PETRO FEST - 2012 Files/PETRO FEST 2012 Abstracts Volume.pdf · PETRO FEST - 2012 National Seminar cum Workshop for Students on INDIAN PETROLEUM RESOURCES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

PETRO FEST - 2012

National Seminar cum Workshop for Students on

INDIAN PETROLEUM RESOURCES, CHALLENGES AND

PROSPECTS FOR EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION -

OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEW AND

NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES

(December 27-29, 2012)

A B S T R A C T S

Organised

DELTA STUDIES INSTITUTE

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM

FOREWORD

Our country is poised to take giant leaps in oil sector that will ultimately reflect in the growth

of GDP, which has already started moving upwards. Keeping this in view Andhra University has

taken initiative to establish an Institute exclusively to cater the needs mainly of Petroleum Industry.

Thus, Delta Studies Institute was established in 1997 with the financial assistance of ONGC and

OIDB in Andhra University. The Institute undertakes R&D projects, training programmes, consultancy

works with main emphasis on petroleum science and technology. Keeping the Nation’s demand of

Petroleum professionals, the Delta Studies Institute, Andhra University has started a four semesters

M.Tech. Petroleum Exploration course from the year 2006-2007. The course has been designed

with the help of highly experienced Industry experts covering all theoretical aspects of exploration

and exploitation of hydrocarbons in an exhaust way. The students graduated from the University

are well placed in both Public and Private sector oil companies.

With this background, the Delta Studies Institute of Andhra University has taken an initiative

to conduct a National Seminar cum Workshop for students on “Indian Petroleum Resources,

Challenges and Prospects for Exploration and Production – Opportunities for New and Non-

Conventional Energy Resources” (PETRO FEST-2012) from 27-29 December, 2012. This is an

yearly event and continuation of PETRO FEST 2010 and PETRO FEST 2011.

The main emphasis of this programme is to inspire young students of petroleum science

and technology to take up challenging positions in petroleum industry. This form will also help the

students to get first hand information of the petroleum science and technology by the experts.

The students from different parts of the country will have an opportunity to meet at one place,

exhibit their talents and interact among themselves and also with experts, professors and

entrepreneurs.

The main objectives of this seminar cum workshop are:

1. To provide a platform for young students of petroleum science and technology to come

together and interact among themselves and with experts to exchange information and

have an opportunity to know the state of the art science and technology in petroleum

scenario.

2. To provide an opportunity to these budding petroleum professionals to exhibit their

technical and scientific knowledge in the form of paper presentations.

The three day programme which is being called as “National Seminar cum Workshop for students

on “Indian Petroleum Resources, Challenges and Prospects for Exploration and Production –

Opportunities for New and Non-Conventional Energy Resources” in which four sessions will be

conducted during the first two days of the seminar that is 27th and 28th of the programme.

Each session is preceded by one or two expert lectures on the relevant topic. Besides paper

presentation the young professionals are given an opportunity to participate in various competitions

to exhibit their knowledge and leadership qualities.

The third day of the seminar will be devoted to socializing and visit to places of tourist/

Geological importance along Visakhapatnam coast.

We are thankful to the University Administration for their constant support and cooperation.

We are thankful to all the Members of the Organizing and Scientific Committees. We are

extremely grateful to all the delegates who have spontaneously responded with great enthusiasm

in submitting their Abstracts and full papers.

We thank all our colleagues at Delta Studies Institute and Department of Geology for their

cooperation and support. We sincerely thank all the Research Scholars, Students and Staff for their

untiring help extended for organizing this programme.

We thank ONGC, CSIR, MoES, and Ajapa, and others for financial support.

VisakhapatnamDate: 27.12.2012

Prof. M. JAGANNADHA RAOConvener, PETRO FEST-2012 &

Director - Delta Studies InstituteAndhra University

Visakhapatnam

Prof. E. N. DHANAMJAYA RAOCo-Convener, PETRO FEST-2012

Department of GeologyAndhra University

Visakhapatnam

Prof. K. SATYANARAYANA REDDYCo-Convener, PETRO FEST-2012

Department of GeologyAndhra University

Visakhapatnam

National Seminar Cum Workshop for students on“Indian Petroleum Resources, Challenges and Prospects for Exploration and

Production - Opportunities for New and Non-conventional Energy Resources”

ChairmanProf. P. George Victor, Vice Chancellor, Andhra University

ConvenerProf. M. Jagannadha Rao, Director, Delta Studies Institute, Andhra University

Co-ConvenersProf. E. N. Dhanamjaya Rao, Director, International relations, Andhra UniversityProf. K. Satyanarayana Reddy, Department of Geology, Andhra University

Scientific Advisory CommitteeProf. A.S.R. Swamy, Delta Studies Institute, Andhra UniversityProf. M. Chandra Rao, Dept. of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.Prof. T. Vinoda Rao, Head, Dept. of Geology, Andhra University, VisakhapatnamProf. G. Satyanarayana, Dept. of Geology, Andhra University, VisakhapatnamProf. D. Satyanarayana, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Prof. Ch. Ramakrishna, GITAM University, VisakhapatnamProf. R. Nagendra, Anna University, ChennaiProf. G.J. Chakrapani, Chairman (SEAC), IIT, Roorkee.

Members of the Organizing CommitteeProf. V. Veeraiah, Principal, College of Science & Technology, Andhra UniversityShri. G.S. Chari, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Shri. B.V. Rao, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Shri. R. Raja Babu, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Dr. K.S.R. Murthy, Visiting Faculty, DSI & Emeritus Scientist, NIO.Dr. P.S.N. Murthy, Director, GSI, Visakhapatnam.Shri. K. Rajaramamohan Rao, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Prof. K.K.V.S. Raju, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Prof. K.V.V. Satyanarayana, Head, Department of Geophysics, Andhra UniversityProf. G. Jai Sankar, Head, Department of Geo Engineering, Andhra UniversityProf. V.V. Nageswara Rao, Dept. of Geology, Andhra University, VisakhapatnamProf. P. Bhanu Murthy, Dept. of Geology, Andhra University, VisakhapatnamProf. D. Deva Varma, Dept. of Geology, Andhra University, VisakhapatnamDr. U.P.N. Raju, M.R. College, VizianagaramDr. M.J. Rama Krishna, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Shri. Anantha Krishna, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Dr. P. Hareram, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Shri. B.A. Rao, Visiting Faculty, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Dr. Ch. Hanuman Prasad. Infotech Enterprises, HyderabadDr. T. Karuna Karudu, Teaching Associate, Delta Studies Institute, A.U.Mr. T. Uma Maheswar, Ajapa, Chennai

LIST OF EXPERTS

1. Shri. P.R. BhavanaDGM (G), Area Manager – Onland, Forward Base, ONGC, Rajahmundry

2. Shri. D.S.A.N. RajuGM, Head-Forward Base, ONGC, Rajahmundry

3. Dr. K. SatyanarayanaGM, ONGC (Retd.), Chennai

4. Dr. Pradeep KundalProfessor & Head, PG Department of Geology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj NagpurUniversity, Law College Square, Nagpur – 440001

5. Dr. M.R. RaoScientist-F, Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226 007

6. Prof. R. VenkatachalapathyDepartment of Geology, Periyar University, Salem-636 011

7. Prof. P.N. AnanthanarayananHead, Department of Petroleum Engineering, AMET University, Chennai

8. Prof. Arun K. ShandilyaHead, Department of Applied Geology, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, MadhyaPradesh.

9. Shri. D.R. RaoGGM(Logging), Sectorial Head, Southern Region, ONGC, KG-PG Basin, Chennai.

10. Prof. Ajanta SarmaGeology Department, G C College, Silchar, Assam – 788 004

11. Prof. Parag PhukonDepartment of Geological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam.

12. Prof. Mrinal Kanti RoyDepartment of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.

13. Shri. B.S. JohnChief Palynologist, Regional Lab, KG-PG Basin, ONGC, Rajahmundry

14. Prof. V. Srinivas ViswanathHead, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Priyadarshini Institute of Technology,Nellore, India

15. Prof. S. AnirudhanDept. of Geology, University of Kerala

16. Prof. N.K. MahalikEmerities Professor, Dept. of Geology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa

ONGC Sponsored Delegates

1. Ms. K.G. VijayalaxmiDGM (G), ONGC, Chennai

2. Shri. N. Phani SekharChief Geophycist (Surface), ONGC, Chennai

3. Shri. G. A. BadrinarayanaChief Geophysicist (Surface), ONGC, Chennai

4. Dr. Suneeta KulkarniSuperintendent Geologist, ONGC, Chennai

5. Shri. N. ChandrasekarChief Geophysicist (S), ONGC, WOB, Mumbai

CONTENTS

PAGE NO

PETROLIFEROUS BASINS OF INDIA

1. Significance of microfossils in bio-stratigraphy and identification of 2source rocks Expert LectureR. Venkatachalapathy

2. Cretaceous Sedimentary Sequence in Mahadek Basin, Meghalaya, 4 NE India Expert LectureAjanta Sarma and Parag Phukon

3. An Evolutionary Model of South Kerala Sedimentary Basin 5V. Narayanan and S. Anirudhan Expert Lecture

4. An Integrated Source Rock Studies using core and Well Log Data 6in Ramnad Sub-Basin of Cauvery Basin, IndiaD. Srikanth, P. Shangmugam and B. A. Rao

5. Facies and Depositional Environment of the exposed Paleogene 8Sylhet Limestone, Kopili and Renji Formations in the NortheasternBangladesh – An Overview of Early Petroliferous Rocks of theBengal Basin Expert LectureMrinal Kanti Roy, Partha Jit Roy and Sudip Saha

6. Tertiary Palynology and its Applications with special reference to 10Petroliferous Basins of India Expert LectureM. R. Rao

7. Organic rich environments and their role in formation of Hydrocarbons 11B.S. John Expert Lecture

8. Evolution of East Coast of India – A Plate Tectonic Reconstruction 12P. Jagadeesh

9. Petroliferous Krishna Godavari Basin 13K. Saranya

10. Prospect evaluation in a petroleum province of Krishna- Godavari 14(KG) Basin – a case study using correlation of standard logs, palaeontological and sedimentological studies.M. Haritha, K. Satyanarayana Reddy, S. S. Reddy and M. K. Das

11. Initial development of oil and gas field in Ingoli field, Cambay Basin 16Kodi Rajesh Kumar

12. Palaeo Environmental and Climatic Conditions of the Kallamedu 17Formation at KTB Site, Cauvery Basin, South IndiaT. Sugantha, M. Ramkumar, J. Vignesh and S. Mohan

