincoln’s 10%-no requirement
States could hold elections and rejoin Union if… denounced secession And ratified the 13th amendment
(Abolished slavery in the US) AND repudiate(reject) Confederate
debt
Under Johnson’s Administration HE:
Believed “white men alone must manage the South
Opposed equal rights for African Americans
As State Governments were restored… Confederates recently pardoned
quickly passed laws severely restricting African Americans newly found freedom.
This allowed….
Black Codes Enacted black codes,
laws that restricted freedmen’s rights.
The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these:
Black Codes:to regulate social & economic
livesCAN
Marry Blacks Sue in court Own property Go to school
CANNOT Serve on a jury Carry a weapon Testify against
Whites Marry Whites Stay out after
sunset Travel w/o permit Own a business Commit Vagrancy Live in urban areas
Northern Republicans in Congress ANGERED by
Codes Mad that southerners defied goal of
Reconstruction Blamed President Johnson for the
return of southern democratic power
Powers Congress used to change this problem
1) Amended the constitution.2) If vetoed by Johnson, they would override it!
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
--This outlawed THE BLACK CODES--
1. Give Blacks citizenship
2. Forbid the passing of discriminatory laws
Congress Breaks with the President
Congress Breaks with the President Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created.
February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.
March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
Congress overrides Johnson’s vetoes! Passed both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!
The Fourteenth Amendment
Ratifed July 1868, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment, which states:
“All persons born or naturalized in the United States…are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein
they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges… of citizens of the United States… nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty,
or property without due process of the law …”
Made protection of Civil Rights part of the Constitution
Johnson’s Response
Continued to oppose equal rights for African Americans.
Urged states not to ratify the 14th Amendment
Angry Northern Voters Respond to Johnson’s
StupidityJohnson is going down….
Elect Radical Republicans into office Now Radicals could put their own
Reconstruction Plans into action!
The Reconstruction Act of 1867The Reconstruction Act of 1867 called for “reform not revenge,”
passed by the Radicals in Congress. These were its key provisions:
1. Put Southern states under military rule1. 5 districts each run by northern general
2. Southern states would have to create new state constitutions.
3. Suffrage for all men4. Supporters of the Confederacy were temporarily
barred from voting.5. Southern states were required to guarantee
equal rights to all citizens.6. All states were required to ratify the 13th and 14th
Amendments.
Split up South into 5 military districts
Quiz
3 differences about Lincoln’s, Johnson’s and Rad Rep of 1867 Plan
Fill in total of 5 similarities
Lincoln’s PlanIf they had 3 out of the following 5 bullets =100%
Minus 2 pts each one they miss
Didn’t pardon high-ranking military and gov’t officials
Didn’t pardon Confederates who killed Af Amer POWS
10% of voters must be pardoned to hold Const Convention and elections
Protected Southern property/land No confed leaders in new gov’t
All could be pardoned If high rank then humiliated Could hold Constitutional
Conventions without any requirements
For elections: Had to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate debt
Most lenient plan
Johnson’s PlanIf they have 3 of the following 4 bullets then
100%Minus 2 pts each one they miss
Divided South into 5 military districts Each district ruled by a northern
general All qualified males could vote,
including African Americans Those who supported Confederacy
could not vote Southern States must guarantee
equal rights for all Ratify the 14th amendment. Punished the South
Radical Reconstruction Plan
Similarities between Lincoln and Radical Republicans
Limitations or Restrictions on Confederates
Didn’t include Civil Liberties/rights Had restrictions on high-ranking
Confederates Gave pardons Made confeds sign oath of allegiance BOTH LENIENT
Similarities between Lincoln and Johnson
Similarities Between All
Created new state Constitutions Ratify the 13th amendment Goal was to rebuild the South All held elections
SCORE Venn Diagram ___/28
2PTS FOR EACH BULLET YOU GET RIGHT!
Total: 3 differences per plan = 18ptsTotal of 5 Similarities = 10pts
Important men Johnson better watch out for Thaddeus Stevens: a
Pennsylvania Congressman, led the Radical charge that would threaten to bring down Johnson.
Charles Sumner: Founder of the Republicans and sought voting right for all blacks.
