2009 Reconstruction 1865-1877 Rebuilding after Civil War “reconstructing” the South and the...
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U.S. History Fall Exam Review 2009
2009 Reconstruction 1865-1877 Rebuilding after Civil War “reconstructing” the South and the nation Gilded Age 1877 – 1900 Riches covering up poverty/corruption
Reconstruction 1865-1877 Rebuilding after Civil War
reconstructing the South and the nation Gilded Age 1877 1900 Riches
covering up poverty/corruption U.S. Imperialism 1890 1915ish
Manifest Destiny Expanding/acquiring territory Spanish-American War
Progressive Era 1890-1920 Making progress as a nation by cleaning
up the messes of the Gilded Age Reforms, new laws, womens rights,
African- American rights
Slide 4
Business cycle cycles where the economy grows then contracts
(boom & bust) Laissez-faire belief that government should not
interfere in business hands off - policy during Gilded Age Nativism
movement discriminating against immigrants favoritism of native
born Americans restrict immigration (hmm..is there any nativist
thinking today?) Social Darwinism survival of the fittest in
business or success government shouldnt interfere in business
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Slide 5
Jim Crow discriminatory statutes & practices against
African-Americans segregation in public places Poll Tax a tax a
person had to pay before they could vote used to discourage voting
by African-Americans Grandfather Clause special laws that protected
white voting rights. referendum process that allows citizens to
reject or accept a law passed by the legislature
Slide 6
15 th gave African American males the right to vote 16th gave
Congress right to levy income tax 17th provided for direct election
of U.S. Senators 18th prohibited manufacture and sale of alcohol
19th Granted women full suffrage
Slide 7
Recall procedure that allows voters to remove an elected
official from office before the next election. Initiative a way
citizens can put a proposed new law on the ballot by collecting
voters signatures on a petition Economies of scale as production
increases cost of each item produced decreases Land speculators
people who would buy up large plots of land hoping the price would
increase and they would make huge amounts of $$$$
Slide 8
Circa 1877-1900 Era of tremendous industrial growth Robber
barons/ captains of industry Large groups of immigrants Large gap
between super-rich and poor (mostly poor) Political corruption
Urban growth tenement living Unsafe working conditions child labor
gild covered all the corruption, poverty, unsafe working
conditions, etc.
Slide 9
Vertical Consolidation Carnegie invested in steel Quickly
prospered and was able to buy out companies that performed all the
phases in steel production Coke fields Iron ore deposits Steel
mills Ships Railroads ALL purchased by Carnegie Carnegie Steel
Company
Slide 10
Horizontal Consolidation Rockefeller cut production costs, set
lower prices and was able to undersell his competitors Expanded his
business by trying to buy out all other oil refineries Independent
Oil Refineries Purchased by Rockefeller Standard Oil Company
Slide 11
Monopoly when the production of an item or supply of an item is
controlled by a single owner, factory, corporation etc. no
competition Trust when a group of companies join together under a
board of trustees limits competition (a new kind of monopoly) ex:
Rockefeller Trust (Standard Oil) Cartel an association of
businesses that make the same product they can control the market
by limiting the supply keeps the price high aka. - price
fixing
Slide 12
Boomers settlers who raced to claim land in the Indian
Territory (Oklahoma) in 1889 Sooners - - settlers who sneaked into
Indian Territory early & illegally to stake a land claim
(boooooo)
Slide 13
Graft pay off to a city official to gain favors a major way
political machines (aka Boss Tweed) made money in the Gilded Era
Vice immoral or corrupt behavior Corruption misuse of political
power for personal gain like paying off a politician for favors.
(Boss Tweed was corrupt) Bessemer Process a process that made steel
stronger and easier to produce led to huge industrial growth
Slide 14
5. How did the growth of railroads effect the development of
the West? opened up more land for settlement provided for
transportation of goods to markets 6. Morrill Land Grant provided
ways for settlers to get land - $ from sale of land to build
colleges (A&M) 7. Homestead Act provided ways for settlers to
get land 8. Manifest Destiny the idea that it was the destiny/fate
of the U.S. to spread across North America (this idea is going to
lead to U.s. imperialism)
Slide 15
8. TCRR 1 st railroad to extend from coast to coast the
government gave loans and land grants to companies to build the
railroad 9. What made possible the American industrial growth in
the late 1880s? Technological advances, abundance of workers
(immigration) 10. What revolutionized American communications in
the late 1880s? Telephone and telegraph
Slide 16
11. Critics of powerful industrialists during the Gilded Age
referred to them as Robber Barons 12. The goal of the Sherman
Antitrust Act was to do what? Encourage competition, outlaw
monopolies and trusts 13. According to the theory of Social
Darwinism the government should do what? Leave business alone
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Slide 17
14. How did industrial growth affect the distribution of wealth
in the U.S.? Huge gap between the rich and the poor most $ in the
hands of a few wealthy 16. Why did many children work in factories
during the late 1800s? Families needed the childrens wages to
survive 17. How did Andrew Carnegie gain control of the steel
industry? Vertical consolidation 18. Employers used what types of
tactics in their attempts to crush labor strikes? Yellow dog
contracts, scabs, fear
Slide 18
19. As a result of the Pullman Strikes for the next 30 years
the government did not recognize the rights of the unions to exist
20.Between 1860-1900 14 million immigrants come to the U.S. Why? To
have a better life, opportunity
Slide 19
21. Children had to work in the factories in the 1880's. why?
Families needed income to survive 22. Labor unions were created in
the 1800's because why? Poor working conditions in factories 23.
What was a major incentive in the settling of the West? Cheap
land
Slide 20
24. What drew many new immigrants to the West? gold & land
25. Describe the lifestyle of homesteaders? harsh & difficult
26.Many agreements between Native Americans and the federal
government fell apart why? Differing concepts of land
ownership
Slide 21
26. The Interstate Commerce Act was passed to do what? regulate
railroad rates & practices 27. The challenges and hardships of
settling the Great Plains led settlers to do what? return home to
the east 28. Most African American Exodusters migrated west for
what reason? to escape racial violence in the south
Slide 22
29. One way the government sought to change Native Americans
was by doing what to them? assimilation 30. Frederick Jackson
Turners thesis held that the frontier meant what? it helped create
the strong, individualistic American spirit 31. As American
settlers moved west in search of land, what happened to many Native
American nations? they were pushed off of their land & violence
erupted between settlers, Federal Government and Native
Americans
Slide 23
32. What were the major beliefs of the Republican Party during
the Gilded Age? The Democratic Party? The Populist Party?
Republican party- gold standard, high tariffs, and limits on
immigration Democratic part- increased money supply, lower tariffs,
and higher farm prices Populist party ( Western Farmers)- free
silver, increased crop prices, 8 hour work day, and government
ownership of railroads
Slide 24
33. Why did farmers favor inflation? to increase crop prices
34. William Jennings Bryan lost the election of 1896 because he
could not do what? carry the industrial and urban centers
Slide 25
35. During the late 1800s, the port of entry for the majority
of immigrants was where? New York City 36. What attracted many
Asians to the United States in the late 1800s? a chance for a
better life 37. Why did many immigrants support city political
machines? political machines provided them with jobs
Slide 26
37. The Pendleton Civil Service Act was passed to do what? to
do away with the spoils system so that those seeking Government
jobs must take a test to show they are qualified. 38. In the 1890s,
immigration patterns shifted dramatically, with most immigrants now
coming from which areas? Southern & Eastern Europe
Slide 27
39. The main objective of the nativists was to do what?
restrict immigration 40. prohibitionists and purity crusaders both
worked to do what? stop the sale/consumption of Alcohol