RECENT ADVANCES IN OIL EXPLORATION, PRODUCTION ANDNON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES

13. Shale Gas Exploration - Indian Scenario 20K. Satyanarayana Expert Lecture

14. Need of Deployment of Calcareuos Algae for Exploration of more 21Petroleum in Sedimentary Basins for Shaping the Future of IndiaPradeep Kundal Expert Lecture

15. Value Chain Engineering in the Production of Unconventional 22Oil and Gas Production Expert LectureV. Srinivas Viswanath

16. Unconventional Gas Reserve of Natural Petroleum Gas around 23Sagar-Damoh-Vidisha Districts, Madhya Pradesh, IndiaArun K. Shandilya Expert Lecture

17. Impacts of Shale Gas Development and their Remedies 25G.K. Kanthi, Srikanth and B. Kishore Babu

18. Shale Stability and Drilling Fluid Interaction 26K. Thamanna Kalai and M. Priyanka

19. Hydraulic Fracture of Shale Gas 27S. Lokesh and Rohith Ravikumar

20. Measurement while drilling(M.W. D) 28A. Sai kiran and K. Kishan

21. Extraction of Oil Sand: Thai(Toe To Heel Air Injection) 30Srungavaruapu Madhukar and K.R. Subramaniyan

22. The Perspectives on Energy Crisis and Adaptation of Non - 32Conventional Energy In IndiaR. Easwaran

23. Gas Hydrates -The Future Energy Resource of the World 35Janapareddy Hemanth Kumar, Pyda Vamsi and M. Jagannadha Rao

24. What is Tight Gas and How is it Produced 37R. Balakrishna Reddy

25. Non -Conventional Energy Resources of India 38P. Ilavalagan

26. Role of Chemistratigraphic Technique in Reservoir Characterization 39and Global Stratigraphic CorrelationJ. Vignesh

27. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery 41Priyanka Mani

28. Non-Conventional Energy Resources 42S. Mahesh and S.P. P. Kanth

OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENT AND MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

29. Bridging the Gap Between Oil Industry and Academy - Indian Scenario 44P.N. Ananthanarayanan and J. Swathi Expert Lecture

30. Environmental Impacts of Petroleum Exploration in India Basins 45K. Pradeep Expert Lecture

31. Social Media & Fuel Price Hike 46N. Manikya Rao and Challa Krishnaveer Abhishek

32. Astro-Chemistry of Minerals and Petroleum Products 47B. Gopal Krishna and M. Jagannadha Rao

33. Sustainable Biofuel Production from Water Hyacinth (Eicchornia Crassipes) 48A. Vasundhara and N. Aruna kumari

34. Recovery of Molybdenum by Salt Roasting of Spent Catalytic Wastes 49S.K. Dash and B.B. Kar

35. Seismic Geomorphology for Hydrocarbon Exploration 50Sunjay

36. Synergies of UCG- CCS: Solution for energy deficient country 52Akshat Veer and M. Jagannadha Rao

37. Enhanced Oil Recovery 53K. Sai Kiran Rohith and A. Siva Durga

38. Application of Optical Cavitational Process in Petroleum Drilling Operation 54S. Girrish Karthik and S. Rakesh

39. Application Data Mining Evaluation and Prediction in Global Scenario 55Garapati Padmanadh

PETRO FEST – 2012National Seminar cum workshop for students on “Indian Petroleum Resources, Challenges and Prospects for

Exploration and Production - Opportunities for New and Non-conventional Energy Resources” (27-29, December, 2012)

1

PETROLIFEROUS BASINS OF INDIA



2

SIGNIFICANCE OF MICROFOSSILS IN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY ANDIDENTIFICATION OF SOURCE ROCKS

R. VenkatachalapathyDepartment of Geology, Periyar University, Salem-636 011

E-mail: [email protected]

Over a century there has been a close association between Micropaleontology and Petroleum

Exploration. About 70-80 % of world’s giant oil fields have reservoirs in Mesozoic and Cenozoic

Periods. Petroleum is formed under Earth’s surface by the decomposition of marine and land organisms.

The process began many millions of years ago with the development of abundant life. As additional

deposits pile up, the pressure on the sediments below increases several thousand times and the

temperature rises by several hundred degrees. The mud and sand harden into shale and sandstone,

carbonate precipitates and skeletal shells harden into limestone and the remains of the dead organisms

are transformed into crude oil and natural gas. Petroleum source rocks play a vital role in the formation

of petroleum accumulations and are as important as reservoirs and traps.

Micropaleontology occupies an important position in Earth Science studies today. Fossils

(microfossils) are the remains or traces of an organism or its activities preserved in the rocks. They

occur within the rock and offer information about the surrounding rock. Different types of organisms

have known tolerance and intolerances for certain environmental conditions. The presence of fossils

throughout Phanerozoic sediments has enabled paleontologists to construct a relative order of strata.

At specific stratigraphic boundaries certain types of fossils either appear or disappear or both in some

cases. Such biostratigraphic boundaries separate larger or smaller units of time that are defined as

eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages. So, each division in the geologic time scale is based on

progressively more subtle biological criteria and some non-biological criteria.

Foraminifers are globally used for biostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of sedimentary

strata. The benthic foraminifers are good indicators of paleoenvironment. As the oceans occupy 71%

of the surface of the globe, the results were bound to have a profound effect on geologic thinking

(Bolli et al., 1985). The fossil record of planktic foraminifera is a key source of data on the evolution



3

of marine plankton. Abundance, diversity and dominance patterns enable discrimination of a range of

environments.

The present paper deals with the application of microfossils in establishing biostratigraphy and

paleoenvironment in the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of Cauvery Basin, Southern India and in

Assam, Nagaland in NE India. This paper discusses the finding of stratigraphically worldwide very

important zonal marker Whiteinella archaeocretacea across Cenomanian-Turonian boundary (93.5

m.y.) in Cauvery Basin, Southern India; Planorotalites palmerae reported for the first time from Northeast

India marks the latest part of the Early Eocene (Late Ypresian) and ranges between 50.4-49.0 m.y. It

also present the criteria used to infer anoxic conditions in Nagaland where the presence of very high

percentage of Uvigerinids with pyritised tests in the study area indicates anoxic conditions, suggesting

of possible source rocks.



4

CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTARY SEQUENCE IN THE MAHADEK BASIN,MEGHALAYA, NE INDIA

Ajanta Sarma1 and P. Phukon2

1Geology Department, G C College, Silchar – 788 0042Department of Geological Sciences, Gauhati University, Guwahati – 781 014


The Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in Meghalaya, N E India, overlying the Precambrian

granitic basement or the Sylhet traps and underlying Langpar Formation/ Lakadong Limestone,

represents a distinct entity with E-W extent of about 175km from eastern part of West Garo Hills to

western part of Jaintia Hills and N-S extent varying between <10km in the east to ~25km in the west.

This sequence plausibly represent sedimentation in a passive margin, pericratonic rift basin termed as

the Mahadek basin with its tectonosedimentary evolution linked to the Mesozoic rifting and drifting of

the Indian Lithospheric plate. Here we present the salient characteristics of this sedimentary sequence

based on study of the outcrops and limited subcrop samples in West and East Khasi Hills. The arenaceous

sequence can be broadly divided into two distinctive lithofacies: a lower fluvial unit (uraniferous at

places) and an upper marine unit based on lithological, structural and paleontological evidences. A

thin conglomeratic horizon is encountered overlying the granitic basement in West Khasi hills while a

matrix supported conglomerate horizon of ~10m with rounded clasts followed by a sequence of ~30m

of graded bedding are found between the Sylhet Trap and the overlying marine arenaceous sequence in

central part of the basin. The fluvial sequence is predominantly feldspathic arenite and wacke rich in

organic matter and amber and the marine sequence is represented by calcareous feldspathic wackes.

Beds of calcareous sandstones are found towards top part of the marine sequence characterized by

gastropods, pelecypods and burrows as well as foraminifera. Outcrop mapping however shows that

the fluvial sequence is better developed in the western part while the maximum development of the

marine sequence is in the central part. The top part of the sequence containing Maastrichtian foraminifera

probably represents the first major Cretaceous marine transgression in Mahadek basin.

Key words: Cretaceous sequence, Mahadek basin, Meghalaya



5

AN EVOLUTIONARY MODEL OF SOUTH KERALASEDIMENTARY BASIN

V. Narayanan and S. AnirudhanDept. of Geology, University of Kerala

E-mal: [email protected]

Kerala, a small state on the south western part of India, encompasses a sedimentary basin of

Tertiary age along its coastal margin; while the major portion of the basin lies offshore. The sedimentary

sequence on land begins with clastic Mayyanad Formation (Late Oligocene – Early Miocene), overlained

by Quilon limestone (Early Miocene – Lower Miocene) and followed up by clastic Ambalapuzha

Formation (Lower Miocene – Lower Pliocene). Transgression /Regression models have been proposed

to account for this alternating sandstone- limestone sequences by earlier workers. Petrographic studies

reveal that the clastic sediment mostly composed of angular to sub-angular quartz grains and therefore

can be classified as immature quartz arenite. Stable isotope analysis of limestone samples point to a

warmer temperature during Early Miocene – Lower Miocene (34.250C) which is consistent with

transgression/ regression model. The evolution of Western Ghat section is best described in terms of

an elevated rift flank due to the rifting from Seychelles during Late Cretaceous (65 Ma.), favouring the

off shore deposition along Konkan Kerala basin. The petrographic and isotopic studies conclude that

the two clastic sequences viz., Mayyanad and Warkallai Formation occupying on the land ward portion

of the Konkan-Kerala basin were deposited from the same source rock but under diverse climatic and

relief conditions.



6

AN INTEGRATED SOURCE ROCK STUDIES USING CORE AND WELLLOG DATA IN RAMNAD SUB-BASIN OF CAUVERY BASIN, INDIA

D. Srikanth, P. Shangmugam and B.A. RaoDepartment of Ocean Engineering, IIT Chennai.-600020


Hydrocarbon production in Indian basins have been intensified many fold with discovery of

many small to large scale oil and gas fields in onland and offshore areas, particularly after many

private operators entered in the petroleum sector as joint ventures through New Exploratory Licensing

Policy (NELP) introduced in the early nineties.. Stability and sustainability are the two important

factors in hydrocarbon production for good economic returns in oil & gas business. This needs a better

understanding about the quality and nature of the reservoirs under production in terms of its level of

maturity, total organic carbon strength, vetrinite reflectance (VRo), Tmax etc.