Edwin Stanton: Secretary of War and friends of the Radicals, would control military rule over the south
Bad Mr. President
In response to the Reconstruction Act of 1867 and not wanting a Radical to control the South, Johnson fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, without Senate consent He was said to have violated the
Tenure of Office Act passed by congress in 1867
Tenure of Office Act
A president may not replace a gov’t official who was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate without the Senate’s approval. which places limits on the
President’s powers of who he can hire and fire b/c he needed Senate approval
February 24, 1868 with of vote of 126 to 47, Johnson was impeached - charged with wrongdoing in the office–-by the House of Representatives.
The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial
11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
"Shall I Trust These Men, And Not This Man?"
“He won the battle but lost the war”
Johnson served the remaining months of his term with no mandate and no real power.
In the following election of 1868, he was defeated by Ulysses S. Grant.
The Fifteenth Amendment + Impact
In February 1869, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment, granted all men eligible to vote including, Arican American male. Ratified March 1870
During state elections angry white southern voters stayed home to protest blacks having the right to vote increase in black representation in the government.
Blackmen elected into office!
In 1870, southern black men voted in legislative elections for the first time.
More than 600 African Americans were elected to state legislature
Louisiana gained a black governor
Hiram Revels of Mississippi became the first African American elected to the Senate.Ironically, he replaced Jefferson Davis
The Republican SouthDuring Radical Reconstruction, the Republican
Party was split into two groups who both wanted to prosper in the south. Carpetbaggers
Northern Republicans who moved South
Nickname came from arriving with a cheap suitcase made from carpet scraps.
Carpetbaggers were often depicted as greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck.
Scalawags (“scrawny cattle”). Supported
Reconstruction Some were small
farmers who resented the planter class.
Many scalawags, but not all, were poor.
SCALAWAGSSouthernern Republicans
Wanted to end Slavery
Wanted to IndustrializeConsidered
TraitorsWanted to get
Elected
CARPETBAGGERSNorthernern Republicans
Liked the warm Climate
Looking for Adventure
Wanted to start Business
Wanted to end Slavery
With the end of slavery, what would happen to southern
agriculture?
Crop-Lien and Cash Crops
Emphasis on Cash Crops: planters encouraged to grow cash crops, such as cotton, tobacco, corn. and sugar cane. The South had to
import much of its food.
Crop-Lien: a credit system-crops for housing, food, clothes, etc… Lien = loan
If crops failed then..IN DEBT
Sharecropping The most common new farming
arrangement Sharecropping family would farm a portion of
planter’s land (~10acres) In exchange, the sharecropper gave 1/3 of his
crop Planter usually provided housing, tools, mule,
seeds for another 1/3 of crop Planters owned the land so told them what to
plant….CASH CROPS After giving planter 1/3-2/3rds of his crop, planter
had little left to make income Lacked incentive Sharecroppers were stuck until paid off debt +
interest
Tenant farming
If a sharecropper could save enough money, he could then become a Tenant farmer!
Rented land and could grow what he wanted
SHARECROPPING
Mainly Freedmen in South
Work on a portion of planter’s land
Keep 1/3-1/2 of yield
Provided food, shelter, clothing, seeds, and farm equipment at a price
TENANT FARMING
Mainly poor, white southerners
Rented land After paying
rent, kept the rest of his earnings
Chose which crops to plant
Chose when they wanted to work
2 impacts on South due to changes on farming
Focused on cash
crops so lack necessities and
therefore…
Had to import
goods from
north
Could the South be like the Industrialized North?
Southern cities did become more industrialized but never there bc One problem: The items were
shipped north to be made into finished products and sold.
Ex: Cotton: The value went from 713,000 in 1860 to 3mill in 1880
BUT the big profit went to the northern factories who dyed the fabric and sold the finished product.
southern factories handled the earlier, less profitable stages of manufacturing.
Funding Reconstruction The South’s
Need: Rebuilding the South’s infrastructure, the public property and services that a society uses, Roads, bridges,
canals, railroads, and telegraph lines
public school systems by 1872.
How to fulfill that need: Congress, private investors, and heavy taxes paid for Reconstruction. Spending in debt by $130mill. Much of this big
spending was lost to corruption. The corruption became so widespread that it even reached the White House.
Secret Societies
Form
Terrorism emergesThe Ku Klux Klan emerges
In 1866 a group of former Confederate soldiers of Pulaski, TN formed a secret society.
Named Ku Klux Klan after the Greek word “Klukos” meaning circle.
Dressed in masks and robes to symbolize the dead confederate soldiers who returned from the dead in search of their enemies of the south.