An attempt has been made in the qualitative estimation of source rock parameters using core

data acquired in the wells of fields namely Periyapatnam, Perungulam, Raman Valasi, Rajasingh

Mangalam and Uchupalli, which are part of Ramnad sub–basin for assessing source rock potentials.

The source rock is found to be in andimadam formation belonging to lower Cretaceous age and its

characterization parameters namely TOC, Tmax, S2, VRo, OI and HI are examined in detail by

generating cross plots. TOC in Perungulam and Periyapatnam is found to be more than 2 where as in

Raman Valasai it is less than 2. The value of TOC is less than 0.5 in Uchupalli field which is found to

be devoid of hydrocarbons as per the drilling results. The cross plots Tmax vs S2 & OI vs HI infer that

the source rock is of kerogen type II and type-III. This corroborates with production testing results.

The values of Tmax in these fields are found to be in the range of 430o -445o, indicating that the source

rock is of type-II in nature with early maturity. The estimated TOC for the source rock samples of

hydrocarbon proven fields is of the order 1.0 to 3.8 indicating that the organic richness of the source is

good to moderately good. The vitrinite reflectance (VRo) estimated for this source rock is in the range

of 0.55 to 0.65. The organic richness of the source rock in Perungalam and Periyapatnam fields are



7

found to be better when compared to that of Rajasingh Mangalam. TOC log is constructed using

Passey method (ΔlogR). It has been found that computed TOC log is in agreement with Lab., determined

TOC values in all the hydrocarbon proven fields of Ramnad sub basin. It can be inferred from this

study that the hydrocarbons are generated from deeper sediments, migrated through cross faults and

accumulated in Bhuvanagiri and Nannilam sands.



8

FACIES AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE EXPOSEDPALEOGENE SYLHET LIMESTONE, KOPILI AND RENJI FORMATIONSIN THE NORTHEASTERN BANGLADESH - AN OVERVIEW OF EARLY

PETROLIFEROUS ROCKS OF THE BENGAL BASIN

Mrinal Kanti Roy, Partha Jit Roy, and Sudip SahaDepartment of Geology and Mining, University of Rajshahi,

Rajshahi-6205, BangladeshE-mail: [email protected]

The Sylhet Limestone Formation, Kopili Formation and Renji Formation of the Paleogene

epoch are only exposed in the Gwainghat-Jaintiaour area, Sylhet Trough of the Bengal Basin bordering

Maghalaya, India. The Sylhet Limestone Formation consists of crystalline limestone facies overlain

by fossilliferous limestone facies of foraminifera and other invertebrates. The Kopili Formation overlies

the Sylhet Limestone Formation with a drowning unconformal contact that was later faulted. Black

laminated shale, red shale (clay), ripple laminated very fine sandstone-siltstone and parallel laminated

very fine sandstone-siltstone are the sedimentary facies of the Kopili Formation. The Oligocene Renji

Formation overlies the Kopili Formation with an erosional contact, which is consisted of the clast

supported conglomerate, trough-planar-ripple cross stratified sandstone-siltstone, lenticular-flaser-,

wavy-parallel laminated sandstone-siltstone, parallel laminated silty shale- shale and mudstone facies.

The limestone facies association of epeiric sea to shallow marine environment is the facies association

of the Eocene Sylhet Limestone Formation, the shale facies association of deep marine environment is

that of the Kopili Formation and medium to fine grained sandy facies association related to strong tide

and heterolithic facies association related to weak tide are the facies association of the Renji Formation.

The crystalline and fossiliferous limestones are of epeiric sea and shallow marine shelf deposit

respectively. Black to dark green shale and red shale are designated as deep marine shale of abyssal to

bathyl basin plain. The drowning unconformal contact indicates shut down of the carbonate factory of

the Sylhet Limestone Formation following a rise in relative sea level that onsets the deep abyssal plain

environment of the Kopili Formation in the study area. The Renji Formation was deposited in the



9

estuarine to tidal flat environment, which was happened due to fall of sea level and or elevation of the

depositing site. These Paleogene fine grained sediments are believed to be the early source rocks of

the hydrocarbon in the Bengal Basin.

Key words: Facies, Environment, Paleogene Sylhet Limestone- Kopili- Renji Formations, north eastern

Bangladesh: An overview, early petroliferous rocks, Bengal Basin.



10

TERTIARY PALYNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONSWITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PETROLIFEROUS BASINS OF INDIA

M. R. RaoBirbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow-226 007


The term palynology was suggested by Hyde and Williams (1944) to the study of dust. The

science of Palynology deals with the spores and pollen and associated palyonodebris consisting of

algal and fungal spores, diatoms, acritarchs, dinoflagellate cysts, hystrichosphaerids, silicoflagellates,

coccoliths, discoasters, radiolarian and chitinozoa. This branch of study assumed importance due to

the exploratory activities for coal and oil as, these studies have proved to be immensely effective in

handling various problems related with age determination of strata, correlation of marine and fresh-

water deposits, determination of palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment, fine biostratigraphic zonation

and indication of areas favourable for hydrocarbon generation.

A vast amount of palynological data has been generated from the sedimentary basins of India

and the data has been utilized in dating and correlation of sediments through identification of global

bio-events (FAD and LAD), high-resolution integrated biostratigraphy for finer zonations and

reconstruction of palaeoenvironment and palaeoclimate.

In this presentation, an attempt has been made to show, how the Tertiary spore-pollen and

dinoflagellate cysts have been important in biostratigraphic and palaeoecological interpretations with

special reference to petroliferous basins of India like Krishna-Godavari and Cauvery basins.



11

ORGANIC RICH ENVIRONMENTS AND THEIR ROLE INFORMATION OF HYDROCARBONS

B.S. JohnChief Palynologist, Regional Lab, KG-PG Basin, ONGC, Rajahmundry


The organic rich sediment has been defined as one gr of rock should contain minimum 0.5% of

organic carbon will be considered as organic rich sediment. It may have source of potentiality to

generate both oil and gas. Organic compounds usually have hydrogen bonded to the carbon atom, It is

a substance containing carbon as in such expressions as organic – rich shale. The organic–rock consisting

primarily of the remains of organisms is called as organic rich shale.

The organic matter types deposited in the sediments are mainly controlled by the environmental

factors such that where it was deposited. The finer sediments occur in the receiving ends are proved to

be good environments to enriched with good amount of organic matter. The basic types of organic

matter viz: humicfacies, sapropelic facies and mixed types of both humic and sapropelic are having

generative capacity of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons or the mixture of both as well.

The thermal alteration index values are having immense impact on generation of peak

hydrocarbon potential during sediment deposition. The diagenetic, catagenetic and metagenetic stages

are having pyrolysis to produce hydrocarbons at various stages of sediment deposition.

It can be concluded finally that organic rich sediment may occur where ever there is sufficient

supply of organic matter reasonably quiet waters, and an intermediate rate of sedimentation of fine

grained mineral particles.



12

EVOLUTION OF EAST COAST OF INDIA – A PLATE TECTONICRECONSTRUCTION

P. JagadeeshDepartment of Management Studies, Potti Sriramulu Chalavadi Mallikarjuna Rao

College of Engineering and Technology, Vijayawada – 520001E-mail: [email protected]

The evolution of east coast of India is discussed within the ambit of clearly identifiable four

major tectonic stages which had a profound effect in shaping the tectonic grain of the east coast basins.

The evolutionary process began with rift related crustal extension between India and Sri Lanka as a

consequence of Africa-Antarctica rifting and development of Natal Basin. An arm of this rift led to

initial extension in the Cauvery Basin and failed.

Later, the India-West Australia rift propagated further in southwesterly direction initiating

Mahanadi and Krishna-Godavari Basins. This extension was an oblique one with Nayudupeta high

acting as pivot. The oblique extension followed by asymmetric seafloor spreading developed

transgression along India-Sri Lanka and Antarctica junction, resulting in a NNW-SSE trending trans-

current fault along which Antarctica moved southward. Subsequently, entire east coast evolved through

a more or less uniform post rift stage.

Keywords: Plate tectonic reconstruction, Trans-current fault, East Coast of India.



13

PERTROLIFEROUS KRISHNA GODAVARI BASIN

K. SaranyaPeriyar University, Salem


Extensive deltaic plain formed by two large east coast rivers , Krishna and Godavari in the

state of Andhra Pradesh and the adjoin areas off Bay of Bengal in which these rivers discharge their

water is known as Krishna-Godavari basin the Krishna-Godavari basin is a proven petroliferous basin

of continental margin located on the east coast of India . The Krishna-Godavari basin is an established

hydrocarbon province with a resource base of 1130 MMT, of which 555MMT are assessed for the

offshore region (up to 200m isobath) several oil and natural gas fields are located both in on land and

offshore parts of the basin. A number of gas fields are producing from Paleocene reservoirs, particularly

in Godavari sub- basin. ONGC has carried out detailed geological mapping in the area covering 4220

sq. km since 1959.

Depositional environment: Four distant depositional systems have been recognized in Krishnan-

Godavari basin. There are Godavari delta system, Mansulipatnam shelf scope system and Nizampatinan

shelf, Slope system and Krishna delta system. The maximum thickness of the sediments in Krishna-

Godavari basin is around 5000m .Tertiary play: Principal depositional elements from Shelf staging

area to basin depositional model of the shallow off shore. Krishna – Godavari basin with commercial

hydrocarbon accumulations in the oldest perm–Triassic Mandapeta sandstone on land to the youngest

Pleistocene channel levee complexes in deep water off shore the basin has endowed with four petroleum

systems , which can be classified broadly into two categories viz .pre-Trappean and post-Trappean in

view of their distinct tectonic and sedimentary characteristics seismic imaging of pre- Trappe an

section poses problems in terms of data quality.

Sources rich are as at different stratigraphic levels: Hydrocarbon generation centers in Cretaceous,

Hydrocarbon generation centers in Paleocene. Hydrocarbon generation centers in Eocene.



14

PROSPECT EVALUATION IN A PETROLEUM PROVINCE OFKRISHNA- GODAVARI (KG) BASIN- A CASE STUDY USING

CORRELATION OF STANDARD LOGS, PALEONTOLOGICAL ANDSEDIMENTALOGICAL STUDIES

M. Haritha1, K. Satyanarayana Reddy2, S.S. Reddy3 and M.K. Das3.1Gurunank Engineering College, Hyderabad- 501506.

2Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam3ONGC, Rajahmundry Asset, Godavari Bhavan, Rajahmundry-533106.


Establishing the lateral limits of hydrocarbon bearing pay sands is the most important task for

an exploration geologist for further Exploration & Exploitation of a discovery. The present study aims

at interpretation of standard logs of drilled wells supplemented with paleontological and

sedimentological data for better understanding the limits of hydrocarbon bearing pays and further

exploitation in the study area situated in Island area of Krishna-Godavari basin, along the east coast of

India.

Log interpretation along 5 sections covering selected area was carried out, mainly by using

standard logs such as Self Potential, Gamma, Resistivity logs for pay zone correlation. Contrast in

readings of Resistivity logs indicate shale, sand, sandstone, siltstone, limestone, which can be further

confirmed by correlating with responses of SP and Gamma ray logs, and thus pay sands can be clearly

correlated. However, Density and Neutron logs are also considered for fine tuning the pay sand intervals.

Here attempt was made to bring out structural picture and pay zone disposition of the Prospect for

which five sections were prepared covering the maximum area using 22 number of wells( out of 34

wells) drilled. The sections are hanged on MSL depth of 1700m as most of the pay sands in this

prospect are below 1700m in Matsyapuri formation (of age Oligocene to Miocene) and about Seven

major pay sands are considered to arrive at proper structural configuration of the prospect.

Paleo-environment interpretation is brought out by using paleontological evidences, by the

abundance or decline in the occurrences of marker fossils Uvigerina Spp, Bulimina Spp along with

lenticulina Spp. Palynology studies also supplemented to this work to identify age and environment



15

by a characteristic fungal Species namely Phyragmotherites in the sediments of Matsyapuri formation,

acts as an important bio-marker having stratigraphic importance.

Hence, we have made an attempt to evolve a model by which we could interpret the limits of

hydrocarbon bearing pays and also reasonably explain limits for further exploitation.



16

INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELDIN INGOLI FIELD, CAMBAY BASIN

K. Rajesh KumarDelta Studies Institute, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

This project was carried with the main objective to maximize the production with minimum cost.

After the discovery of the well in the field, the different kinds of aspects should be consider in the

development of oil/gas filed. This is conducted by applying combination of Geology, Reservoir,

Production and Economic principles. There are some basic models like Geological model, Reservoir

model and Economic model.

The main work done by me is the Estimation of OHCIP (original hydrocarbon in place), Economic

analysis, and using different software’s for predicting Reservoir performance by using Rate Time

Analysis (RTA) and creating the contour maps by using Surfer.



17

PALAEO-ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THEKALLAMEDU FORMATION AT KTB SITE,

CAUVERY BASIN, SOUTH INDIA

T. Sugantha, M. Ramkumar, J. Vignesh and S. MohanDepartment of Geology, Periyar University, Salem-636011.

E-mail:[email protected]

Life originated on the Earth approximately 2500 million years ago. Since then, it underwent

several episodes of population explosion, diversification, sophistication and as well as mass extinction

events. Among the extinction events, Late Cretaceous event is considered to be very significant as

most of the fauna and flora were wiped out at the end during Maastrichtian, approximately at about 65

million years ago. The Geoscientific information contained in the Upper Cretaceous sediments that

witnessed the plethora of environmental and climatic variations during the extinction event are widely

discussed and debated by geologists after documentation of KT Boundary all over world by Luis

Alvarez and Walter Alvarez. Various cataclysmic and stepwise environmental stress conditions as the

cause of demise/extinction of fauna were proposed and a consensus is yet to be reached.

The Cauvery Basin, located on the southeast Indian Peninsula houses a more or less complete

Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary sedimentary records. However, until the documentation of continuous

KT exposure near Sendurai(Ramkumaret al. 2010)during the year 2009, studies on KTB (Cretaceous-

Tertiary Boundary) on the basin were limited to sporadic, incomplete and isolated exposures. Present

study documents the Paleaoenvironmental and climatic conditions prevalent in the Kallamedu Formation

at KT site section in the Cauvery basin, based on systematic textural analyses of stratigraphically

constrained samples. This is the first systematic sedimentological description and interpretation of

palaeo-environmental and climatic conditions of the precisely Cretaceous-Tertiary transitional records

of the Cauvery Basin.

In addition to the facies, geochemical, stable isotopic and other analyses, textural study of the

sediment samples was attempted as sediment texture is the result of changes in the provenance, source

area weathering, tectonics, climate and environmental conditions at the depositional site. In addition

to generation of textural data and interpretation of them, attempt was also made to plot the data in the



18

stratigraphic context to deduce variations of environmental and climatic conditions with time. Further,

the data were plotted in a few established discriminant diagrams to interpret environment of deposition,

depositional medium, energy conditions prevalent and the mode of transport.

The lithofacies variation and the textural characteristics collectively indicate deposition in and

around ephemeral seasonally fed shallow river channel and occasional deposition in overbank and

flood plain sub-environments adjoining coastal region. Predomination of tectonic quiescence, absence

of significant chemical weathering in the source area, prevalence of sediment scarcity have all also

been indicated by the textural and lithofacies characteristics. Predominance of riverine origin and

transport of sediments by rolling and suspension mode are indicated by textural properties.Climatic

conditions prevalent were inferred to be dry-humid alternations, principally influenced under seasonal/

monsoonal conditions. Massive, monotonous thin lamination to very thick sediment deposition was

predominantly cyclic, consisting of alternating sandstone and shale/clay cycles of Kallamedu Formation

reveal that prevalence of episodic floods.

Key Words: Paleaoenvironment,Climate, Kallamedu Formation, Maastrichtian, Cauvery Basin,India.



19

RECENT ADVANCES IN OIL EXPLORATION,PRODUCTION AND




20

SHALE GAS EXPLORATION – INDIAN SCENARIO

Dr. K. SatyanarayanaGM, ONGC (Retd.), Chennai

Shale gas or Natural gas trapped in sedimentary rocks, shale formations, below the earth’s

surface, is the new focus area in the US, Canada and China as an alternative to conventional oil and

gas meeting growing energy demands. In India present gas demand is likely to rise from 290 mmscmd

in 2012-13 to 470 mmscmd and the domestic supply is expected to increase from 124 mmscmd to 220-

230 mmscmd. The shale’s rich in organic matter (0.5%--25%) are usually mature petroleum source

rock in the thermogenetic gas window, when high heat and pressure have conventional petroleum to

natural gas. They are sufficiently brittle and rigid enough to maintain open fractures. Shale’s generally

have insufficient permeability to allow significant fluid flow to a well bore and most shale’s are not

commercial sources of natural gas. Shale has a low matrix permeability, so gas production in commercial

quantities requires fractures to provide permeability.

Modern technology helps in hydraulic fracturing to create extensive artificial fractures around

well bores. Horizontal drilling is often used with a lateral length upto 3000 meters, within shales to

create maximum bore hole surface area in contact with the shales. Some of the gas produced is held in

natural fractures, some in pore spaces and some are absorbed onto organic material. The gas in fractures

is produced immediately, the gas absorbed onto organic matter material is released as the formation

pressure is drawn down by the well. In India as per the available data 6 basins – Cambay, Assam-

Arakan, K-G on shore, Cauvery onshore, Gondwana and Indo-Gangatic basin holds shale gas potential.

Shale gas production requires large volumes of availability of water, disposal of water, potential

contamination of ground water by hydraulic fracturing, chemicals to the surface, potential mishandling

of waste and drilling of high density wells where land availability is an issue are the main concerns.



21

NEED OF DEPLOYMENT OF CALCAREOUS ALGAE FOR EXPLORATIONOF MORE PETROLEUM IN INDIAN SEDIMENTARY BASINS

FOR SHAPING THE FUTURE OF INDIA

Pradeep KundalProfessor & Head, PG Department of Geology,

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (RTMNU),Law College Square, Nagpur-440001, INDIA


Presently, India imports more than 70 percent of oil requirements and by 2020 our nation

should achieve comprehensive energy security through enhancement of our oil and gas exploration. In

view of this, deployment of newer technologies/tolls that would help in finding new resources of oil

and gas in our country is highly required. The Calcareous Algae must be used as one of the tools in

search of new resources of oil and gas in our country. The Calcareous Algae are those in which CaCO3

is deposited by life processes and this CaCO3 gives a skeleton for the entire plant or part of plant.

Calcareous Algae are common in shallow marine and freshwater environments throughout the

Phanerozoic. The present paper provides an account of multifarious applications of Calcareous Algae

in hydrocarbon exploration such as in biostratigraphy, in sequence stratigraphy, as potential tool for

reconstruction of paleoenvironment, as builder of carbonate reservoir rocks and reefs. Despite this, the

work on Calcareous Algae is scantily done by Indian workers and oil companies are not using Calcareous

Algae for exploration of hydrocarbon. There is an urgent need to intensify the search of Calcareous

Algae from the carbonate horizons of all Indian sedimentary basins including basins which are

commercially productive.

Keywords: Calcareous Algae, biostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, paleoenvironment, carbonate

reservoir rocks, reefs, hydrocarbon exploration.



22

VALUE CHAIN ENGINEERING IN THE PRODUCTION OFUNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION

V. Srinivas ViswanathHead of the Department, Mechanical Engineering,

Priyadarshini Institute of Technology, Nellore, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

A good look at this Value chain Matrix indicates that there are a number of locations in any

business process to add value or to improve the process, which in turn will help in saving money and

time while improving the performance. The basic idea is same age old concept of utilizing the incoming

of information, let the source be anything. Gas hydrates, Coal-bed methane (CBM), Shale gas, playing

a exploration for conventional oil and gas the existing well-cores can generate large amounts of data to

locate the potential shale plays a key role. Because of the shale gas revolution, there are now huge

uncertainties for investors at all stages of the gas value chain. Whether to invest in conventional gas

production? Whether to invest in new pipelines and LNG plant? Whether to invest in other gas

infrastructure such as storage? Whether to ‘invest’ in long-term supply contracts? All of these

uncertainties are likely to lower investment levels, especially in conventional gas supplies. The current

low gas prices will also reinforce such lower investment levels. The Supply-Chain Operations Reference

SCOR framework has been adopted by hundreds of companies as well as national entities as a standard

for business excellence, and the US DOD has adopted the newly-launched Design-Chain Operations

Reference (DCOR) framework for product design as a standard to use for managing their development

processes. In addition to process elements, these reference frameworks also maintain a vast database

of standard process metrics aligned to the Porter model, as well as a large and constantly researched

database of prescriptive universal best practices for process execution. A idealistic approach which

propose the Value chain significance in oil and Gas production determines the Business Process

Management that enables value reference modelling of all business processes and provides product

excellence, operations excellence, and customer excellence.