Ku Klux Klan
GOAL: to keep out “foreigners”
Opposed unions and supported prohibition “felt threatened by changes in
American society” In 1868 killed 1000 just from
Louisiana.
1867-elected Nathan Bedford
Forrest as leader
LYNCHING
Why was it done?
Used as a scare tactic Existence of a racist environment Permissive government
LYNCHING
1880 – 1950 = 5,000 killed with 70% being Black1880 = 23 people every 2 ½ days
Heaviest in Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Lousiana and Arkansas – What do they all have in common?
Not restricted to South – for example:Zacharia Walker 1911 – Coatesville, PA
The Government responds to violence
THE FORCE ACTS A series of four acts passed by
Republican Reconstruction supporters May 31, 1870-75
Purpose: protect the constitutional rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14th and 15th
Enforcement Act of 1870 One of the four Force Acts
What is said: banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting bc of their race
Enforcement Act
Purpose: protected blacks' right to vote, hold office, serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws.
How? Declare martial law, impose heavy penalties against terrorist groups, use military force to suppress the KKK
Leading up to the end of Reconstruction and the Compromise of 1877
For question 32, change the date from 1872 to 1877 and include the following as answers: White supremacy Violence Corruption within the gov’t Compromise of 1877 restore all power
back to democrats (read next 2 slides for more!)
Reconstruction fades away Republican Rutherford B Hayes ran
against Dem Samuel J Tilden Tilden received majority of popular
votes It appeared he received majority of
electoral BUT 20 disputed electoral votes 20 disputed votes: bc federal troops
still in a few states so Republicans controlled voting
Compromise of 1877 North-South Compromise
Give Hayes the votes and Hayes will become president….. IF….
the North will pull federal troops out of South,
give confed general a seat in his cabinet,
support federal aid for economic and railroad development in the south,
allow southerners to handle race relations themselves.
Compromise of 1877 Support appropriations for building
levees along Mississippi River and give huge subsidies to railrd
Marked the end of Reconstruction, giving Democrats control of Southern politics
Many people question whether or not
Reconstruction was a success or a failure? What were the successes?
What were the failures? Do you think Reconstruction was
more of a success or failure?
Quick Overview
Enforcement Acts … to stop the Secret Societies1. Federal supervision of elections2. Pres. to declare martial law in areas of Klan
But then, theAmnesty Act
Redemptionbegins
** Freedmen’s Bureau dies out…** The Klan dies out...
Hayes (R) vs. Tilden (D) 1876
• Dispute over 4 states• D. scared away R. voters• R. threw away D. votes• Polls showed Hayes won• Should have been Tilden
Hayes could remain
in office if…
Two goals of Reconstruction
Unify the North and South
Equality for Freedmen
Where these goals achieved???
1942
Lincoln’s plan
Johnson’s plan
* Denied pardons to officers and anyone who had killed African American war prisoners.
* Permitted each state to create a
new constitution after 10 percent of voters took an oath of allegiance.
* Offered pardons to Southerners who swore allegiance
* States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union.
* Each state could create a new constitution without Lincoln’s 10 percent allegiance requirement.
* States had to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate the Confederate debt.
Reconstruction Plans
Lincoln’s 10% Plan Pardons were issued to any Confederate
who would take an oath of loyalty to the US Pardons denied to high-ranking Confederate
officers and gov’t officials or southerners who had killed African American War prisoners
Once 10 % of 1860 eligible voters are pardoned states would then… Hold constitutional convention, to create a new
state constitution based on US Constitution Must include abolishing slavery
hold elections and resume participation in Union.
No former leaders of Confederacy or high ranking officers could be a part of the new government
*Once “readmitted”, Lincoln would protect their property, not their slaves!
JOHNSON’s Restoration Plan Johnson’s plan would grant amnesty
to most Southerners once they swore loyalty to the Union High-ranking Confederates could be pardoned
only by appealing to the president…why?
Could hold constitutional conventions without Lincoln’s 10%-no requirement
States could hold elections and rejoin Union if… denounced secession And ratified the 13th amendment
(Abolished slavery in the US) AND repudiate(reject) Confederate
debt
The Reconstruction Act of 1867
1. Put Southern states under military rule1. 5 districts each run by northern general
2. Southern states would have to create new state constitutions.
3. Suffrage for all men4. Supporters of the Confederacy were
temporarily barred from voting and therefore run for elections.
5. Southern states were required to guarantee equal rights to all citizens.
6. All states were required to ratify the 13th and 14th Amendments.