Key words: Value chain, Gas production, Product Management, Investment strategies



23

UNCONVENTIONAL GAS RESERVE OF NATURAL PETROLEUM GASAROUND SAGAR- DAMOH - VIDISHA DISTRICTS,

MADHYA PRADESH. INDIA

Arun K. ShandilyaHead, Department of Applied Geology

Dr.Hari Singh Gour University Sagar M.PEmail: [email protected]

The rocks of the Rewa Group of the Vindhyan Super Gropup are containing a leakages and

seepages of the natural petroleum gas and helium gas was reported from more than 32 tube wells,

scattered in the 200 km. long belt in Vidisha- Sagar – Damoh districts in the southern fringes of Bundel

khand region in M.P. The discovery of the rare gas helium in hydrocarbon rich zone in the tube wells

in agricultural field of Pipariya - Bhutoli Garhakota Tahsil and Meerkheri Jilla and Rahatgarh town in

Rahatgarh tahsil, Mandi- Bamora in Bina Tahsil, Patneshwar Village and Bannad Village in Sagar

Tahsil, Goghara Village in Banda Tahsil of Sagar District and Batiyagarhin. Mehalwara anf Sukha

village , Singrampur, Konda, Jabera, Villages in Damoh District of M.P. is a unique finding in rocks of

the Vindhyan Super Group, in the history of Earth Science in India. The depth of tube wells are varying

in 300 feet to 750 feet. On the basis of geochemical analysis, it is remarkable to note that average

values of helium contents varies from 0.34 % to 0.732 % along with the 72% to 99 % of methane and

ethane, and minor amount of oxygen, nitrogen and CO2 gases in the hydrocarbon rich zone are recorded

during the geochemical and stable isotope analysis. It has been found in the stable isotope ä C13 value

the values for the methane is - 43.6 per mil w. r. t. to - 54.9 per mil w.r.t. PDB and for the Ethane gas is

—24.9 to --26.4 per mil w. r. t. PDB in the gas samples collected in the saturated sodium chloride

solution in the glass bottles at various sites in Sagar & Damoh District. The occurrence of rare helium

gas in the Hydrocarbon rich zone is reported first time in Jan, 2007 from the tube wells of Sagar Distt,

which were geochemically and stable isotopically analyzed in the labs of KDMIPE Dehradun & NGRI

Hydrabad. The gaseous hydrocarbon analysis show the presence of moderate to low concentration of

methane ( C1) 1 to 104 ppb, Ethane( C2)-1 to 14 ppb, Propane( C3) 1 to 10 ppb, i- Butane ( i C4) 1 to

9 ppb and n Butane ( n C4) 1 to 8 ppb in the soil samples collected from different locations.



24

The Result of the adsorbed soil gas and stable isotopic analysis of Ethane gas in these samples

ä C13 value are ranging from -24.9 per mill w.r.t. PDB and -26.9 per mill w.r.t. PDB are indicative that

this gas is of thermogenic origin, which must have been formed at very high temperature & pressure

condition in the deeper horizon of the Great Vindhyan sedimentary basin of an early Proterozoic ( >

500 m.y.) period. This is an unconventional gas reserve in these rocks rare, because no one has reported

such type of the gas leakage in this area



25

IMPACTS OF SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR REMEDIES

G.K. Kanthi, Srikanth, and B. Kishore BabuDept. of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University,

College Of Engineering (A), VisakhapatnamE-mail: [email protected]

Shale gas is natural gas produced from shale, a type of sedimentary rock. “Unlike conventional

hydrocarbon traps, shales cover large areas and they remain a source of gas for a very long time”.

Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States over

the past decade, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in Canada, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

In India geologists identified 28 sedimentary basins of shale gas (natural gas found trapped in

shale formations under the ground), including ten potential producing basins, across India. Major

reserves being spread in Cambay in Gujarat, Assam-Arakan in northeast India, and Gondwana in

central India .According to scientists working on Indian shale gas, recovery rate of up to 50% is much

higher than the 30% in oil and gas reserves

Developing energy from shale is similar to the development of any natural resource, it doesn’t

occur in a vacuum it occurs in the community. In fact, advances in drilling technology means that tracking

natural gas is now occurring in more populated areas that have not experienced oil and gas development

in the past by a technique named Hydraulic Fracturing a multi-stage fracturing operation. The challenges

of Hydraulic Fracturing and precautions for Safeguarding the Community for making the process eco

friendly.

“The environmental impacts of shale development are challenging but manageable.”



26

SHALE STABILITY AND DRILLING FLUID INTERACTION

K. Thamanna kalai and M. PriyankaDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering,

Anna University, Nemili, Sriperumbudur- 602105E-mail: [email protected]

Shales make up over 75% of the drilled formations, and over 70% of the borehole problems are

related to shale instability. The oil and gas industry still continues to fight borehole problems. The

problems include hole collapse, tight hole, stuck pipe, poor hole cleaning, hole enlargement, plastic

flow, fracturing, lost circulation, well control. Most of the drilling problems that drive up the drilling

costs are related to wellbore stability. These problems are mainly caused by the imbalance created

between the rock stress and strength when a hole is drilled. The stress-strength imbalance comes about

as rock is removed from the hole, replaced with drilling fluid, and the drilled formations are exposed

to drilling fluids.1. While drilling, shale becomes unstable when the effective state of the stress near

the drilled hole exceeds the strength of the hole. A complicating factor that distinguishes shale from

other rocks is its sensitivity to certain drilling constituents, particularly water. Shale stability is affected

by properties of both shale (e.g. mineralogy, porosity) and of the drilling fluid contacting it (e.g. wet-

ability, density, salinity and ionic concentration). The existence and creation of fissures, fractures and

weak bedding planes can also destabilize shale as drilling fluid penetrates them. Drilling fluids can

cause shale instability by altering pore pressure or effective stress-state and the shale strength through

shale/fluid interaction. Shale stability is also a time-dependent problem in that changes in the stress-

state and strength usually take place over a period of time. This requires better understanding of the

mechanisms causing shale instability to select proper drilling fluid and prevent shale instability.



27

HYDRAULIC FRACTURE OF SHALE GAS

S. Lokesh and Rohith Ravi kumarRajiv Gandhi College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur,

Anna University, Nemili-602105E-mail: [email protected]

The shale gas reservoirs which are considered to be an unconventional resource have now been

practically considered as an effective option for commercial scale of gas production due to the advent

of hydraulic fracturing in the low permeability shale rock. The hydraulic fracturing is an efficient

completion technique used to connect to the reservoirs of shale gas and increase production by

stimulating them.

At present, hydraulic fracturing is the only acceptable means of economically accessing shale

reserves and on contradictory serious environmental and human health concerns around shale gas

extraction including threats to groundwater quality due to tracking, triggering earth tremors, concerns

about how much water is needed and, above all, the potential impact on climate change emissions are

faced creating a dilemma whether shale gas is the future towards the extinguishing conventional gas

resource.

For reserves to have value, they must be recoverable in short time periods to recover cost of

investment and turn a profit and hence “Natural” production rates are also unacceptably low for shale

gas extraction. Even more so no two shales are alike.Shales vary aerially and vertically within a trend,

even along the wellbore. India is believed to have reserves in Cambay, KG onland, Cauvery onland,

Assam-Arakan and Indo-Gangetic basins, which ONGC is studying.

But implementation of their extraction is highly successful in USA (major producers)

commercially, having unsizable experience and hence the emphasis on the need to tracking shale gas

reservoirs, focusing on the design approach, functioning and performance of hydraulic fracture fluids,

its issues and challenges in shale gas and consequently the possibilities of environmental impacts are

analyzed in this paper to provide a view on the necessary challenges India have to face if commercial

projects are undertaken in full effect to exploitation and extraction of shale gas locations.



28

MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING (MWD)

A. Sai Kiran and K. KishanPetroleum Technology, Sri Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem, Kakinada.


Horizontal drilling processes in oil industry utilize directional measurement while-drilling

(MWD) instruments to monitor the position and the orientation of the bottom hole assembly

(BHA). The present directional monitoring equipment Includes three accelerometers and three

magnetometers mounted in three mutually orthogonal directions. At some predetermined surveying

stations, the accelerometers measure the Earth gravity components to determine the BHA inclination

and tool face angles while the magnetometers measure the Earth’s magnetic field to determine the

BHA azimuth. The massive amount of ferrous and steel materials around the drilling rig, the

presence of down hole ore deposits, the drill string-induced interference and the geomagnetic

influences can all have a deleterious impact on the magnetometer measurements. Therefore, this

research proposes the use of fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs) to replace the magnetometers. A quantitative

feasibility study has shown that the FOG has excellent immunity to the severe down hole shock and

vibration forces.

This thesis aims at developing new MWD surveying methodologies based on the inertial

navigation techniques for integrating the FOG technology with the three-axis accelerometers to provide

complete surveying solution downhole. Inertial navigation systems (INS) determine the position and

the orientation of a moving platform using three-axis accelerometers and three-axis gyroscopes forming

what is known as inertial measurement unit (IMU). Since the BHA cannot accommodate a complete

IMU, this research utilizes some specific conditions related to horizontal drilling operations to minimize

the number of gyroscopes so that only one or two high accuracy FOGs would be sufficient to provide

full surveying solution downhole. In addition, some adaptive filtering techniques are utilized to enhance

the FOG performance in order to reduce its output uncertainty. Moreover, applied optimal estimation

techniques based on Kalman filtering methods are employed to improve the surveying accuracy.



29

The suggested FOG-based MWD surveying techniques eliminate the costly nonmagnetic drill

collars in which the presently used magnetometers are installed, survey the borehole continuously

without interrupting the drilling process and improve the overall accuracy by utilizing some real-time

digital signal processing techniques.



30

EXTRACTION OF OILSANDS: THAI (TOE TO HEEL AIR INJECTION)

Srungavarapu Madhukar and K.R. Subramaniyan,Department of Petroleum Engineering,

University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, DehradunE-mail: [email protected],[email protected]

Experts estimate the oil peak to appear in 2020’s. Out of 21 largest oil fields 9 are at decline

leaving back mature fields decline at the rate of 8%. We have to look out for other resources to stabilize

the oil production.

One such potential reserve is oil sands. Oil sand is mixture of clay, water, sand and a dense

mixture of crude oil which seeped into the earth crust in Cretaceous period. These are the reserves of

heavy oil (nearly 10.0° API). THAI stands for Toe to Heel Air Injection is a new extraction process and

has major significance over existing process. This process utilizes a horizontal well for production and

vertical well for injection. During the process a combustion front is created where a part of reservoir

oil is burned, generating heat which reduces the viscosity of the oil allowing it to flow by the gravity to

the horizontal production well. The combustion front sweeps the oil from toe to heel producing partially

upgraded crude oil.

1. Air injection wells are drilled to the reservoir.

2. Horizontal wells are drilled such that vertical well becomes the toe of horizontal well.

3. Steam is injected into the reservoir from vertical well

4. As air is injected, the combustion front moves forward sweeping from toe to heel

5. Bitumen/Heavy oil is heated to high temperature and flows to horizontal well.

Topic addressed in the paper deals with why Oil Sands reserves needs to be exploited; review

of extraction methods; THAI process; Numerical Simulation of THAI by ‘Schlumberger’; Comparison

with SAGD ( Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage); Case study of ‘Upgradation of Wolf Lake Heavy Oil

by THAI’.



31

Tar sands contain 66% of the world oil reserves. Energy Information Administration [EIA]

estimates Canadian tar sands have 175 billion bbls of recoverable oil, making 2nd largest reserve after

Saudi Arabia. Extensive technologies development can lead to the extraction of nearly 800 billion bbls

from tar sands alone, almost 4 times the proven recoverable oil of Saudi Arabia! It has created more

than 4.5 lakh jobs just in Canada. THAI has already reduced the CO2 emissions and further research is

aimed for even less emissions and laboratory tests has proved about 70-80% recovery of OOIP (Original

Oil in Place).

The paper reviews the environmental impacts and management, benefits of THAI, present

industrial applications and also ‘energy returns on investment’. The paper also suggests ideas in the

area of conventional extraction from the conclusions of all case studies. Not only it will be the major

source of oil production, but also stabilizes oil supply in the long term.



32

THE PERSPECTIVES ON ENERGY CRISIS AND ADAPTAION OFNON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY IN INDIA

R. EaswaranDept.of Geology, Periyar University, Salem (Dt), Tamil Nadu


Energy crisis: The world is heading towards an unprecedential large and potentially devastating global

energy crisis due to a decline in the availability of oil have led to calls for a decreasing dependency on

fossil fuels. The world population continues to grow at a quarter of a million people per day, increasing

the consumption of energy the per capita energy consumption of India continues to increase as the

people living adopt more energy intensive life styles. India’s fuel resources are very much limited. The

production from different conventional sources are furthermore, rather unevenly distributed. This leads

to escalated costs in transportation of conventional resources. There is also mismanagement and low

efficiency in power producing establishments, power theft and transmission losses also contribute to

the energy crisis.

Steps to Overcome the Crisis in Non-Conventional Method:

1. Discourage Petroleum Oil intensive activities.

2. Develop safer, cheaper technology for solar, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal energy.

3. Replace petroleum Oil by Bio-Fuel (alcohol based fuels from sugarcane and other crops) & Bio-

Gas.

Adaptation of Non-Conventional Energy Sources in India: At present, non-conventional sources

include wind, tides, solar heat, geothermal heat, biomass (including farm and animal waste as well as

human excreta). These resources are renewable or inexhaustible.

Solar energy: In India, the average global radiation in around 4-7kWh per sq m per day with about

2,300-3,200 sunshine hours per year, which can be judiciously exploited to meet our ever increasing

energy requirements. The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy sources (MNES) has been

implementing a solar energy programme to provide electricity to rural and remote areas. Solar energy



33

development programmes have been launched on several Islands in Bay of Bengal, in the desert of

Jodhpur, Aligarh and Coimbatore and other places.

Wind Energy: According to MNES On-shore wind power potential in India has been assessed at

about 45,000MW assuming one percentage of land availability for wind power generation in the potential

areas. The coastal states of Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Maharastra and Odisha where wind speeds above

10Km/h are favour to power production. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan are

also leading states.

Ocean Energy: Basically, there are three ways of generating power from the seas, taming the waves,

harnessing the tidal power and using the difference in temperatures between the layers of the ocean.

Ocean thermal energy conservation (OTEC) operation exploits the difference between the temperature

at the surface of the sea and at a depth of 1,000m and above to extent energy. The wave energy potential

off the 6,000Km long Indian coast is estimated at around 40,000MW.Ideal locations for tapping wave

energy have been identified as the trade wind belts in the Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal. In India, the

potential sites identified are the Gulf of Kachchh and Cambay in Gujarat on the west coast, and the

Sunderbans of east coast in West Bengal.

Geothermal Energy: There is limited scope for exploiting geothermal energy sources in India.

However,a pilot power project at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh, sponsored by The National

Aeronautical Laboratory(NAL),and an exploratory study in the Puga Valley in Ladakh, Jammu and

Kashmir have shown that earth as a potential source of virtually unlimited power could well become a

reality.

Biomass: The potential of biomass power in the country has been estimated at about 66,000MW,

including surplus power generation potential from bagasse-based co generation from existing sugar

mills in the country. Bio gas is an efficient fuel when burnt in specially-designed stoves for cooking

purposes and in silk mantle lamps for lighting.It can also be used in engines for motive power and

when attached with alternators for generation of electricity. Indigenously developed ’gobar gas’ is

simple and easy to operate. The National Bio gas Management Programme (NBMP) is a modified

version, which was implemented from 1981-82-2001-02.



34

Bio fuels: Bio fuels are liquid and gaseous fuels produced from various forms of biomass and used to

displace conventional automobile fuels for transport mainly on land, but also by sea and air so bio

ethanol, bio diesel, and bio gas are labeled bio fuels, as against fossil-fuel. Ethanol is being increasingly

looked upon as a potential fuel for powering automobiles. Other potential bio fuels are edible and non-

edible oils such as Jatropha curcas, Karanje, honge, etc. Bio fuels are considered an alternative to

rising fuel costs.



35

GAS HYDRATES – “THE FUTURE ENERGY RESOURCEOF THE WORLD”

Janapareddy Hemanth Kumar, Pyda Vamsi and M. Jagannadha RaoDelta Studies Institute, Andhra University, Sivajipalem, Visakapatnam

E-mail:[email protected]

Gas-hydrates are ice-like crystals in which low molecular weight hydrocarbons (mainly methane)

reside in cages of hydrogen-bonded water molecules and are formed at elevated pressure and low

temperature when gas concentration exceeds the solubility limit . Gas-hydrates are compounds in

which the molecules of gas are trapped in crystalline cells consisting of water molecules retained by

the energy of hydrogen bonds. Gas hydrates can be stable over a wide range of pressures and

temperatures; for example, methane hydrates are stable from 20 MPa to 2 GPa at temperatures from 70

to 350 K. When heated and depressurized to temperatures and pressures typically found on the Earth’s

surface (one atmosphere of pressure and 70 degree Fahrenheit), its volume expands by 150 to 170

times. Thus, one cubic foot of solid gas hydrate found underground in permafrost or beneath the

seafloor would produce between 150 to 170 cubic feet of natural gas when brought to the surface.

Natural gas-hydrates are an unconventional source of energy. Potential reserves of hydrated

gas are over 1.5×1016 m3 and are distributed all over the earth both on the land and offshore. Presently,

in many countries national programs exist for the research and production of natural gas from gas-

hydrate deposits. As a result over 220 gas hydrate deposits have been discovered, more than a hundred

wells drilled, and kilometers of hydrated cores studied. Properties of the hydrated cores have been

investigated, effective tools for the recovery of gas from the hydrate deposits prepared and new

technology for the exploration of gas-hydrate fields developed. The commercial production of natural

gas from gas-hydrates exist for many years now with good results. Still, many complex problems have

to be studied. More high-level studies on the properties of the gas-hydrates are needed and new

technology for the production of natural gas from gas-hydrates has to be developed. It is not the amount

of potential reserves of hydrated gas that is important, but the volume of gas that can be commercially

produced (17–20% from potential).



36

We will not run out of fossil fuels in the 21st Century. Energy concentrated in natural gas

hydrates may possibly be an energy source for the majority of the 21st Century. Natural gas hydrates

are more evenly distributed on the planet than are other sources of oil and gas. The production of gas

from GHDs will be accessible to many countries, and many existing technologies can be used to find

and develop GHDs. However, significant research and development will be necessary before GHDs

can be developed economically. The economic and ecological aspects of producing a GHD must be

determined. Both the economics and the ecological aspects depend upon the development of new

technologies. The most important implication of studying gas-hydrates is its economic aspect as a

tremendous amount of energy is stored within and below the hydrated sediments. The energy content

is estimated to be twice the amount of total fossil fuel reserves. As methane is a greenhouse gas,

release of the same from the dis-association of the gas-hydrates may cause global-warming. Hence

exploration and quantification of gas- hydrates are very much required for evaluating the resource

potential and hazard assessment.



37

WHAT IS TIGHT GAS AND HOW IS IT PRODUCED?

R. Bala Krishna ReddyDept of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

Email: [email protected]

While conventional natural gas streams from the earth relatively easily, unconventional gas

finds are more difficult to develop and more costly to produce. As technologies and skills improve,

unconventional gas is a variable concept because some finds may become more easily or economically

produced over time, no longer making them unconventional. Right now, there are six main types of

unconventional gas, including deep gas, gas-containing shales, coalbed methane, geo pressurized zones,

Arctic and subsea hydrates, and tight gas.



38

NON -CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES OF INDIA

P. IlavalaganDepartment of Geology, Periyar University, Salem-11, Tamil Nadu, India.


In today’s date, India is a large consumer of fossil fuel such as coal, crude oil etc. The rapid

increase in use of Non renewable energies such as fossil fuel, oil, natural gas has created problems of

demand & supply. If this trend of continuous exploitation of Energy sources, continue the sources are

going to be exhausted very soon in near future. So we need to look for the alternative of conventional

sources of energy and the best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional

energy sources. Renewable sources of energy are in the form of solar, wind, geothermal, biomass,

ocean thermal, hydro and Tidal energy. Sun is the main source of energy. Also India has had a negative

Energy Balance for decades, which has resulted in the need to purchase energy from outside the

country to fulfill the needs of the entire country.



39

ROLE OF CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY TECHNIQUE IN RESERVOIRCHARATERISATION AND GLOBAL STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATON.

J. VigneshDepartment of Geology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India


Chemostratigraphy is the study of the disparity of chemistry within sedimentary sequences. It

combines sedimentology, geochemistry and stratigraphy. Chemostratigraphy relies on the variation in

major and trace element abundance in sedimentary rocks as a correlation tool. Predominantly,

chemostratigraphy can be used to investigate environmental changes, changes in provenance,

environment of deposition and post-depositional changes on the local, regional and global levels by

relating variations in rock chemistry to changes in the environment in which the sediment was deposited.

Successful execution of any chemostratigraphy projects requires thorough understanding of

the petrography of the samples. It is essential to determine the elements that preserve the detrital

signature of the sediments called “chemostratigraphic indices”. Normally around 50 elements are

analysed for this purpose, under XRD and XRF. The large ion lithophile elements including Li, Be,

Rb, Sr and Ba, the rare earth elements including Y, the high valency cations Zr, Sc, Sn, GA, Ge, Th,

and U, the chalcophile elements like Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Mo, Sb and Ti and the siderophile

elements like Cr, V and Ni are most frequently analyzed for Chemostratigraphic studies. Samples have

to be collected to represent complete petrographic profile. The resolution of a chemostratigraphic

scheme is controlled by number, frequency and type of samples. The samples have to be subjected to

petrographic, geochemical and mineralogic analyses. In addition to the qualitative petrographic

classifications, quantitave data on various constituents of counts. Performing statistical analysis viz.,

correlation, cluster analysis, factor analysis, ANOVA – “Analysis of variance”, discriminanat function

analysis of petrographic point count data on grain, matrix and cement. Plotting the elements values in

vertical sequence would provide geochemical profiles. These profiles will be analysed for their content

of systematic geochemical trends and morphology of curves. In all these methods, there could be three

potential source of error namely measurement error, diagenetic alteration and random sampling errors.



40

The chemostratigraphic technique is largely utilized to trace individual beds as well as sequences

over a large area sprawling from inter-basinal to global scale. The interwell correlation of any strata

can be achieved by recognition of similar geochemical characteristics that is facilitated by close scrutiny

of long term geochemical trends, geochemical fingerprinting of sedimentological packages and

individual beds. Chemostratigraphic correlation of a sequence with strata elsewhere is based on the

sedimentary record of change in certain elements with time. Using geochemical anomalies, secular

variation trend and excursions of geochemical compositions in vertical sections and have calibrated

the levels of shifts into absolute time in succession. Chemostratigraphic correlation is particularly

applicable to sequences that require higher resolution to which existing biostratigraphic or any other

methods could not resolve to subdivide further.

Odin (1982) was the pioneer who has summarized the merits of chemostratigraphic signals in

sedimentary sequences. Jorgensen (1986) has analysed ~ 700 carbonate samples from various wells

for interwell correlation. Chemostratigraphic studies have just reaches the attention of workers in

India. It was Srinivasan (1989) who has made pioneering attempt on describing chemostratigraphy of

Neogene sequence from DSDP core recovered from Northern Indian Ocean. Integration of systems

tracts and diagenesis could provide a powerful new tool for analysis and prediction of reservoir quality

which would be a task of earth scientists in near future.



41

MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

Priyanka ManiDepartment of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering,

Anna University, Nemili, Sriperumbudur- 602105E-mail: [email protected]

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) represents the use of microorganisms to extract

the remaining oil from reservoirs. This technique has the potential to be cost-efficient in the extraction

of oil remained trapped in capillary pores of the formation rock or in areas not swept by the classical or

modern enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, such as combustion, steams, miscible displacement,

caustic surfactant-polymers flooding, etc. Surfactants are chemically synthesized surface-active

compounds widely used for large number of applications in various industries. During last few years

there is increase demand of biological surface-active compounds or bio-surfactants which are produced

by large number of microorganisms as they exert biodegradability, low toxicity and widespread

application compared to chemical surfactants. They can be used as emulsifiers, de-emulsifiers, wetting

agents, spreading agents, foaming agents, functional food ingredients and detergents. Various

experiments at laboratory scale on sand-pack columns and field trials have successfully indicated

effectiveness of bio-surfactants in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR).Thus, MEOR was

developed as an alternative method for the secondary and tertiary extraction of oil from reservoirs,

since after the petroleum crises, the EOR methods became less profitable. Starting even from the

pioneering stage of MEOR, studies were run on three broad areas, namely, injection, dispersion, and

propagation of microorganisms in petroleum reservoirs; selective degradation of oil components to

improve flow characteristics; and metabolites production by microorganisms and their effects.

Keywords: advanced enhanced oil recovery, alternative tertiary oil recovery, improved oil recovery,

in situ surfactant production, microbial enhancement of petroleum recovery, petroleum reservoir

microbiology



42


S. Mahesh and S.P. P. KanthSri Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem, Kakinada

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Historically, conventional natural resource deposits have been the most practical and easiest

deposits to mine. However, as technology and geological knowledge advance, Non-conventional natural

resource deposits are beginning to make up an increasingly large percent of the supply picture.

So what exactly is Non-conventional Resource? A precise answer to that question is hard to

find. What was Non-conventional yesterday may, through some technological advance or ingenious

new process, become conventional tomorrow. In the broadest sense, Non-conventional natural resource

are resources that is more difficult or less economical to extract, usually because the technology to

reach it has not been developed fully, or is too expensive.

Although the definition of Non-conventional resource can change over time, often depending

on the economics of extraction technologies, Non-conventional resource categories currently

include: low-permeability reservoirs such as shale, sandstone, and carbonate formations such as

• Tight Sands Gas – formed in sandstone or carbonate (called tight gas sands) with low permeability

which prevents the gas from flowing naturally.

• Coalbed Methane (CBM) – formed in coal deposits and adsorbed by coal particles.

• Shale Gas – formed in fine-grained shale rock (called gas shales) with low permeability in which gas

has been adsorbed by clay particles or is held within minute pores and microfractures.

• Methane Hydrates – a crystalline combination of natural gas and water, formed at low temperature

and high pressure in places such as under the oceans and permafrost.



43

OIL INDUSTRY, ENVIRONMENT ANDMISCELLANEOUS TOPICS



44

BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN OIL INDUSTRY AND ACADEMIA -INDIAN SCENARIO

P.N. Ananthanarayanan and J. SwathiAMET University, Chennai


The emergence of petroleum engineering as a separate, specialized engineering course, being

offered by a few educational institutions in India, in the last decade, has necessitated a review of the

industry – academia collaboration, that presently exists on a minor scale. Being both a knowledge and

skill based discipline and cost intensive, closer coordination between the E&P and service companies

and the universities will lead to a win-win situation. Intense practical training at the drill sites, research

facilities and other installations of the oil companies and a well structured curriculum in educational

institutions will complement each other and help create a pool of well-qualified, skilled, employable

workforce required by the industry. This requires a change in mindset of both the industry and academic

institutions. Formation of a national forum represented by all educational institutions and companies

dealing with the upstream hydrocarbon sector can be a starting point.



45

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION

IN INDIAN BASINS

K. PradeepDepartmentof Geology, Periyar University, Salem-11, Tamilnadu.


In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the environmental impact of

petroleum exploration in sedimentary basin of India. The sedimentary basins of India occupy an area

of l,720,000 sq.km of which 3,20,000 sq. km. is in the offshore upto 200 m isobath. There are 26

sedimentary basins in India, out of which about 13 are important from hydrocarbon point of view.

Based on the occurrence and exploration of the hydrocarbon, these basins are broadly divided into four

categories. Category I, The petroliferous basins with proved hydrocarbon reserves and where commercial

production has already started. Category II, Sedimentary basins with proved occurrence of hydrocarbons

but from which no commercial production has yet been obtained. Category III, Sedimentary basins

with no significant oil & gas shows but which on Geological considerations are considered to be

prospective. Category IV, Petroliferous basins with uncertain prospect which require basic data to be

generated for prognosis. The various types of the environmental issues and related to exploration and

exploitation of Oil/ Gas of Indian sedimentary basins are detailed discussion of the above said studies

are given in the findings.

Key words: Basin; Petroleum Exploration; Isobath; Geology; Environmental Impact; Oil and Gas;



46

SOCIAL MEDIA & FUEL PRICE HIKE

N. Manikya Rao1 and Challa Krishnaveer Abhishek2

1Department of Journalism, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam2Director, Bay school of Journalism

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

The following paper studies how social media could lead to price hike. The following study is

done on one of the most famous and leading socializing website Twitter. The study shows how certain

critical chain events wrongly reported in twitter could lead to movements in market. The spread was so

enormous that the whole Twitter User Base that include Business men and Share Holders of Big

Companies that can change the dynamic of the entire Industry. According to The Wall Street Journal,

a Twitter account claiming to be Russian Interior Minister Vladimir Kolokoltsv tweeted that Syrian

president Bashar al-Assad had been injured or killed. That tweet, which occurred at 9:59 AM EST, was

followed by two more tweets alleging the confirmation of al-Assad’s death. In the hour following that

tweet, light, sweet crude prices rose from $90.82 to $91.99, and the jump took place in between 10:15

and 10:45. According to the Reuters report, the Russian ministry denies firing off the tweets and

denies any connection to the account. This paper examines the event that has contributed to increase in

fuel price and also made a caution to the world.



47

ASTRO-CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

B. Gopal Krishna1 and M. Jagannadha Rao2

1School of Studies in Physics and Astrophysics,Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492008, India

2Department of Geology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, IndiaE-mail: [email protected]

Minerals and other substances like coal, petrol are important sources of energy for human race.

The origin of the substances like elements, minerals and later petroleum products are related with each

other in astronomical scenario. The presence of heat generated from the process of radioactive decay

during condensation sequence (a solar nebula gas state) in the Earth’s crust promoted degassing from

the interior to create a second atmosphere rich could be related to the postulated formation of compounds

or minerals like water, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia etc. Another astronomical event creates

the formation of petroleum products. Some of the early compounds formed like methane and helium

are present in the petroleum products. The paper discusses the formation, stability, uses of compounds

or minerals and their occurrence in petroleum products.



48

SUSTAINABLE BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM WATER HYACINTH (EICCHORNIA CRASSIPES)

A. Vasundhara1 and N. Aruna kumari2

1S.K.R.College for Women, Rajahmundry2Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology, RajahmundryE-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

A major source of energy for our dynamic society is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal,

petroleum and natural gas. These sources of energy have been found to have limited amounts available,

and therefore are said to be depleting resources. Scientists are continuously looking to find alternatives

to fossil fuels. This is achieved by the replacement of petroleum by renewable energy i.e., biodiesel

from ecosystems and agro ecosystems which represents a central strategy to mitigate and to adapt to

climate changes. Biodiesel is eco-friendly, renewable and more biodegradable. Biodiesel is a much

better lubricant than petro-diesel and extends engine life. One such alternative is using vegetable oils

to make fuel. There are number of vegetable oils are available, like Jatropha curcas, Pongamea glabra,

Salvalora oleoides, Madhuca indica, Azadiracta indica, Piper nigram, castor, coconut, sunflower, ground

nut, palm trees etc. But all these have their own medicinal values and other important uses rather than

the production of biodiesel. So, while selecting the best one, it should be considered that such a raw

material is to be selected which is abundantly available in all times at any place and which is not useful

for other purpose rather than the production of bio-diesel. However, it was recently realized that they

could be substainably managed in their natural ecosystem and used in biofuel production, generating

ample avenues of research, development and marketing of their end product (i.e. bioethanol and biogas).

As the search for alternatives to fossil fuel intensifies in this age of modernization and industrialization,

fuelled by increasing energy costs, water hyacinth holds a strong promise in the 21st century biofuel

industry. So, an attempt was made to produce biodiesel from water hyacinth and to discuss technical,

socio-economic, and environmental benefits of small scale biofuels in terms of improving energy

access by the poor, lessening reliance of countries on oil imports, creating additional sources and

means for income generation, promoting rural development, and mitigating environmental pollution

at both local and global levels and to Identify major technical, informational, and financial barriers to

the scale-up of small scale biofuel production and use.

Key words: BiodieselNon-renewable resources vegetable and animal oils water hyacinth

(Eicchornia crassipes)



49

RECOVERY OF MOLYBDENUM BY SALT-ROASTING OFSPENT CATALYTIC WASTES

S.K. Dash and B.B. KarKIIT University, Bhubaneswar


Spent hydro-refining catalysts mainly consists of 20 -22 % MoO3, 5 – 6% NiO, 4-5% S, 1-2%

Co3O

4, 1.3-1.5% Fe

2O

3, 3-4% SiO

2 and the balance is Al

2O

3. In the present study one such spent

catalyst was roasted with sodium chloride to recover molybdenum by converting it into sodium

molybdate. The sodium molybdate was further purified by chemical treatment to obtain a pure grade

molybdenum trioxide.Various parameters like temperature, time and NaCl addition have been studied

and conditions for the maximum recovery of molybdenum have been established.



50

SEISMIC GEOMORPHOLOGY FOR HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION

SunjayGeophysics, BHU, Varanasi-221005, India


Wavelet (Mathematical Microscope) analysis of seismic data is made fashionable for thin bed

precise subsurface imaging and interpretation. 3D seismic data interpretation for subsurface imaging

of thin bed contourite systems is integral part of research work . Seismic expression of bottom

current deposits from that of other related deepwater sediments (turbidites, hemipelagites, debrites,

etc.), and to maximising the information that can be derived from seismic data. A wide variety of

seismic facies are common in contourites, most of which are equally present in turbidite systems.

Sediment waves and channels are very common both in contourite and turbidite systems, and not

specifically diagnostic of either system. Slope deformation, sediment creep, and large-scale water-

escape may cause a hummocky seismic facies that can be misinterpreted as sediment waves. The

identification of hydrocarbon reservoirs from seismic data is a key issue in the oil industry. Texture

Segmentation of a 3D Seismic Section with Wavelet Transform is employed for pattern recognition

.Because of the segmentation, zones of different internal stratification are identified in the seismic

section. This recognition is based on the comparison of the 3-D seismic data with the reference patterns

extracted from the representative areas, characterized by different textures. Seismic images often show

patterns with a layered structure due to the depositional nature of the subsurface. In image processing

a pattern with a certain regularity or structure is called a texture. The description of the ‘layered’

textures in seismic images can be split up in two parts. One part is the geometrical description of the

structure, the other part is the description of the signal perpendicular to the layered structure. In splicing

3-D seismic data, consistent processing is one of the key technologies because it has a great effect on

imaging quality. Seismic geomorphology goal is to look for and recognize geologically or

geomorphologically meaningful patterns in plan view as well as in section view. Seismic geomorphology,

the extraction of geomorphic insights using predominantly 3D seismic data, is a rapidly evolving

discipline that facilitates the study of the subsurface using plan view images. Methods evolved for



51

generating horizontal and flatted slices, arbitrary traverses, wavelet attribute extractions and mapping,

and rapid analysis of large complex data volumes. Geological features must have an expression that is

scientifically reasonable in multiple dimensions. Analysis of section view integrated with plan view

images represents the integration of seismic stratigraphy with seismic geomorphology. Pattern

recognition, involving the interpreter being able to recognize geologically significant features in plan

view on 3D seismic data, is critical to the seismic geomorphological approach. In conjunction, it is

also essential to cross reference plan view with section view images, thus integrating the geomorphology

with the stratigraphy. Seismic image processing is employed for detecting open surfaces in three

dimensions fault detection and horizon detection in seismic data.



52

SYNERGIES OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION-CARBONCAPTURE AND STORAGE -SOLUTION FOR

ENERGY DEFICIENT COUNTRY

Akshat Veer and M. Jagannadha RaoDelta Studies Institute, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

Email: [email protected]

India accounts for almost 52% of coal consumption so as to pace up with its energy demands.

Energy supply is falling short with respect to its demand & its projected that is gap will continue to rise

in coming future. In this arena of deficiency, Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) may prove to be

a vital source of gas. In situ combustion of the coal seams which are present deep inside our subsurface

can produce a huge amount of gas. This can be accomplished by drilling bore wells both for injecting

steam, water, air and for gas production respectively. The gas produced by this process is known as

Syngas(synthetic gas),which majorly constitutes Co, Co2 ,H

2 , CH

4 , N

2. Synergy between UCG and

CCS (carbon capture and storage) can be achieved by separating the Co2‚ from the gas produced and

storing it in gasified coal seams. The above processes require high level of technical and economical

scrutiny. This technique also poses serious environmental challenges, which has to be analyzed while

planning any of these projects. This paper will enlighten readers with exploration regime of UCG and

its associated challenges. It will also explain inter-relationship between UCG-CCS and its overall

advantages to the policy makers and technocrats of India.



53

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

K. Sai Kiran Rohith and A. Siva DurgaDepartment of Petroleum Technology, Sri Aditya Engineering College,

Surampalem, Kakinada, E.G.Dt, A.P.E-mail: [email protected]

An EOR study has been performed applying miscible CO2 flooding and compared with that for

water flooding. Three different oils are used, reference oil (n-decade), model oil (n-C10, SA, toluene

and 0.35 wt % asphaltene) and crude oil (10 wt % asphaltene) obtained from the Middle East. Stearic

acid (SA) is added representing a natural surfactant in oil. For the non-asphaltenic oil, miscible CO2

flooding is shown to be more favourable than that by water. However, it is interesting to see that for

first years after the start of the injection (< 3 years) it is shown that there is almost no difference

between the recovered oils by water and CO2, after which (> 3 years) oil recovery by gas injection

showed a significant increase. This may be due to the enhanced performance at the increased reservoir

pressure during the first period. Maximum oil recovery is shown by miscible CO2 flooding of asphaltenic

oil at combined temperatures and pressures of 50 °C/90 bar and 70 °C/120 bar (no significant difference

between the two cases, about 1%) compared to 80 °C/140 bar. This may support the positive influence

of the high combined temperatures and pressures for the miscible CO2 flooding; however beyond a

certain limit the oil recovery declined due to increased asphaltene deposition. Another interesting

finding in this work is that for single phase oil, an almost linear relationship is observed between the

pressure drop and the asphaltene deposition regardless of the flowing fluid pressure.



54

APPLICATION OF OPTICAL CAVITATIONAL PROCESS INPETROLEUM DRILLING OPERATION

S. Girrish Karthik and S. RakeshRajiv Gandhi College of Engineering, Nemili, Sriperumbudur, Chennai-602105

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

For over a 100 years, rotary drilling method is one of the most widely used drilling method in

the world. But, that alone does not mean that it is one of the most efficient methods. It has a lot of short

comings. Advancement in the field of science and technology have led to many discoveries which

were helpful in overcoming some of their limitations to some extent. but the real problem lies in the

entire process of rotary drilling.

In order to correct the shortcomings of the various systems involved in rotary drilling more and

more equipments and components are added. This in turn increased the cost of production of oil and

natural gas and this impacted on the market value of petroleum products.

In order to increase the efficiency of rotary drilling and at the same time reduce the cost of

production, a few new methods were introduced. One of those methods is introducing hydrodynamic

cavitational tool into the drilling process. The main purpose of this tool is to create pressure variations

in the drilling mud which adds the pressure to the drill bit, thus increasing the rate of penetration.

Another new drilling method which was introduced in the petroleum field recently is laser

drilling method. In laser drilling, one of the most important equipment used is a highly intense and

powerful laser generator. In this drilling method, laser beams are used to cut through the rocks due to

intensity of the laser beam, the drilling process is quite fast. Since laser beams do not scatter and can be

focused at a localized point, it can also be used for precise directional drilling.

This paper intends to bring about a new drilling method with a combination of the laser drilling

and cavitational drilling and its advantage and how useful, time saving and economical it is.



55

APPLICATION OF DATA MINING IN EARTHQUAKE EVALUATION ANDPREDICTION IN GLOBAL SCENARIO

Garapati PadmanadhEmail: [email protected]

Earthquake is the sudden movement of the earth’s crust caused by the abrupt release of stress

accumulated along geological fault in the interior. Earthquake prediction research has been going on

for nearly decades. A successful prediction would save lives and billions of dollars and infrastructure

costs. Data mining consists of evolving set of techniques that can be used to extract valuable information

and knowledge from massive volumes of data. Data mining research & tools have focused on commercial

sector applications. Only a fewer data mining research have focused on scientific data. Our aim is to

develop algorithms for earthquake prediction using data mining techniques and spatial tools

Documents

PETRO FEST - 2012 Files/PETRO FEST 2012 Abstracts Volume.pdf · PETRO FEST - 2012 National Seminar cum Workshop for Students on INDIAN PETROLEUM RESOURCES, CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS