IJHSDR of Education of Padang Sidimpuan, Indonesia ABSTRACT This study aimed at determining the relationship of principal education management and improvement of teacher teaching achievement

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IJHSDR

October, 2018 ISSN: 2521-1439

E-ISSN: 2523-4331

SPECIAL ISSUE:

Asian Social and Education

Baku - 2018

IJHSDR

ISSN: 2521-1439 E-ISSN: 2523-4331

International Journal of Humanities and Social Development Research (IJHSDR) is an

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International Multicultural Network, Indonesia

Dr. Abdullah Ishiklar

Bursa Technical University, Turkey

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University of Padova, Italy

Kursat Tutar

Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Turkey

Alireza Akbari

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

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Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Slovak Republic

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University of Bacau, Romania

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Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania

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American University of Economics, Greece

Ulviyya Aydin

Manisa Celal Bayar University, Turkey

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University of Oran , Algeria

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October 2018

IJHSDR

SPECIAL ISSUE:


Table of Contents

MUHAMMAD NAU RITONGA

Education Management of Principal with Teacher Teaching Achievement …………………....….6

NURHIDAYAH HASIBUAN

Using Songs as Teaching Media for the Narrative Skill at Elementary School …..………………..15

SULAIMAN

The effect of professionalism and placement of Human Resources on Academic Services in

University of Jabal Ghafur, Sigli…………………………………………………………………..…29

SUMARJO

Effect of physical fitness on Student Learning Achievement ……………………………………….42

ASNAWATI MATONDANG

Teacher response to internal communication implementation done by school principal

and its effect on Teacher Spirit ……………………………………………………………………...53

ZUBERUDDIN SIREGAR

Word Square Learning Model for Economics Subjects in Vocation School…………………..…. 65

RARAS SUTATMININGSIH and DEDY QALBU HADI

Psychology Study on the Pilgrimage Hajj Experience …………………………………………..….71

RISWANDI HARAHAP

Criminal penalty of narcotics dealer in Indonesia ……………………………………………….....78

MASDANI

Regional Representative Council (DPD) as liaisons of local and central government

in Indonesia ………………………………………………………………………………...……….... 87

SUTIKNO, MOHAMED ANWAR and RAHMAT KARTOLO

The Charms of Tolak Bala Ritual of Malay Serdang in Modern Era…………………………...…98

International Journal of Humanities Special Issue: Asian Social and Education

and Social Development Research DOI: 10.30546/2523-4331.ijhsdr.2018.6.14

6

Education Management of Principal with Teacher

Teaching Achievement

Muhammad Nau Ritonga Institute of Education of Padang Sidimpuan, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at determining the relationship of principal education management and

improvement of teacher teaching achievement. This research found the degree of the

relationship of principal education management and the improvement of teacher teaching

achievement in elementary education level. The number of samples in this study was 29

people. The dependent variable in this research is principal education management, while

the independent variable is teacher teaching achievement. Data analysis was done by

Spearman’s rank test. The results showed that the relationship between principal education management and teaching achievement was positive, that is 0.8201. There was a significant

relationship between headmaster education management and teacher teaching

achievement.

Keywords: Education management, principal , teacher teaching achievement, elementary

education level ,research

Introduction

Functionally, education is basically aimed at preparing people for the future in

order to live more prosperous, both as individuals and collectively as citizens and nation. For believers, the future includes life in the world and a view of a happy

later life. But now our educational world has not fully met the expectations of

society. The phenomenon is characterized by the low quality of graduates, the completion of unfinished educational problems, or tend to be patchy, even more

project oriented. As a result, education often disappoints the public. They continue

to question the relevance of education to the needs of society in the dynamics of

economic, political, social, and cultural life. The quality of educational graduates is

Education management of principal with teacher… 7

less suited to the needs of the labor market and development; whether industry,

banking, telecommunications, and other sector labor markets that tend to sue the

existence of schools. Even the human resources prepared through education as the next generation is not fully satisfactory when viewed in terms of morals and

national identity in the nation's cultural pluralism. Therefore, all educational issues

become focus and main interest of all parties because without an effective education system, the country will collapse (Vally and Daud, 2015).

This condition causes some people to be pessimistic towards school. There is a presumption that education is no longer able to create their social mobility

vertically, because schools do not promise decent work. Schools do not guarantee

the future of a better child. As stated above, a new paradigm shift of education to

quality (quality oriented) is one strategy to achieve the coaching of personal superiority of children (Syafarudin, 2005: 19).

Providing a broad autonomy of education in schools is a concern of the government towards the symptoms that appear in the community as well as efforts

to improve the quality of education in general. The granting of this autonomy

requires a more conducive management approach in schools to accommodate all desires while effectively empowering various components of the community to

support the school's progress and systems.

Education institutions require management to plan, organize, direct, control and evaluate day to day activities to accomplish education goals through coordination

education personnel and allocated budgets (Farah, 2013). Improving the quality of

education in schools is strongly influenced by the education management applied by the principal. The principal's educational management will organize everything

about learning and teaching applied in a school. With the presence of good

principal education management is expected to improve teacher teaching

achievement in school.

The principal is a person who directly deals with the teacher as educator. Such a

position is very possible for the principal to improve teacher teaching performance appropriately and well.

Siagian (2005: 24) states the following: "The things that affect the personality of an organizational human person are reflected in his behavior, which in turn will affect

the teaching achievement, it needs to be observed and directed by the leadership of

the organization."

From the quotation above, it can be said that there are various things that affect

teacher achievement, but one of them is the principal. The principal needs to

observe and direct the teacher in an effort to increase teacher achievement (lkrdem and Alqahtan, 2016). The principal has a position and a strategic position as a

8 Muhammad Nau Ritonga

leader in the school. The principal takes full responsibility for the success of the

school to achieve the goal. Therefore, the principal is expected to strive with the

power available to him to advance the school he leads (Rotich and Kipkoech, 2012).

From the description above, it is known that the principal education management can improve teacher achievement, where the improvement of teacher achievement

will affect the improvement of education quality in school.

The author feels the problem of school education management and improvement of

teacher teaching achievement is very interesting to serve as the object of research

and also has benefit for the author as a prospective teacher. So based on the

descriptions above, the author defines the title as follows: Education Management of Principal with Teacher Teaching Achievement.

Research Purposes

This study aims to determine the relationship of principal education management

with improvement of teacher teaching achievement.

Research Methods

This research will describe the relationship of principal education management with the improvement of teacher teaching achievement in elementary education

level. The number of samples in this study was 29 people. The dependent variable

in this research is principal education management, while the independent variable is teacher teaching achievement.

The data collection tool used by the author is a closed questionnaire with 4 choices

of answers, to obtain information about the principal's educational management and improvement of teachers' teaching achievement. Data analysis was done by

Spearman’s rank test.

Theoretical Framework

The Understanding of Management

The dynamic development of management applications departs from a diversity of

definitions of management. Originally, management derived from English: management with the verb to manage, defined in general as taking care or the

ability to run and control an affair or "act of running and controlling a business"

(Oxford, 2005: 606). Furthermore the definition of management develops more fully.


According to Stoner, James and Freeman (1994: 4) "management is the process of

planning, organizing, leading and overseeing efforts of members of the

organization and from other organizational sources to achieve the established organization".

Hasibuan (2005: 2) defines management as: "science and art manage the process of utilizing human resources and other resources effectively and efficiently to achieve

a certain goal".

Thus, management is a necessary to facilitate the achievement of human goals

within the organization, and manage organizational resources, such as facilities and

infrastructure, time, human resources, methods and others effectively, innovatively,

creatively and efficiently.

From the description above, the author concludes that management as a process of

planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling resources to achieve targets effectively and efficiently. Effective means that goals can be achieved in

accordance with planning; while efficient means that the tasks are implemented

correctly, organized, and timely.

Education Management

Management education is a process to coordinate various educational resources such as teachers, educational facilities and infrastructure such as libraries,

laboratories, and so forth to achieve educational goals and objectives (Pam et al,

2011).

The purpose of education as stated in Law No. 2 of 1989 article 4, among others, is

formulated: the national education aims at educating the nation and developing a

whole human being, that is man who is faithful and devoted to God Almighty and virtuous noble character, possessing knowledge and skills, health physical and

spiritual, a solid and independent personality and a sense of community

responsibility and nationality.

The macro-level of education as found in educational institutions can be classified

in several ways, including knowledge acquisition (cognitive objectives), skills / capability development (motor goals) and attitude formation (affective goals). This

macro target is then translated into various forms of micro objectives that can be

measured in detail and specific what is expected from the learning outcomes. One

measurable objective for cognitive goals is Value Learning Outcomes (VLO) and ranking as an implication of Value Learning Outcomes. For motor objectives, it is

related to what has been produced by students, while for affective targets, it is

associated with changes in attitude / behavior of students after the learning process. Therefore, education requires the existence of management education. Educational


activeness is the implementation of the implementation of education that has been

planned and implemented by the organization of education providers with attention

to the signs that have been set in the planning. While the control of education is intended to keep the implementation of education implemented as planned and all

components of education are driven synergistically in the process that leads to the

achievement of educational goals. All of these are intended to produce graduates optimally as defined in educational planning. Therefore, education management in

its development requires what is known as good management practice in its

management. But in practice, good management practice in education is still an elusive matter. Many education providers assume that management education is

not an important thing, because of a misperception that considers that the domain

of management is business.

Management Urgency in Education Management

The sensitivity of seeing global conditions is revolving and future opportunities

become the main capital for making a paradigm shift in education management.

This capital will be a strong foothold for developing education. It is at this point that various commitments to quality improvement are required. When looking at

opportunities, and opportunities are capitalized, then capital becomes a foothold to

develop education with high commitment, it will automatically happen a domino

effect (positive) in organizational management, strategy, human resources, education and teaching, cost, and marketing education.

To get to the point of education change (education change) as a whole, then the management of education is the thing that should be prioritized for the continuity

of education so as to produce the desired out-put. Although there are still

educational institutions that do not have good management in the management of

education, the management used is still conventional, so less able to answer the challenges of the times and seem left behind from modernity.

If the management of education is well-organized and well-executed, undoubtedly, it will no longer be heard of poor school services, lack of professionalism of

teachers, inadequate infrastructure, illegal fees, and violence in education.

Teachers Achievement

Achievement is one of the important elements of professional nature that must be

possessed by every person who occupies the professional position. Any type and area of work needs to be accomplished, as is the teacher's position. Teachers need

to have creative power so that in teaching can always improve teaching

achievement. To improve teaching achievement, it is necessary to influence the principal (Walker and Kwan, 2012).


Teachers who have successfully achieved a set goal need to be improved so that the

quality of education also increases. If the teacher does not always improve the

learning achievement, then the teacher will be outdated or the teacher taught always in ways that just like that. This means that the teaching teacher only

executes the old way. Yet today demands to always keep up with the times. In the

old way to teach at that time can be said good but not necessarily good at the present moment or the time to come.

For example how to teach first where the active teacher explain the lesson while the passive students just listen and be silent while the current teachers and students

are both active and creative. Ruky (2001: 15), defines that "Work performance is

also called performance or in English called performance."

In principle, there is another term that better describes the "achievement" in

English is the word "achievement". But since the word is derived from the word "to

achieve" which means "to achieve", it is often translated into "achievement" or "what is achieved" in Indonesian.

Teaching means conveying knowledge or skills and so on to others, by means of certain means, so that knowledge or skills and so on can belong to that person.

Based on the above quotation can be concluded that the improvement of teacher

teaching achievement is a result that has been achieved with activities to provide knowledge or skills that have been improved.

Discussion

Normality

The data normality test is used to determine whether the data obtained is normally

distributed or not. In this research use Chi Square formula (X²) with significance level = 0,05. Normal conditions are met if Xcount <Xtabel with degrees of freedom

(df) = 5. The results of the normality test of principal education data management

data and teacher teaching achievement in the following table:

Table 1. Data Normality Test Results

Variabel X²count X²tabel Criteria

Principal Education Management (X) 4,7623 11,070 Normal

Teachers Teaching Achievement (Y) 6,8208 11,070 Normal

From Table 1 above, it is known that the principal education management variable (X) obtained the price of X² equal to 4,7623 < X² table of 11,070 then the data

from the principal education management variable is normally distributed. While

for teacher achievement variable obtained price X ² equal to 6,8208 < X² table


equal to 11,070 hence data from teacher achievement variable of normal

distribution.

Linearity

Regression linearity test is to know whether or not linear relationship between the data independent variables with dependent variable data. If linear can be used

linear regression analysis either simple or double in hypothesis testing, but if not

linear hence hypothesis testing using nonlinear regression analysis.

In this study to test the regression linearity using SPSS program and the results can

be seen in the following table:

Table 2. Regression Linearity Test Results

Variation

Sources

F Asymptote

Significance

Significance Criteria

X – Y 49,282 0,0000 0,05 Linier

From Table 2 above it is got that Fcount of 49,282 with asymptod significance 0,000.

It shows that the principal education management variable with teacher

achievement data has a linear relationship.

From this, it can be concluded that teacher achievement variables are influenced by

principal education management variables with mathematical equations:

Ŷ = -0,700 + 1,379 X

1. The constant of -0.700 states that if the principal education management variable is considered constant, the teacher's achievement is -0,700 units.

2. The regression coefficient of headmaster's education management of 1.379

states that each increase of principal education management by one unit

will improve teacher achievement of 1.379 units.

So the result of the research that the principal's educational management have

direct influence on teacher teaching achievement is shown from Fcount (49,282) > Ftabel (4,21) with 5% degree of trust, Ho is rejected and accept Ha, it means linear

equation. For the amount of contribution of principal teacher's management to

teacher's achievement can be seen on the value of R² = 0,646 = 64,60%. This means that the principal's teaching management affects teacher teaching

achievement of 64.60%.

From the above conclusions, the variable of principal education management with the indicators of planning, organizing, directing and supervision affect the learning

achievement of 64.60% and the rest influenced by other variables outside (eg


learning motivation, talent and interest, discipline of learning, family environment,

social interaction, etc.) of 35.40% (100% - 64.60% = 35.60%).

Hypothesis testing

To see the direction of the principal teacher's educational management relationship with teacher teaching achievement is shown by the magnitude of correlation (r)

calculated by using Spearman rank formula as follows:

rxy =

2222 YYnXXn

YXXYn

rxy = 22 )53,91(02,29029()08,81()07,22729(

)53,91)(08,81(44,25629

rxy = )}74,8377()54,8410)}{(97,6573()11,6585{(

25,742162,7436

rxy = 31,365

14,11

rxy = 11,19

14,11

rxy = 0,8038

From the calculation result, it is known that the rxy between the relationship between principal education management and teaching achievement is positive,

that is equal to 0.8038. This means the relationship between the principal's teaching

management and teacher achievement is directly proportional, it means that improving the principal's educational management will improve teachers' teaching

achievement. From the r value of 0.8038 it can be seen that rcount > rtable (0.8038 >

0.381) means that the principal education management and teacher teaching

achievement have a significant relationship.

From the description, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship

between principal education management and teacher teaching achievement.


Conclusion

The relationship between principal education management and teaching achievement is positive, that is 0.8201. There is a significant relationship between

principal education management and teacher teaching achievement.

Suggestion

1. The principal should improve the application of education management so that teachers are more disciplined and more motivated to improve their

teaching achievement.

2. Teachers should be able to improve teaching achievement in accordance

with syllabus and Draft Implementation of Learning.

References and notes:

Alkrdem, Mofareh Saeed and Alqahtani, Abdulaziz Saeed. 2016. Educational Management

in the Light of Islamic Standards. British Journal of Education, Society &

Behavioural Science 14(3): 1-9,

Hasibuan, S.P. Malayu. 2005. Human Resource Management, 2nd Edition. Jakarta, PT

Toko Gunung Agung.

Farah, Abdikadir Issa. School Management. 2013. Characteristics of Effective Principal.

International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 2, Issue 10, 168-173

Oxford, Learner’s Pocket Dictionary. 2005. Newyork, Oxford University Press.

Pam, S, Qing Gu, Christopher Day, James Ko. 2011,"Exploring the impact of school

leadership on pupil outcomes: Results from a study of academically

improved and effective schools in England", International Journal of

Educational Management, Vol. 25 Iss: 1 pp. 83 – 101

Ruky A, 2001. Performance Management System, Gramedia, Jakarta.

Rotich, EmilyJepkoech and Kipkoech, Lydia Cheruto. 2012. International Journal of

Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, Vol. 1, No.

3, 125-134

Siagian, S.P. 2005. Administrative Philosophy. Jakarta: Gunung Agung.

Stoner, James A.F. and R. Edwar Freeman. 1994. Managements. Jakarta : CV. Intermedia. Syafarudin, 2005. Integrated Quality Management in Education, Jakarta: Grasindo.

Vally, Valliamah Shoma and Daud, Khadijah. 2015. The Implementation of School Based

Management Policy. An Exploration. Social and Behavioral Sciences 172 (

2015 ) 693 – 700 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.421

Walker, Allan, Paula Kwan, 2012. Principal selection panels: strategies, preferences and

perceptions. Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 50 Iss: 2 pp. 188 -

205



15

Using songs as Teaching Media for the narrative skill

at Elementary school

Nurhidayah Hasibuan

Universitas Muslim Nusantara AW, Medan, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The demand for Indonesian curriculum 2013 which emphasizes on the development of

language skills by using various approaches, methods, media and learning resources, has

received less attention in schools. Thus, Minimal Completeness Criteria (KKM) ; minimum

score 65 in narrative writing skill has not been achieved in the fourth grade of Elementary

School of Al-Washliyah 2 Univa Medan. With a Classroom Action Research, the process of learning the narrative writing using the songs as media was applied. The use of songs as

media accompanied by video clip play proved to improve pupils' narrative writing skill.

This was seen in the pre-cycle test results; the average student score of 62.33 with learning

completeness 57.78%; it might increase to 72.11 with 95.56% complete learning in cycle II.

The result of non-test data analysis showed that there was an improvement in narrative

writing process, the pupils were more active and creative so that the teaching activities had

been inspired to apply the various learning models of writing by using the songs. The

results gave the knowledge about the feasibility of the song as a media for learning

narration.

Keywords: Song, teaching media, narrative skill ,Indonesian curriculum, school

Introduction

The Indonesian Curriculum 2013 has not been properly implemented yet. For

example, the Syllabus development of language skills is found still neglected.

Writing skill is one of the increasingly important language skills to master. Objectives to be achieved in writing skill include the ability to tell, convince,

16 Nurhidayah Hasibuan

entertain, and devote a sense that might be measured based on the achievement of

Minimal Completeness Criteria (KKM) established by each school.

To achieve the desired target, teachers' creativity is required in choosing source and instructional media. The use of songs as a viable medium used in narrative writing

lessons is expressed by some educators. For instance, Hamalik (1994: 119-120)

states that with "... using recording of songs might: (1) encourage student learning motivation, recording songs might stimulate pupils' attention and interest, (2)

efficiency in language teaching, (3) make lessons more concrete because it might

directly listen to things, new events occur, so pupils are motivated to pour ideas in the form of writing, (4) recording of songs might be repeated several times, this

will make the lesson is better because it might eliminate misinterpretation and

mastery materials will be more profound, (5) encourage various learning activities,

recording songs provide real information. "

Songs have been an amusing companion for human beings for as long as or even

longer than we might speak (Shen, 2009). Music is, therefore, traditionally linked with human ways of expression and language (Vera and Luna, 2013). The song as

a medium of learning might improve the ability to write narratives and improve

pupils' activeness the learning activities. Because the song might be used to create a comfortable atmosphere and provide suggestions that stimulate the development of

pupils' imagination. Writing practice through songs aims to stimulate the

imagination of pupils.

Today’s pupils are educated in a drastically different way from that of any previous

generation, as the use of interactive multimedia has become such a powerful and

influential tool to shape their experiences, minds, and lives (Lee, 2015). Medina (in Almenoar, 2013) says that song is felt to be advantageous to language learning.

The use of song media must be in line with the objectives of teaching that have

been formulated. When learning objectives are ignored in using the media song

then the media song is no longer as a teaching tool but as a barrier in achieving goals effectively and efficiently. The use of media songs in the learning process

might generate motivation and stimulation and might affect student psychology.

Therefore, the song media should be used appropriately and actually help and simplify the teaching and learning process. Thus, the learning outcomes might be

more optimal.

Starting from the problems seen and the expert statement about the specialty of the

songs, the implemented Action Research in the Elementary School Al-Washliyah

2 UNIVA Medan was conducted to (1) know the increasing skill of writing

narration by using song media,(2) the process of learning narrative writing by using the songs as teaching media.

Using songs as Teaching media … 17

Theoretical Reviews: Songs as Media in Teaching

Songs as Character Education Media & Learning Media in general is a tool for teaching and learning process. Songs stimulate thoughts, feelings, attention and

skills. Songs as media are the means for transmitting or delivering messages and in

teaching-learning perspective delivering content to the learners, to achieve effective instruction (Naz and Akbar, 2008). Audio media, which include song has

the power to super-charge the meanings of words and sounds, giving them a

dimension which is absent in printed media. Audio media also make certain demands on the receivers’ initiatives and imagination (Oyedele et al, 2013).

Learning media such as materials, tools or techniques. The learning media includes

tools that are physically used to convey the content of teaching materials that

include: books, tape recorders, films, photographs, graphics, tapes, video cameras, televisions, computer and others. In character education in early childhood many

obstacles, especially the problem of understanding or the ability to catch the

children in interpreting words that may be strange in his ears.

In the 1970s, songs are still often used to educate at schools of kindergartens and

elementary schools. Although currently there are many schools that use songs but now the number is not as much as before. Campbell and Brummett (in Joseph,

2015) suggest educators might offer support and structured experience for their

pupils as mentors to gain some confidence to teach them that music as a generalist

teacher. In the advent of this age many children love songs they should not hear, perhaps because they like the characters who sing it, the flow of the music, and

more precisely the song that the kids like is a song that suits the heart, the feeling

that they were feeling at the time. Because easily the children get information as an example of TV, Radio, Internet and so on it does not allow children to experience

difficult things even often he knows something that may not yet deserve them

know. Here parents must accompany and sort out songs that will be played against

the child to fit the age and psychology.

Many children find listening to songs entertaining. Hence, their interest in learning

a new language could be enhanced given that songs provide a more fun and dynamic way to learn (Aguirre et al, 2016). There is a growing interest in the study

and implementation of alternative methods of music education in schools (Hickey,

2015). Here by using music and sound media in various creative ways, educators might help learners develop self-confidence, from the beginning so that later

developed attitude will be a permanent character in the child later. Various kinds of

songs might be used in character formation in children, through the lyrics and

melodies that exist in each song, the children will more easily accept the intent and the values that exist in the song. In the practice of music more relies on feelings

and emotions, this is related to morality. The formation of character also

emphasizes the growth of moral high in learners then it might be said that the education of music art in harmony with the effort of character formation. The fact


that music might boost the potential of learners and foster attitude or character

confident, diligent, independent, active, creative.

Research Method

This Class Action Research was conducted in the fourth grade of elementary school of the Elementary School Al-Washliyah 2 Univa Medan, with 45 pupils

and a classroom teacher. Design of Action Research had 2 cycles. Data were

collected with the test, observation and interviews. By comparing the contents of the records performed with the collaborators, with the comparison of the subjective

elements might be reduced.

The measure of whether the improvement found in the pupils' narrative writing

skill both before and after the action, the results of the test were analyzed. The indicators of action success in improving the pupils' narrative writing skill through

the media are: (1) there was an increase in the number of pupils who experience

complete mastery of at least 75% of the total pupils in the class; (2) there was an increase in pupils’ achievement of at least score =65.

Research Results

Songs as media in teaching writing skill proved that pupils’ achievement

increasing. Following National target of Indonesian Elementary Schools, the pupils

are expected to have mastery in narrative writing skill of at least 65 and at least 75% complete classical. Pre-action test results with an average score of 62.33 and

57.78% class completeness only performed by 26 pupils in this school. Average

value has not reached the target; that is 65. Based on the problem, this classroom action research was to improve the narration writing skill by using songs as media

had been implemented. The goal was to have pupils gained the writing skill to

reach the minimum score; that is 65. The previous teacher's writing lessons by

giving explanations and pupils working individually, the pupils had not been given the opportunity to edit their work. At the time of learning to write was boring.

In contrast, using the media songs teachers are able to generate student schemata,

then pupils were able to create frameworks essay, developing essays, editing individually and groups, made improvements, and published it. After the analysis

of test and non-test obtained data, the results of the use of learning model with

media songs improved the skill of writing narrative grade IV the Elementary school pupils.

The results of this study were based on pre-cycle results, the results of cycle I, and

the results of cycle II. Including the test results and non-complaints as references for the research results of scores achieved when pupils were asked to write a

narration text. Aspects assessed in narrative writing skill include: 1) development

of themes according to the type of essay, 2) sentence structure, 3) choice of words 4) capital letter writing 5) placement of punctuation. The three forms of research


instruments, namely 1) observation sheet, 2) journal, both student journal and

teacher journal, and 3) interview guide revealed the teaching process.

Narrative Writing skill

The process of learning to write narration by using song media in cycle I and cycle II basically started with the perception construction; to lure pupils with various

questions related to writing narration so that pupils were posed to be trained to

think actively. Then the teacher explained all the activities that pupils would do. The core of narrative writing began with sharing narrative essays. After pupils

were told to find the characteristics of the narrative essay, the pupils understood

correctly about the narrative essay, the next step the teacher explained the task that

must be done by the pupils.

Teachers prepared learning media in the form of songs. The Islamic nuanced songs

in the form of text and video clips were exposure. Thus pupils wrote a narration text while listening to music and songs. Pupils wrote the narrative according to the

theme contained in the song with the length of essay that has been determined by

the teacher. This activity was applied in cycle I at least three paragraphs developed from one topic that exist in one stanza from the track, and in cycle II at least four

paragraphs were developed from four stanzas of song. After the pupils finished

writing the narration, the teacher asked the pupils to redeem their work to another

friend to be corrected. The result of the narrative writing test was then recaptured to get the overall result of the narrative writing test.

To make it easier to see how many pupils who obtained grades ranging from the best to the good and the average scores, then presented table 4.15. In Table 1 below

also shows the results of the skills of preparatory narrative writing, cycle I and

cycle II based on the many data contained in each class / absolute frequency

distribution (f) and the frequency expressed in percent / relative frequency distribution (%) as in table 1. the following:

Table1. Average Results of Narrative Writing Skill

No. Category Score Pre-cycle Cycle 1 Cycle 2

F % F % F %

1. Very

Good

81-90 2 4,44% 2 4,44% 7 15,56

2. Good 71-80 7 15,56% 8 17,78 20 44,44%

3. Enough 61-70 17 37,78% 21 46,67 16

35,56%

4. Bad 51-60 19 42,22% 14 31,11 2 4,44%

Total 45 100% 45 100% 45 100%


The average results of the test scores in Table 1 above derived from the

accumulation of the scores of each aspect, i.e 1) The development of the theme

according to the type of essay, 2) The sentence structure, 3) Choice of words, 4) Capital writing 5) Placement punctuation. Each aspect is assessed based on

predetermined criteria. For more details, the average value of test scores on pre-

cycle, Cycle I and Cycle II in the table 1 above to be described in each aspect of the scoring test of narrative writing skill in Table 2 below ;

Table 2. Average Results of Test Scores Every Aspect of Pre-cycle

Narrative Writing Skill, Cycle I, and Cycle II

Aspe

ct

Average Improved

PS S I S II Ps-S I S I-S II Ps-S II

1 60,11 61,50 68,22 1,39 6,72 8,11

2 61,55 62,44 70 0,89 7,56 8,45

3 62,22 63,66 70,33 1,44 6,67 8,11

4 65,48 70 80 4,52 10 14,52

5 62,30 65,20 72 2,9 6.80 9,7

NA 62,33 64,56 72,11 2,23 7,55 9,78

Note:

1. Development of themes Ps = Pre-cycle

2. Sentence structure S I = Cycle I

3. Choice of words S II = Cycle II 4. Capital letter writing NA = Final score (The cumulative value of

narrative writing)

5. Punctuation placement

Based on data recapitulation of skill writing test result of narration from pre-cycle,

cycle I, and cycle II, which is depicted in table 1 and 2; showing the pupils' skills

on each scoring writing narrative have increased.

The result of pre-cycle showed that the average score of writing skill reached

62.33. From the averages it might be seen that the skill of writing narrative was quite good, because it was in the range of values 61-70. The average value was

derived from the average score of each aspect. In pre-cycle, the average value of

aspects: theme development in accordance with the type of essay of 60.11, 61.55 sentence structure, word choice 62.22, capital letter 65.48, and punctuation

placement of 62.30.


Narrative writing skill was still in fairly good category with an average score of

62.33. Value acquisition has not reached the target; therefore it needs to be

improved again. To increase the value of pupils required more varied guidance and learning models. Therefore, in this study used the learning model with the song

media that Islamic nuanced. Pupils who had an average score of 62.33 were

expected to increase to reach the target value (65.00).

The result of narrative writing skill test in cycle I reached the average of classical

value of 64,56 has increased, including in good enough category, but not yet reached the target value that has been set that is 65,00. The average score is derived

from the average score of each aspect of the narrative writing skill research. In the

aspect of theme development in accordance with the type of essay average score

obtained in the first cycle of 61.50. These results indicated that there has been an increase of 1.39 when compared with the result on pre-cycle 60.11. Pupils have

begun to understand a little about how to develop themes in narrative writing.

In the sentence structure aspect, the average score in cycle I was 62.44, from the

result it shows that there has been improvement as much as 0,89 when compared

with result at –pre-cycle 61,55.

For the choice of words, the average score of pre-cycle 62.22 to 63.66 in cycle I,

the results indicated that there has been an increase of 1.44. This indicated that

pupils have begun to be able to choose the appropriate words in diction process. For the punctuation of writing, it was increased by 4.52 points from the average

value of 65.48 in pre-cycle to 70 in cycle I. In the punctuation placement test,

pupils obtained an average score of 65.20 which in pre-cycle only 62.30. These results indicated that there has been an increase of 2.9 when compared with the

results on pre-cycle. Pupils have been using capital letters and punctuation as per

the enhanced spellings. Thus, it might be concluded that the pupils' skills from all

aspects of narrative writing skill have improved considerably, i.e, an average of 2.23. The average pre-cycle of writing skill score 62.33 to 64.56 in cycle I, almost

reaching the target = 65. Therefore improvement efforts should be continued so

that the desired results are obtained.

The result of narrative writing skill test on cycle II reached an average value of

72,11, it means that there is an increase of 7.55 from the average of cycle I value (64,56) and an increase of 9.78 from pre-cycle average (62,33 ) to cycle II (72,11).

From the data it might be seen that the average value is included in either category

that is in the range of values among 71-80. The achievement of that value has

already exceeded the target value of completeness. This means the use of song media to improve the skills of writing the narrative of fourth grade pupils of the

Elementary School Al-Washliyah 2 Univa Medan has been well implemented and

has met the target of completeness. The result of value obtained from each aspect in cycle II is described as follows.


In the aspect of development of theme in accordance with the type of essay average

score obtained in cycle II of 68.22. From these results indicate that there has been

an increase of 8.11 when compared with the results on pre-cycle with a mean value of 60.11. Pupils already understand how to develop themes in writing narrative. On

the average sentence structure aspect, score on cycle II of 70, from the results, it

indicates that there has been improved of 8.45 when compared with the results on pre-cycle with a mean value of 61.55.

The preferred aspect of word choice, average score on pre-cycle 62.22 is circled to 70.33 in cycle II. The results show that there has been an increase of 8.11 from pre-

cycle to cycle II. This indicates that the student has been able to choose the

appropriate word / diction.

The punctuation in writing was increased by 14.52 points from the average value of

65.48 in pre-cycle to 80 in cycle II. Aspects of punctuation placement obtained an

average score of 72 which at pre-cycle only 62.30. These results indicate that there has been an increase of 9.7 on the punctuation aspect when compared with the

results on pre-cycle. Pupils have been using capital letters and punctuation as per

the enhanced spellings. This is seen in the average value of capital letter writing is much higher than the other aspects, accompanied by the value of punctuation

placement.

The improving skills of pupils in writing narrative are a student achievement that should be proud of. Before enactment of action cycle I and cycle II of student skill

in writing have good enough, but not yet fulfill target of equal to 65.00; after

applied learning narrative writing with the media song Islamic nuance increased. Thus, it might be concluded that the use of learning model of narrative writing with

Islamic song media might help pupils in facilitating writing narration. In addition,

the creativity and cooperation of pupils is also getting better.

The learning model of narrative writing with the applied song media proved to be

able to help the smoothness, effectiveness, and efficiency of learning achievement.

The application of learning models in narrative writing might add pupils 'insights, creativity, pupils' knowledge, and might train pupils to think critically and

creatively in putting their ideas into writing. Knowledge obtained by pupils

becomes more meaningful because pupils understand themselves and not just transfer knowledge from teacher to student. The teacher in this case only acts as a

facilitator and motivator in the learning process of pupils.

Changes the Pupils’ Behavior

The improvement of the pupils' skills in writing led to the change of student

behavior from Pre-cycle, Cycle I to Cycle II. Increase of non-test result in the form of observation in cycle I and cycle II might be seen in table 3.


Table 3. Recap Result of Observation of Cycle I and Cycle II

Based on the recap of non-test result in the form of observation in cycle I and cycle

II in table 4.16 above, it might make pupils who pay attention to the explanation of teachers, it was increasing from cycle I to cycle II; that is equal to 13%. Pupils who

were active to ask and answer (if they found difficulty) was increasing from cycle

I to cycle II; that is equal to 17.78%. Pupils who were actively in following the learning of narrative writing from beginning to end experience increase from cycle

I to cycle II that is equal to 17,78%. Pupils who responded positively (pleased) to

the learning model with the song media increased from cycle I to cycle II that is equal to 15.56%. Pupils who actively participated in group activities experienced

No

Aspect of

Observation

Frequency

Cycle II (%)

Enhancement

SI

SII

%

%

%

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Pupils pay

attention to

teacher's

explanation

Pupils actively ask

questions and

answer if they find

difficulties,

Pupils are serious

in following the

narrative writing

lesson

Pupils respond

positively (happy)

to the learning

using the song

media.

Pupils participate

actively in group

activities,

Pupils are serious about writing

narrative

assignments

36

5

32

38

22

31

42

13

40

45

35

41

80 %

11,11%

71,11%

84,44%

48,89%

68,89%

93%

28,89%

88,89%

100%

77,78%

91,11%

13%

17,78%

17,78%

15,56%

28,89%

22,22%


an increase from cycle I to cycle II which was 28.89%. Pupils who actively

finished the task when learning narrative writing found increased 22.22% from

cycle I to cycle II.

Increased non-student results in the form of pupils’ journals in cycle I and cycle II

might be seen in the table 4.

Table 4. Recap Result of Student Journal of Cycle I and Cycle II

No Aspect of Student Journal Cycle I

(%) Cycle II

(%) Enhancement

1.

2.

3

4.

.

5.

Pupils' feelings during the learning of

writing a description written on that

day

a. Happy

b. Pretty fun c. Less fun

Difficulties experienced by pupils in

writing narration with the media song

a. Very difficult to do

b. Still having trouble

c. No trouble

The student's response to the learning

model using the song media on that

day a. Nice

b. Quite good

c. Not good

Pupils' impression of the teacher's

way of teaching in that day's learning

a. Nice

b. Quite good

c. Not good

Student suggestions for learning to

write with the song media a. Good to continue

b. Good enough to continue

c. Less good to continue

77,78%

11,11% 11,11%

11,11%

46,67%

42,22%

86,67% 13,33%

0%

66,67%

33,33%

0%

44,44% 55,56%

0%

88,89%

11,11% 0%

0%

40%

60%

93% 7%

0%

91,11%

8,89%

0%

100% 0%

0%

11,11%

0% -11,11%

-11,11%

-16,67%

17.78%

6,33% -6,33%

0%

24,44%

-24,44%

55,56% -55,56%

0%

Based on the recap of non-test results in the form of student journals in cycle I and cycle II in table 4 above, it might explain that pupils who felt happy and were

satisfied during the learning of writing narrative found increased from cycle I to


cycle II of 11.11%. Furthermore, pupils who felt quite happy during the learning of

writing a narrative did not increase from cycle I to cycle II or 0% and pupils who

felt unhappy during the learning of writing narrative decreased from cycle I to cycle II of 11.11%. This was because the lessons were taught in a different way

than those of previous teacher's way, which made pupils feel good.

Based on the journal recap above, it might be seen that most pupils still had

difficulty in writing narration. Pupils who had difficulty in writing narrative

decreased from cycle I to cycle II by -11.11%, and who still had difficulty to cope with the decrease of -16.67%, but still 40% more. Difficulties experienced by

pupils include the pupils were not able to process ideas properly, pupils might not

make sentences well and correctly, pupils in making sentences less complete,

pupils also still often use sentences that are not standard in writing narratives, pupils were still difficult in stringing words or pupils were still often run out of

words, pupils were less concentrated in writing, and pupils were still difficulty in

writing due to lack of knowledge / experience possessed by pupils. While pupils who had no difficulty in writing increased from cycle I to cycle II of 17.78%,

which in cycle I 42.22% increased to 60%.

In general, pupils felt happy with the model of learning used by teachers in

learning to write narrative. This was because the learning model of Islamic songs

media was still considered as a new learning model perceived by the pupils. In

addition, the learning model with the Islamic song media was also very good, good, interesting, relaxed or relaxed, and not stressful. Pupils who expressed pleasure

with the learning model with the song media used by teachers in learning writing

increased from cycle I to cycle II of 6.33%. Furthermore pupils who stated that the learning model was pretty good and interesting decreased by -6.330%. No student

has stated that the learning model was not good at cycle I and cycle II.

Pupils' impression of the style or way of teaching conducted by teachers in narrative writing lessons using the narrative writing learning model was very good.

Pupils who declared the style or way of teaching the teacher is very fun, good,

good, creative, clear, interesting, easy to understand, friendly, perfect, relax or relax, not tense, and not boring get increase from cycle I to cycle II equal to 24,44

%. Furthermore pupils who declared the style or how to teach the teacher was good

enough, professional enough and quite enjoyable experience decrease from cycle I to cycle II equal to -24,44%. While pupils who declared the style or way of

teaching teachers less clear no increase and not decreased or by 0%. This means

that pupils who declared that the style or way of teaching teachers less clear

number in the same in cycle I and cycle II.

Pupils were taught to write narration by using media of Islamic nuance songs

resulted in the very diverse of actions. It was found the increase from cycle I to cycle II equal to 55, 56%. Pupils learned in the learning model found the activities


were good, fun, good, relaxed, easy to understand, not tense, not boring, and

increase knowledge from the cycle I to cycle II -55.56%. No student in cycle I and

cycle II suggested that the learning model be less good to continue. The result of observation, journal, interview, and photo or documentation in cycle I might be

concluded that the readiness of pupils in the learning of narrative writing by using

songs as media is satisfactory. In general, pupils have shown positive behavior in following the whole series of activities in learning process. It proved that pupils

who paid attention to teacher explanations made better perform activities.

The cycle I weaknesses were improved in the cycle 2 that must be solved. To

overcome these problems required improvement efforts in cycle II. Lesson plan in

cycle II should be more mature than cycle I. The process of learning in cycle II was

also to share the opinions from pupils which listed in the journal, interview, teacher observation, and photos or documentation. Improvements made in the second cycle

included; 1) changing the number of stanzas developed in the essay, 2) selecting

songs and music that might further stimulate pupils in generating ideas, 3) freeing the student's position by choosing a place that is considered convenient for writing,

4) giving motivation to pupils, and 5) making the learning atmosphere more

relaxed. With these improvements, the results obtained by pupils in writing narrative in cycle II had much more increased when compared to cycle I.

In the second cycle, the activity observed the sample essay to find the

characteristics of the narrative essay, the practice of correcting the results of his companions, and revising the results of the essay. The emphasis on cycle II is

preferred to the learning process that stimulates pupils to understand and

understand a narrative essay correctly. Learning by using the song media might also increase the knowledge and experience of pupils in learning to write narrative.

The results of the implementation of improvements made in the second cycle were

apparently positive and quite satisfactory. Based on the observation in cycle II, the atmosphere was more controlled and conducive. Pupils appeared more ready taking

a part in the lesson with all tasks given by the teacher. Pupils looked happier and

enjoyed learning delivered by teachers and researchers. In addition, pupils looked more active and creative in learning activities. This is because the pupils were

getting familiar with the teacher and the condition of the pupils who were getting

used to writing narrative. With continuous training, pupils were increasingly trained and skilled in writing narratives. The results obtained by pupils already

looked better. This fact has been proven in the test results of writing narrative

pupils ranging from pre-cycle to cycle II which increased from the average value of

62.33 to 72.11. Based on a series of data analysis and learning situations above might be explained

that the behavior of pupils in learning to write narrative changes that lead to

positive side. The pupils found class more conducive and livelier. Thus, it might be concluded that learning to write narrative using the media learning model of the


song is very good because it might help pupils to write better narration, add insight,

and increase knowledge about the learning models used by teachers in learning.

Therefore, pupils have a memorable and meaningful experience for their lives. Pupils become more motivated to learn writing narration better.

Conclusion

Based on the analysis and discussion of this Class Action Research, the

conclusions are presented as follows;

(1) The use of songs as media in narrative writing study improved the skill of

writing narration of fourth grade pupils of elementary school Al-Washliyah 2

Medan, from the average score of 62.33 on pre-cycle with 57.78% class completeness increased to 72.11 in cycle II with the completeness of the class

reached 95.56%, exceeded the target of KKM that is 65 with 75% class

completeness.

(2) The result of non-test research showed the improvement in the process of

learning narrative writing on the pupils with the use of song media, this is seen in the result of the observation and journal recap on the pupils. Thus, the use of song

media to improve narrative writing skill deserved to be used as an alternative

media.



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29

The effect of professionalism and placement of

Human Resources on Academic Services in

University of Jabal Ghafur, Sigli

Sulaiman

Universitas Jabal Ghafur, Sigli, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the effect of professionalism and placement of human

resources to academic services at the University of Jabal Ghafur, Sigli. The population in

the study was all employees who worked at University of Jabal Ghafur as many as 36

people, so with a little sample then all the population used as a sample. The independent

variables in this study consist of professionalism (X1) and placement of human resources (X2), while the dependent variable is academic service (Y). Data analysis used multiple

linear regression analysis. The results showed that simultaneously professionalism and

placement of human resources have a significant effect on academic services. Partially

indicates that professionalism and placement of human resources have a significant

influence on academic services. Professionalism factors have a more dominant influence on

academic services compared to the placement of human resources.

Keywords: professionalism, human resource placement, academic services, dominant

influence

Introduction

University of Jabal Ghafur, Sigli seeks to provide the best service in the

administration services, teaching and learning, structural services, guardian

lecturers, and execution of the exam. The services are in accordance with the

expectations of students who will impact on the image of the college, especially the image of University of Jabal Ghafur Sigli.

On the other hand, more and more universities are seriously improving education

services with various weighted breakthroughs and excellent output. Understanding the education industries better, including their market structures and innovation

30 Sulaiman

processes, would help to create a more mature relationship with the education

sector(OECD, 2016). Innovation in the industry – which develops the products and

services that could drive innovation in schools – does not happen in isolation from what is happening in the education sector. The more precise conclusion nowadays

is that competition among colleges is getting tighter and each has its own

advantages (Kritensen et al, 2015). Education can, and must, contribute to a new vision of sustainable global development (UNESCO, 2017). Similarly, conducted

by University of Jabal Ghafur, Sigli is based on Pancasila, 1945 Constitution and

Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi, with the purpose of education to contribute to the intellectual life of the nation and to support the development effort in achieving the

welfare of the people of Indonesia. Where in the implementation, the study system

is more oriented to the development of professional attitude, using curriculum and

syllabus which has been determined by the Ministry of National Education with research activities and real working practices in various companies or government

agencies / private.

The services provided by University of Jabal Ghafur include the provision of excellent / accurate information, so that the people who will enter the University of

Jabal Ghafur, Sigli will be very satisfied with the services provided.

Highereducation institutions have become more interested in implementing human resource as a full strategic partner in their operations (Teir & Zhang, 2016).As one

of the main components in the education system, universities should make a real

contribution in improving the quality of human resources (HR). This is not

independent of how well the college is managed. If the educational institution is analogous to a production machine, then the quality of output will be very relevant

to the quality of the machine.Nevertheless, there are still many shortcomings in the

service and teaching system that still occured discrepancy between the expectations with what the students get. The fact of this phenomenon is based on the complaints

data that goes to the public relations bureau as unit / division at University of Jabal

Ghafur who handles criticism, suggestions or complaints as an effort to provide

satisfaction service for the academic community of University Jabal Ghafur. From the results of field observations by interviews with some students it can be seen

that the academic service at University of Jabal Ghafur is still relatively low.

To obtain academic services in an educational institution required employee

professionalism that can be done with appropriate placement of human resources.

Each employee is encouraged to be able to have professionalism attitude in working in order to optimize their skill, time, energy, knowledge and resources in

accordance with the field that is lived, so that will affect the performance

performed by employees.The Merriam-Webster dictionary (in Porcupile, 2015) defines professionalism as "the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark

a profession or a professional person"; and it defines a profession as "a calling

requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic

preparation." These definitions imply that professionalism encompasses a number of different attributes, and, together, these attributes identify and define a

The effect of professionalism and placement of Human Resources… 31

professional. According to Siagian (2009: 163) professionalism is the reliability

and expertise in the execution of tasks so that executed with high quality, timely,

careful, and with easy to understand procedures. Professional identity can be defined as: ‘the self that has been developed with the commitment to perform

competently and legitimately in the context of the profession, and its development

can continue over the course of the individuals’ careers. A person with such [commitment] identifies with the profession, its role and values. He or she finds

meaning in the work’ (Tan inBaczor & Zheltoukhova, 2017). Qualified and

professional employees must be committed to their company. Employees promise themselves to be able to advance the organization to achieve a common goal with

the best possible performance in today's competitive global conditions, because

commitment is also an individual's attachment to a company.

When starting a new job at an educational institution sometimes many of the

existing human resources feel nervous when first working. This first day's

nervousness is essentially natural. Psychologists say that initial impressions are so powerful and natural that new employees or human resources still have little, such

as knowledge, work experience and self-assessment.

Placement means allocating new or old employees to a certain working position. It really depends on the individual desire of each HR to know everything about

Islamic educational institution. Once the selection process has been decided, the

existing human resources should help the new person to feel comfortable with his

environment.

Research purposes

This study aims to determine the effect of professionalism and placement of human

resources to academic services at the University of Jabal Ghafur, Sigli.

Research Methods

The research design used in this research is explanatory research that is research

that aims to test a theory or hypothesis in order to strengthen or even reject theory (Rahi, 2017).The purpose of exploratory research is to seek new insights and

findout what is happening. There is an attempt to ask questions and asses

phenomena in a new light. This type of research is usually adopted in early stages of research where the concepts are not clear enough to develop an operational

definition (Almaki, 2016).The data used in this study is the primary data obtained

from the interview and the distribution of questionnaires. Secondary data in this

research is obtained indirectly through reading books related to the variables studied, data obtained from the internet, and existing journals.The population in the

study was all employees who worked at University of Jabal Ghafur as many as 36

people, so with a little sample then all the population used as a sample. The analytical tool used to solve the existing problems is multiple linear regressions.

32 Sulaiman

The independent variables in this study consist of professionalism (X1) and

placement of human resources (X2), while the dependent variable is academic

service (Y). Methods of data collection were conducted using questionnaires in accordance with the indicators of variables in this study. Indicators of

professionalism consist of equality, equity, loyalty and accountability. Indicators of

academic services are: ease of obtaining career guidance for students, timeliness of students to get value, curriculum according to the needs of students, as well as

courtesy and hospitality of teachers / lecturers, administrative staff in serving

students is still very weak. While the indicator of academic service consists of: Tangibles (direct evidence), Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy

(Creasy, 2015).

Theoretical description

Professionalism

Professionalism comes from the English word professionalism which lexically means professional. The professional person has different attitudes to the

unprofessional person even in the same job or in one room. The professional nature

is different from the nature of the professional or not professional at all. The nature in question is as can be shown in deeds, not those packed in words claimed by the

perpetrator individually (Hooley, 2016).Fullan, & Hargreaves (2016), states that

"Professional can be interpreted as a capability and skill of a person in doing work

by field and level respectively. Professionalism involves the fitness between bureaucratic competence and task-requirement.

Donaldson et al (2013) statedthat, Professionalism can be interpreted as a commitment of members of a profession to improve professional skills and

constantly develop strategies used in doing the job in accordance with the

profession.Schleicher (2016) states that, Professionalism is a reflection of the

ability (competence), that is to have knowledge, skill, ability, supported by experience that cannot come up suddenly without going through time. O’Connor et

al (2015), stated that the characteristics of apparatus professionalism in accordance

with the demands of good governance, including: 1. Equality, Equal treatment of the services provided.

2. Equity, equal treatment to society equitably and equality.

3. Loyalty, Loyalty is given to the Constitution, law, leadership, subordinates, co-workers. The various types of loyalty are related to each other and no

absolute loyalty is given to one particular kind of loyalty by ignoring the

other.

4. Accountability, every government officer must be ready to accept responsibility for whatever he does and must avoid from the syndrome "I

just carry out the orders of superiors".


Based on the above characteristics, it can be seen that the professionalism of

employees is determined by the level of ability of employees reflected through

attitudes and behavior every day in the organization.

Human Resources (HR) placement

Placement of manpower is an effort to channel the ability of human resources as

well as possible by placing the right human resources or the most appropriate

position. According to Schuler and Jackson that the placement of human resources related to matching a person with the position he holds based on the needs and

knowledge, skills, abilities and personality of human resources. Meanwhile,

according to Bernardin and Russel an important factor in the welfare of

performance is the demands of work. The mismatch between interests in turn will result in a decrease in the morale of human resources available in work (Hasibuan,

2011).

Human Resources Trends (2017) that the placement of human resources is one of the most important functions in human resource management, whether or not a

person is placed in a particular position depending on the position of this

placement. If this function is not carried out properly then it will in itself be fatal to achievement of organizational goals.Placement means allocating new or old

Human Resources to a particular working position (Haese, 2016).The placement

consists of two things: the new Human Resources coming from outside the

educational institution and the assignment for the old Human Resources in a new place (need orientation / introduction).Human Resources coming from outside the

educational institutionshows Human resources are a core determinant of quality in

higher education and research. Universities must therefore work to enhance their human potential, both qualitatively and quantitatively, by attracting, developing

and keeping talent in the teaching/research career. Excellence can only emerge

from a favourableprofessional environment based in particular on open, transparent

and competitive procedures The definition of placement according to experts, among others: states that

"placement is the process of reassigning employees on new tasks / positions or

different positions". There is also a claim that "placement is putting a person's position into the proper job position, how wellHuman Resources match his job will

affect the amount and quality of work." Unlike the other placements also means

that "the placement of human resources is to place the employee as the executing element of the job in a position consistent with his abilities, skills and expertise.

The factors that must be considered in placing the workforce, namely:

(Sastrohadiwiryo, 2005)

34 Sulaiman

a. Academic Achievement

Academic achievement is the achievement that has been achieved by the

employees during the education level during the elementary school until the last education, combined with the achievements that have been obtained based on the

selection that has been done to the employees concerned (Alotaibi et al,

2012).Academic achievement is commonly measured examinationand continuous assessment. Academic achievement can be defined as excellence in all academic

discipline in class as well as extracurricular activities. Academic achievement is the

knowledge or skill developed in school subjects usually designed by the test scores or marks assigned by the teacher (Sarkar & Banik, 2017).

b. Experience

Experience is the process of forming knowledge or skills about the method of a job because of the involvement of the employee in the execution of job duties

(Manullang, 2012).Work experience is a measure of the length of time or length of

time a person has been able to understand the tasks of a job and has performed well. experience will make a person perform better and hence dependable (Kotur

&Anbazhagan. 2014). Experience working on similar jobs, need to be considered

in the placement of labor. The fact shows the longer the workforce, the more experience the workforce has. Conversely, the shorter the working period, the less

experience gained. Many work experiences provide skills and job skills.

Conversely, the limited work experience leads to lower levels of skills and skills.

c. Physical and Mental Health

Testing / medical tests based on reports from physicians attached to the application

letter or special medical tests held during the selection actually do not guarantee the workforce is truly physically and spiritually healthy. Sometimes the results of

medical tests conducted by general practitioners, especially at local community

health centers are not merely formalities (Naylor et al. 2016).

d. Marital status

Marriage is an arrangement between men and women to be husband and wife

(Wirawan, 2008). There are two kinds of marital status that is mating and not married. An individual with marital status means that she has a legitimate marriage

bond with her spouse, both legally and religiously. Subjects with marital status is

classified again into three groups, namely, married with a husband / wife who worked, married to a spouse or husband who did not work, widows or widowers.

e. Age

Age is the amount of time since a person is born until the time the study takes place is calculated in units of years. In placing the workforce, the age factor of the

employee passing the selection needs to be considered as necessary. This is to

avoid the low productivity generated by the workforce concerned. Workers who are generally quite old, instead placed in jobs that do not require physical exertion


and heavy responsibility, enough to be given a job balanced with the physical

condition. Conversely, labor is still easy and energetic otherwise given a rather

heavy job compared with the old man.

Quality of Academic Services

According to Iskandar (2017) quality is: "The overall characteristics and

characteristics of a product or service in terms of its ability to meet predetermined

or latent needs". Also in order to improve the marketing is necessary a quality that supports, where the definition of quality according to Goets in Tjiptono (2007) "is

a dynamic condition associated with products, services, people and the

environment that meet or exceed expectations. What is meant by service is: "How

far is the difference between the reality and the customer's expectation of the service they receive or obtain" (Tjiptono, 2007).

The advantage of a service product depends on the uniqueness and quality provided by the service provider, whether it has been appropriate or not with customer

expectations. Servqual (Service Quality) needs to be built, which is built on the

comparison of two main factors: customer perceptions of the actual service they receive (perceived service) with the actual service expected or desired (expected

service). If the reality is more than expected, then the service can be said to be

qualified. If the reality is less than expected, then the service is said not qualified. If

reality equals expectations, then the service is called satisfactory. Thus service quality can be defined as a gauge of how far the difference between reality and

customer expectations for the services they receive. There are five main

dimensions related to the quality of service: a. Tangibles (direct evidence), which includes physical facilities, equipment,

employees, and means of communication.

b. Reliability (reliability), namely the ability to provide services with

immediate and satisfactory and in accordance with what has been promised c. Responsiveness (responsiveness), i.e. the desire of the staff to help the

customers and provide services with responsiveness.

d. Assurance, which includes the ability, courtesy and credibility of staff, free of danger, risk or doubt.

e. Empathy which includes ease in conducting relationships, good

communication and sincere attention to customer needs (Yamit, 2005).

The elements of service quality mentioned above should be well mixed. If not, it

can cause a gap between the company and the customer because the different

perceptions about the form of service provided differed with customer expectations. Lupiyoadi (2006) said the quality of academic services is a

comparison between the academic services perceived by customers or stakeholders

with the quality of academic services that are expected customers or stakeholders. If the quality of academic services are felt the same or exceed the quality of service

36 Sulaiman

expected then the service is said to be qualified. Quality of academic service is the

value given by the customer to the extent that the academic service is provided in

accordance with customer expectations. Indicators of academic services are: ease of obtaining career guidance for students,

timeliness of students to get value, curriculum according to the needs of students,

as well as courtesy and hospitality of teachers / lecturers, administrative staff in serving students is still very weak.

Research result

From the result of validity and reliability test, all statements used as indicator for

each research variable are valid and reliable, so all statements are used in multiple

linear regression test. Multiple linear regression tests explain the influence of professionalism and placement of human resources to academic service. The result

of regression analysis with calculation using SPSS 20 software can be seen in the

following description.

Y = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 +

So the equation is obtained:

Y = 8,602 + 0,454 X1 + 0,217 X2

With estimated standard deviation forecast 2.589.

The description of the multiple linear regression equation above is as follows:

b0: 8,602 The constant number (b0) of 8,602 indicates the magnitude of academic service if

the professionalism and placement of SDM is equal to 0.

b1: 0.454

The first regression coefficient (b1) of 0.454 shows the magnitude of the effect of professionalism on the academic service with the assumption of constant placement

of human resources. This means that if the factor of professionalism increases 1

unit of value, then predicted academic services increased by 0.454 units of value assuming constant placement of human resources.

b2: 0.217

The second regression coefficient (b2) of 0.217 shows the magnitude of the effect of HR placement on academic service with the assumption of constant

professionalism. This means that if the factor placement of human resources

increased 1 unit of value, then predicted academic services increased by 0.217 units

of value with the assumption of constant professionalism. a. Simultaneous Test (F test)

This test aims to test the significance of the effect of professionalism and the

placement of human resources simultaneously to the academic services as in Table 1.


Table 1. Test F

Based on the Ftest is known Fcount of 20.867 with significance value of 0.000 <0.05, so H0 rejected or H1 accepted. This shows that the professionalism and placement

of human resources simultaneously have a significant effect on the academic

service at University of Jabal Ghafur Sigli.

b. Partial Test (t test)

To know the partial influence of each variable of professionalism and placement of

human resources to academic service of University of Jabal Ghafur, Sigli done with t test as in Table 2.

Table 2. Test t

From the result of t-test the influence of professionalism toward the academic

service obtained t-hitung value of 2.757 with a significance value of 0.009 <0.05,

so it can be concluded that professionalism partially significant effect on the academic service of Jabal University Ghafur Sigli. From result of t-test of influence

of placement of human resources to academic service obtained t-count value equal

to 2,168 with significance value equal to 0,000 <0,04, so it can be concluded that placement of human resources partially significant to academic service of Jabal

University Ghafur Sigli.

38 Sulaiman

Based on the results above, it can be seen that professionalism and placement of

human resources have a significant influence on academic services, where the

placement factor of human resources have a more dominant influence on academic services, compared with professionalism.

The value used in looking at the coefficient of determination in this study is on

adjusted R square column. This is because the adjusted R square is not vulnerable to the addition of independent variables. The coefficient of determination can be

seen in Table 3.

Table 3. Coefficient of Determination Value

The value of the influence is shown by the value of adjusted R square coefficient of

0.532 or 53.20%, the percentage of the influence of professionalism (X1) and the

placement of human resources (X2) on the academic service (Y) is 53.20, while the rest is 46.80% (100% - 53.20%) is influenced by other variables outside this

research model.

Discussion

The result of data analysis shows that simultaneously and partially entrepreneurial

knowledge and human resource placement have significant influenceto increase academic service of Universityof Jabal Ghafur Sigli.

The results showed that there was a positive and significant influence on professionalism toward academic service of University of JabalGhafurSigli. The

ability of employee professionalism is in developing their creativity in work.

Creativity in question is the use of skills, both the concept of mind and application

in completing their work or tasks. A strong commitment to carrying out tasks gladly by not only relying on the aspects of rights and duties alone will certainly

have an enormous impact on the successful completion of tasks. Employees, who

are aware of their responsibilities and commitments in the work, will mobilize all the potential and ability they have, especially with regard to creativity in work.

The existence of integrity between the attitude of love to work and the rights of

obligations and duties and responsibilities as employees devoted to dedicate


themselves to society, nation and state is a mirror of the firmness of personal

integrity of a person in carrying out his duties. With adequate personal integrity it

also reflects moral values, honesty to see the importance of doing the job well. Increased ability of one's creativity will be very concerned with the knowledge and

skills and skills acquired through education and training and experience in work.

Ability is the availability of capital, skill, dexterity, skill or other capital that enables the member to do much for the organization, while motivation is one of the

biggest challenges facing the organization that is how it can mobilize its employees

to be willing and willing to exert its best ability to the interests of the organization. Many employees are technically having high creativity to make adequate service

solutions, but cannot run well, because of the motivational aspect that is in them,

for example the habits of providing good service. Fast and precise if rewarded or

rewarded more than the customer. The results showed that there is a positive influence between the placements of

human resources to the academic service of Universityof JabalGhafurSigli.

Employee placement is the placement of the right people in the right place and the placement of the right people for the right position (Hasibuan, 2011).

Proper placement will result in the ability to perform good tasks, high levels of creativity and initiative and have job responsibilities. Job specification is a profile

of human characteristics required for a job, where employees are accepted and

placed in accordance with the required.

Professionalism and placement of human resources simultaneously affect the academic services of Universityof JabalGhafurSigli. The results showed that the

coefficient of professional variables and the placement of HR amounted to 0.532 or

53.20% with a positive direction. Siagian (2009: 163) states that professionalism is reliability and expertise in the execution of tasks so that it is done with high

quality, timely, meticulous, and with procedures that are easily understood and

followed. The attitude of professionalism is also indicated by not easy to despair

and always obedient to procedures that have been established company.

Placement is a follow-up of selection that is placing an accepted employee (pass

the selection) on the job / jobs that needs it and simultaneously assign authority to the person.

Conclusion

Simultaneously professionalism and placement of human resources have a

significant effect on academic services.Partially indicates that professionalism and

placement of human resources have a significant influence on academic services. Professionalism factors have a more dominant influence on academic services

compared to the placement of human resources.

40 Sulaiman


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42

Effect of Physical Fitness on Student Learning

Achievement

Sumarjo

Jabal Ghafur University, Sigli, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the effect of physical fitness on student achievement. In this study the population used is the students of class X, XI, and XII SMA Negeri 2 Sigli

amounted to 150 students. As for the sample in this study are all students of the sample

taken at random as much as 20% of the population of students of Class X, XI, and XII SMA

Negeri 2 Sigli which amounted to 30 people. Physical fitness variable data collection is

performed using a multistage fitness test (MFT) test. Each student who becomes a

respondent tested his fitness. Furthermore, the examination of sports education subjects to

each student who became a sample. After the learning results obtained from each student,

then tested the correlation by using simple linear regression test. The results showed that

the level of fitness (physical fitness) have a significant effect on student achievement of

SMA Negeri 2 Sigli.

Keywords: Physical fitness, learning achievement, student, examination

Introduction

The development of human resources is generally directed to make a strong,

skilled, capable, productive and productive Indonesian human being, thus having the ability to carry out various activities in society. Meanwhile, the development of

human resources is closely related to the level of human physical fitness itself. The

advancement of science and technology today, every country including Indonesia faces the challenge to improve and maintain the physical fitness of its citizens,

Effect of Physical Fitness on Student Learning Achievement 43

especially for developed countries where the society has been greatly reduced in its

physical movement, so it is not uncommon to cause disruption to the organ system.

Benda et al (2015:1) state that physical fitness is an important prognostic factor in

heart failure (HF). To improve fitness, different types of exercise have been

explored, with recent focus on high-intensity interval training (HIT). We comprehensively compared effects of HIT versus continuous training (CT) in HF

patients NYHA II-III on physical fitness, cardiovascular function and structure, and

quality of life, and hypothesize that HIT leads to superior improvements compared to CT.

While Soriano-Maldonado (2015:1562) state that physical fitness is a well-known

powerful marker of health that might be enhanced through exercise programs. Intervention studies have shown concomitant increases in fitness with reduced

levels of pain.

Physical fitness is the ability to perform daily activities with a passion and full of

awareness, which is done without experiencing significant fatigue, so that everyday

activities that give effect to his ability to perform activities such work from morning until evening until evening. A person can perform daily activities

optimally and maximally if have a fit and healthy physical so that someone's

physical fitness will give a positive effect on productivity in work and study.

Fitness is the foundation for every human being and to gain good fitness and good health requires physical activity or exercise regularly and over a long period of

time (Tarigan, 2012: 30-31).

Sport is a series of organized and planned gestures for various purposes (education,

health, recreation, achievement). "Exercise is a necessity of life that is periodic

which means exercise as a tool to nurture and nurture health, can not be

abandoned" (Giriwijoyo et al., 2012: 87).

According to Giriwijoyo et al., (2012: 74) states that every student needs sports,

both as a consumption that is getting direct benefits from doing sports activities, as well as a medium for education. Students need exercise in physical education in

school so that students can enrich and improve students' basic skills and skills. Is

an approach to the physical or physical wellbeing aspects, especially healthy dynamic, that is healthy everyday children in their duty as students that is having

adequate level of physical fitness (adequate).

Through physical education of sports and health students will have knowledge about the importance of physical fitness, in addition it will develop the ability of

students physical condition to be better, so students will have good endurance, and

train the speed and agility of students in doing physical activity.

44 Sumarjo

Physical education sports and health is needed by every student to foster physical

fitness, health and spiritual students. Someone can be said to be successful in

learning that is a change in attitude and behavior in the form of knowledge and skills and attitudes that occur in students. To be able to get student achievement

with good value many factors influencing it, among the factors that influence

student's learning achievement are: students still appear low level of physical fitness, students' understanding in student learning is still lacking, facilities and

infrastructure is still lacking, methods and learning media, socio-economic

background of parents, students' motivation in following the learning, talents and interests of students and so forth.

Based on the background above needs to be done research about the influence of

physical fitness on student achievement in SMA Negeri 2 Sigli.

Research purposes

This study aims to determine the effect of physical fitness on student achievement.

Research methods

In this study the population used is the students of class X, XI, and XII SMA

Negeri 2 Sigli amounted to 150 students. In the ongoing research needs the

existence of sample data as object material of a study. According Sugiyono (2012: 81) that sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by the

population. As for the sample in this study are all students of the sample taken at

random as much as 20% of the population of students of Class X, XI, and XII SMA Negeri 2 Sigli which amounted to 30 people.

Physical fitness variable data collection is performed using a multistage fitness test

(MFT) test. Each student who becomes a respondent tested his fitness. Furthermore, the examination of sports education subjects to each student who

became a sample. After the learning results obtained from each student, then tested

the correlation by using simple linear regression test.

Theoretical description

Physical Fitness

Physical Fitness Concepts

Physical Fitness is the ability and ability of the body to perform daily productive

work without excessive fatigue and still have the reserves of energy to enjoy leisure time well or do a sudden job (Roji, 2007: 90). So if someone have a good

level of physical fitness, although despite the activity back with the remaining

energy owned, even to perform activities that have not planned before, the


unknown level of load. Whether it is heavy or light, usually with good physical

fitness a person will easily carry out the task.

With a good level of physical fitness a person will be able to be productive in

conducting activities, so as to live the days with the spirit and able to achieve

optimal results.

Physical Fitness Components

The criterion of physical fitness is determined by two components: the health component and the skill component. Health component consists of 4 main things

namely; a. cardiovascular endurance (cardiovascular endurance), b. muscular

endurance and strength c. body composition (balance of body growth), and d.

flexibility (Hafen in Ichsan, 1988: 55). While the skill component consists of 5 main points, namely; a. muscular power (muscle strength), b. agility, c. speed, d.

muscle-bulk (muscle thickness), and e. posture (body shape) (Wynder in Ichsan,

1988: 55).

According to Clark in Nurhasan (2001: 133) the elements that are core components

of physical fitness include: (a) muscle strength, (b) muscle endurance and (c) cardio-vascular activity. Meanwhile, according to Johnson and Nelson in Nurhasan

(2001), the elements contained in physical fitness include: strength, muscle tone,

cardiovascular and cardiovascular excursions. Referring to the limitations of

physical fitness and the opinions of the experts on the elements of physical fitness, it can be argued that the elements contained in the physical fitness include: 1)

strength, 2) power (3) , 4) flexibility, 5) muscle endurance, 6) cardiorespiratory

endurance.

Factors that affect Physical Fitness

Physical fitness factors that can affect one's physical fitness level are:

a. Food Food is the basic requirement of every human being, but to keep the body healthy,

the food must meet the following conditions: 1) Can for the maintenance of the

body, 2) Can provide for body growth, 3) Can to replace the worn and broken body condition 4 ) Contains the elements required by the body, 5) Can as a source of

energy.

Every activity of the body requires a good intake of energy, so this food factor should get serious attention. Consumption of well-controlled and well-controlled

foods can help to increase one's physical fitness level, so nutritional elements such

as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water should be completely

available in the body and sufficient for activity.

46 Sumarjo

b. Sports

Exercise is a form of physical activity that has a positive effect on the level of

human physical fitness when done with the right and directed, because by exercising all the organs of the body will work and trained. Most of today's people

tend to be preoccupied with daily activities that are less movement when exercise

can free us from the feelings of imprisoning, and launched the circulatory system so that the mind will become more fresh and physically maintained. Experts prove

the various functions of the organs of the body will increase its work power if

given a physical exercise adequately (Kosasih, 1983: 141). Exercise can also increase the body's immunity (immunity) so as to reduce the risk of disease.

3. Age

The older the person's age the lower his / her fitness level will decrease, the problem with his or her body such as decreased muscle, the size of the heart

decreases and the strength of the pump decreases, the stiffness of the artery is

important, the skin becomes thin and the activity becomes slow, the function of all members of the body becomes weak, but the decline can be slowed by exercise at a

young age, weak body condition due to old age resulted in a decrease in physical

fitness level.

4. Habits of Life

Each person has different habits of life, depending on the level of daily activities,

healthy living habits is the arrangement between sports, rest and personal habits to maintain cleanliness. The activity-packed habits of new people will have physical

and psychological difficulties, physically because the human body needs time to

adjust to the excessive gestures of activity. Psychologically more work than usual activities will affect the work of one's brain, a person who usually lives relaxed and

has a low activity if one day has a high activity usually at the beginning will

experience stress, but after a certain period of time will adjust.

5. Environmental Factors

The environment is the place where one lives and resides, in this case concerning

the physical environment, as well as the social from the environment around the dwelling to the environment in which the students learn. The quality of one's health

can be seen with the state of its physical fitness status.

Learning achievement

Learning by "Law of Exerave" that learning is the formation of relations between

stimulus and response, and repetition of experiences that increase the chances of a right response (Mudjiono 1994: 43), while Kegan in Illeris (2018:42) state that

learning aimed at increasing our fund of knowledge, at increasing our repertoire of

skills, at extending already established cognitive structures all deepen the resources available to an existing frame of reference. Such learning is literally in-formative


because it seeks to bring valuable new contents into the existing form of our way of

knowing.

The above definition emphasizes that "Learning leads to behavior change", in this

case learning means will bring about change in the learning individual. The change

is not only related to the addition of science, but also in the form of skill, attitude, skill, understanding, self-esteem, interest, character and adaptation. Clearly it

concerns all aspects of organism and personality behavior of a person, thus it can

be said that learning is a series of activities of the body of soul, psychophysical to the direction of the development of the whole person, which involves the elements

of creativity, taste, and intention, cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

From some of these definitions can be interpreted that learning is a process that involves behavior, sequence of events and results. The subject must make

something or the reaction of the situation that influences it. Learning depends on

what the subject does, it's about how he thinks, feels and does. The end result of learning is a change in the form of behavior.

Achievement is the result someone has achieved in doing the activity. Gagne (1985: 40) states that learning achievement is divided into five aspects, namely:

intellectual ability, cognitive strategy, verbal information, attitudes and skills.

Meanwhile, according to Bloom in Arikunto (1990: 110) that learning outcomes

can be divided into three aspects, namely cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Based on that opinion, the achievement in this research is the result that has been

achieved by the students in the learning process.

Educational achievement in education is the result of measurement to learners that include cognitive, affective and psychomotor factors after following the learning

process measured by using test instrument or relevant instrument. Learning

achievement can be measured through tests that are often known as achievement

tests. According to Anwar (2005: 8-9) suggests about achievement test when viewed from the goal of expressing one's success in learning.

Research result

After the students in the next data is tested the fitness level (physical fitness) with various tests that is: run 40 m, sit up for 30 seconds, 60 seconds bend elbow,

vertical jump and run 600 m can know the level of fitness of student by summing

each score of each fitness test. From these categories can be grouped four levels of

categories are either very good (5), good (4), moderate (3), less (2) and less once (1).

Having known the fitness level of the students who serve as a sample, then conducted the test to each student by giving questions about physical education to

48 Sumarjo

be completed within a certain period. Furthermore the test results are used as the

value of learning achievement.

The result of fitness test (physical fitness) and student's learning result of physical

education (learning achievement) can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Fitness level (physical fitness) and student achievement in SMA Negeri 1 Sigli

Academic Year 2016/2017

Student Number Physical Fitness Learning

Achievement

1 5 85

2 4 80

3 3 75

4 4 82

5 3 72

6 4 78

7 2 68

8 2 65

9 3 75

10 4 72

11 3 70

12 3 73

13 4 78

14 4 76

15 2 72

16 3 75

17 3 72

18 4 79

19 5 86

20 4 82

21 3 76

22 2 68

23 3 73

24 3 72

25 4 78

26 4 76

27 3 68

28 3 72

29 4 78

30 2 65

Mean 3,33 74,70

Table 1 shows that the average physical fitness of SMA Negeri 2 Sigli students is 3.33 (medium), while the average of student achievement is 74.70 (good).


To know the effect of physical fitness to student achievement, simple linear

regression test as in Table 2.

Table 2. Regression Test Results

Model

Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig. B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) -7.103 1.037 -6.848 .000

Learning Achievement

.140 .014 .886 10.086 .000

a. Dependent Variable: Physical Fitness

Regression equation:

Y = -7,103 + 0,140 X

From Table 2 above it can be concluded that the significance value t for the

physical fitness variable of 0.00 is less than 0.05. so it can be concluded that there

is a significant influence physical fitness with student achievement.

To know how big influence of physical fitness with student achievement can be

seen from deterimence coefficient as in Table 3.

Tabel 3. Determinasion Coeficient

Model R R Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

1 .886a .784 .776 .39913

a. Predictors: (Constant), Learning Achievement

Coefficient of determination (adjusted R²) equal to 0,776 indicate that student

achievement can be influenced by independent variable that is physical fitness (X)

equal to 77,60%, which means good physical fitness have influence strong enough in influencing student achievement. While the rest is 32.40% influenced by other

factors.

Discussion

The fitness level of students (physical fitness) is moderate. This shows that students in SMA Negeri 2 Sigli still need fitness improvement. According to Irianto (2004)

states that the success of achieving physical fitness is determined by the exercise

dose described in the concept of FIT (Frequency, Intensity, and Time). The

50 Sumarjo

frequency or number of exercises to increase physical fitness need 3-5 times per

week. The intensity or quality of the severity of the exercise depends on the type

and purpose of the exercise. Time or time required in each practice is 20-60 minutes.

The results showed that physical fitness has a significant effect on student achievement. Based on the physiological theory that includes the following: (a)

endogenous opioids system, when exercising the pituitary gland to increase beta-

endorphin production and the result of beta-endorphin concentration up in the blood flowing also to the brain, so as to reduce pain, anxiety, depression and

fatigue, (b) alpha brainwaves, during exercise there is the addition of alpha waves

in the brain. The increased strength of alpha waves in the brain contributes to the

decrease in anxiety and depression, (c) The brain's nervous system, depression and schizophrenia are associated with reduced norepinephrine (NE) in the brain, or

disturbance of NE or serotine (5-HT) depression and schizophrenia. Exercise can

increase the NE and 5-HT in the brain, so as to overcome depression and schizophrenia (Kathleen 1992: 144-145), (d) Synapses are the junction between

two neurons ie axons making contact with dendrites or cell bodies from other

neurons. The magnification of the axon fibers at the point of contact is known as synaptic knop, which is a basis that allows increased transmission of synapses

involving learning due to the synaptic enlargement of the knop (Donald, in Andi,

1968: 124). Even Jichun (2000) says that the basic ingredient of intelligence is the

nervous system in its most perfect form is the brain, closely related to the movement of muscles, smooth muscles and heart muscle. Exercise not only forms

the arms, legs and strengthens the internal organs, but also strengthens the

foundation for intelligence.

From the physiological theory it can be concluded that physical education activities

based on endogenous opioids, alpha brainwave, brain nervous system and synapses

can calm the mind, reduce anxiety, improve memory depression, and strengthen the foundation for intelligence.

Kephart motor theory (Nurhasan 1998: 35-36) says that every sentence or hand movement produces a stimulation of backflow that creates the next action, in a

series of reactions, so as a substitute for what the idea is a series of response

stimulus reactions. So the conception developed around the sensory feedback flow remains valid and important for understanding the serial behavior.

Kranz in Tandon et al (2016: 380) state that many young children in the U.S. are

not meeting dietary and physical activity recommendations, increasing their risk for obesity and obesity-related health conditions. Thus, given the high prevalence

of suboptimal nutrition and activity levels in cognitive outcomes, a systematic

review of the associations between physical activity, nutrition, and cognitive development in early childhood is needed.


Transfer of learning is the effect of learning outcomes that have been obtained in

the past to the process and learning outcomes done later. The essence of learning

transfer theory is an event that reflects the function of man as a whole. The purpose of the transfer of learning is to apply what has been learned to be made public,

(Slameto, 2010: 120).

The existence of relationship of physical fitness level has a significant relationship with learning achievement in SMA Negeri 2 Sigli students. Students who have a

good physical test will have good learning outcomes on physical education

subjects, because with the condition of physical fitness level of good students, have a high body fitness so that at the time of study or the implementation of physical

education lessons in school can follow and obtained the final result satisfactory

value.

Conclusions

From the research results can be drawn some conclusions, among others: 1. The average fitness level (physical fitness) of SMA Negeri 2 Sigli students

is 3.33 (moderate).

2. The average of student achievement of SMA Negeri 2 Sigli is 74,70 (good).

3. The level of fitness (physical fitness) have a significant effect on student

achievement of SMA Negeri 2 Sigli.

52 Sumarjo


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Olahraga. FPOK UPI Bandung. Bandung.



53

Teacher response to Internal Communication

implementation done by School principal and its

effect on Teacher Spirit

Asnawati Matondang Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara,Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The problem in this study is how the teacher's response to the internal implementation

carried out by the principal and how the teacher's response to the enthusiasm of the

teacher's work in Amir Hamzah Private High School, Medan. This study aims to determine

the meaningful effect between the implementation of internal communication conducted by

the principal of the school on work morale in Amir Hamzah Private High School, Medan.

To obtain data in this study, the author uses descriptive method in the form of a closed

questionnaire. From the calculation results, it was found that the teacher's response to the

implementation of internal communication conducted by the principal was categorized as

very high (3.44) while to find out the working spirit of Amir Hamzah's Private High School

teachers also used descriptive analysis and the results were categorized as very high (3.43 ). To analyze the influence of the teacher's response to the implementation of internal

communication conducted by the principal of the teacher's work morale first sought the

degree of relationship between the two variables by using a correlational statistical

product test of person moment.

Keywords: Communication, Leadership Communication, Teachers’ Work-spirit

Introduction

In order to educate the life of the nation as stated in the opening of the four-fourth 1945 Constitution, one of the efforts for apply it is through the implementation of

education-teaching in schools, starting from the level of primary education,

intermediate education, to tertiary education.

54 Asnawati Matondang

Schools as formal education institutions in conducting teaching education require a

number of components involved in achieving educational goals. Besides that, in the implementation of school teaching education, it strives to shape development

humans who have knowledge, skills and character in accordance with the values of

Pancasila.

In the implementation of education, teachers as educators have a number of tasks to

carry out education. In this case, the teacher needs active participation and earnest effort from their leaders to guide, direct towards the achievement of educational

goals. Therefore, one of the efforts that needs to be carried out by a leader in school

is to carry out communication as the most basic factor in establishing a harmonious

relationship with the teacher.

The principal as a leader in school must be able to show attitudes of

professionalism and attitude that can attract teachers' sympathy in communication so that the teacher will feel more happy. Therefore, the principal is also expected to

influence and direct teachers to achieve educational goals. According to Ruben &

Gigliotti (2016) communication is a topic frequently linked to leadership; however, the linkage often is limited to a view of communication as a strategic mechanism or

technique to be employed by leaders in efforts to achieve particular purposes. We

know that basically communication is a process. A communication process is

static. Communication here is not just an exchange of ideas or thoughts but is an activity carried out to change the opinions or behavior of others. Therefore, the

principal needs to influence and change the behavior of teachers in a better

direction. It can be done if between the principal and the teacher have established communication.

The leadership of the principal greatly influences the back and forth of education in

addition to the method of teaching, the teacher, and the completeness of facilities and infrastructure. The development of science and technology and the appearance

of new policies related to education encourage principals to pay attention and to

inform the teachers. In addition, the school principal needs to create a harmonious relationship with the teacher, so that the teacher is motivated in carrying out his

duties with full loyalty and responsibility.

In this case, the principal can do the internal communication. Internal

communication here is the communication that occurs between the principal and

the teacher in the school to achieve educational goals. Through communication, the

school principal needs to know the various obstacles faced by the teacher, both obstacles related to his profession as a teacher and personal obstacles experienced

by the teacher, so that it can hinder the implementation of education and teaching

activities. According to Effendi (2001), a leader must be involved in communication activities especially if the leader is active in democratic leadership,

Teacher response to Internal Communication… 55

then he will conduct communication activities. Communication is essential for

extensions in a school. Without good communication that will be carried out by the

principal against the teacher, all their efforts will not be coordinated.

A school principal who he is concerned with his authority by keeping his distance

from the teacher and not communicating well to deal with all the problems that arise in school can give effect in decreasing the teacher’s work motivation.

Definition of Communication

According to Ig Wursanto (1999), the term communication comes from the Latin

language that is from the word communicate which means the same. So when

communicating with other parties, we must set goals so that we will get the same understanding. A. W. Widjaya (2000) argues communication is the exchange of

information and understanding from someone to others. Communication will

succeed if there is understanding that if both parties, the sender and the recipient of the information understand it. Moh. Rifai believes that communication will usually

be more effective if used in various ways, not in the form of words, both oral and

written, but also supported by actions and behavior.

Mayfield and Mayfield (2017) state that leadership communication is perceived

articulation of such talk or actions. Note the emphasis is on perceived, and

articulation includes many channels, ranging from listening to social media and other electronic formats. In addition, their definition does not differentiate between

leaders and managers. In short, anyone recognized by others as a leader and

engaged in message sending that is linked to this role performs leadership communication.

Definition of internal communication

Asmara (1998) describes internal communication as follows:

Vertical, that is communication that goes from boss or leader to

subordinates. for example in the form of orders, instructions and

vice versa from subordinates to the leadership in the form of suggestions, information, or reports,

Horizontal, that is communication that goes parallel from

subordinates to subordinates or from leaders to other leaders,

Diagonal, which is the communication that takes place crossing that

occurs not directly or directly from the subordinate,

Unidirectional, ie communication that takes place without feedback from communication,

Two directions, namely communication that takes place in the

presence of feedback from being communicated, there are activities

of giving and receiving,


Free, that is communication that occurs without knowing the

existence of a formal connection and takes place naturally,

Bound, that is communication that takes place according to the

procedure that is valid and is usually reflected in an organizational

structure.

Scholars have acknowledged the value of building long-term relationships with

employees based on mutual satisfaction and effective internal communication because it will strengthen employees’ identification with their organisations,

facilitate engagement and building trust among the employees. The affective

internal communication has positive impact for the employees, workplace environtment, productivity and the company bottom-line (Lee, 2015).

Communication process

Communication is a way that is carried out by a leader to subordinates or between

fellow subordinates in an organization to be able to provide information to each

other, exchange ideas for the achievement of goals. Communication will take place if there is interaction and in the interaction will be found various types of

communication processes.

Leadership–communication process is not a matter of unidirectional influence;

rather, building from the systems model, the ways that people—functioning in the

somewhat arbitrarily designated roles of “leader” and “follower”—create, convey,

select, and attach meaning to the messages that inform and shape their lives are much more complex, dynamic, and unpredictable (Ruben & Stewart, 2016).

According to Lee (2015) leadership communication is an important element of

study in organizations as this form of communication affects organizational memberss-employees-which in turn will affect the organizations’ performance.

While, Jamal and Bakar (2015) leadership communication will be examined from

an interpersonal aspect including the demonstration of communication behaviors a

charismatic leader exhibits. The communications behaviors such as expressing appropriate emotions by leaders show the degree of their involvement with the

subject matters.

Understanding Work Spirit

Alex Natisemito (1997) expressed his opinion that work motivation and enthusiasm for work are difficult to separate because the excitement of work has a great

influence on spirit. The spirit of work is to do work more actively so that the work

will be expected faster and better. While the excitement of work is a deep sense of

pleasure in the work.


Research Methods

This research was conducted at Amir Hamzah Private High School, Medan. The population in this study were all teachers at Amir Hamzah Private High School,

Medan. The number of samples in this study was 62 people. To obtain this research

data questionnaire is used as data collection in the form of closed questions based on a modified Likert scale with four alternative answers. steps in processing data

are: tabulating data, performing normality tests, and descriptive analysis.

Table 1. Questionnaire Rubric for Internal Communication and the Work Spirit of

the Teacher

No The Measured Aspect Total Item

Number

I Internal Communication

The ability of the principal on giving

information to the teachers 5 1-5

The ability of the principal to be flexible

and open to the teacher 3 6-8

The ability of the principal on giving

motivation to the teacher 6 9-14

The ability of the principal to mobilize

the teacher to carry out the teaching and learning process

5 15-19

The ability of the principal to assist the

teacher in evaluating students 3 20-22

II Work Motivation of The Teacher

The teacher's ability to show the good

qualities possessed by a teacher 6 1-6

The ability of teachers to have

enthusiasm in carrying out tasks 3 7-9

Ability to establish collaboration between

teachers 4 10-13

The teacher's ability to see the difficulties

faced by his students 3 14-16

The ability to improve student

development 4 17-20


Table 2. Value Scale that is used

Value Scale Category

3,26 – 4,00 Very High

2,51 – 3,25 High

1,76 – 2,50 High Enough

1,00 – 1,75 Less Enough

Results and Discussion

Teacher's response to internal communication

Through data collection tools in the form of questionnaires (questionnaires) given

to 62 Amir Hamzah Private High School teachers, data was collected and then tabulated on the answer / response data provided by the teacher regarding the

implementation of the principal's internal communication. The answers given by

the teacher are given a score according to the choice of answers given, SL option

(always) score 4, SR option (often) score 3, KK option (sometimes) score 2 and JS option (rarely) score 1. The result is stated in the following table.

Table 3. Assessment of the implementation of the principal's internal

communication

No The measured aspect Score

1. The ability of the principal to provide information to the teacher

3,51

2. The ability of the principal to be flexible and open to

the teacher 3,50

3. The ability of the principal to provide motivation to the teacher

3,46

4. The ability of the principal to direct the teacher to carry

out the teaching and learning process

3,48

5. The ability of the principle to help the teacher on evaluating students

3,28

Total 17,23

Average 3,45

Assessment of the implementation of the principal's internal communication for

each aspect is described as follows:


Table 4. The ability of the principal in providing information to the teacher



Teacher's Spirit of Work

Through the data collection tools in the form of questionnaires (questionnaires)

given to 62 Amir Hamzah Private High School teachers, data was collected and then tabulated on the answer / response data provided by the teacher regarding the

teacher's work spirit/motivation. The answers given by the teacher are given a

score according to the choice of answers given, SL option (always) score is 4, SR option (often) score is 3, KK option (sometimes) score is 2 and JS option (rarely)

score is 1. The result is stated in the following table.

Table 9 Assessment of Teacher’s Work Spirit

No. Measured Aspect Score

1. the teacher's ability to show the good qualities possessed by

a teacher

3,24

2. The ability of teachers to have enthusiasm in carrying out

tasks

3,57

3. The ability to establish cooperation between teachers 3,53

4. the ability of teachers to see the difficulties faced by their students

3,59

5. The ability to improve student development 3,22

Total 17,15

Average 3,43





Asmara, U. H. (1998). Pengantar Kepemimpinan Pendidikan. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.

Effendi, O. U. (2001). Kepemimpinan dan Komunikasi. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti

Jamal, J., & Abu Bakar, H. (2015). The mediating role of charismatic leadership communication in a crisis: A Malaysian example. International Journal of

Business Communication, 54(4), 369-393.

Lee, C. E. C. (2015). The Use of Social Media in Leadership Communication: Benefits,

Challenges and Leaders' perspectives. International Journal of Arts &

Sciences, 8(1), 513.

Mayfield, J., & Mayfield, M. (2017). Leadership communication: Reflecting, engaging, and

innovating. International Journal of Business Communication, 54(1) 3-11.

Natisemito, A. S. (1997). Manajemen Personalia. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.

Rifai, M. M. (1996). Administrasi dan Supervisi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Dinas Pendidikan dan

Kebudayaan.

Ruben, B. D., & Gigliotti, R. A. (2016). Leadership as social influence: An expanded view

of leadership communication theory and practice. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 23(4), 467-479.

Ruben, B. D., & Stewart, L. (2016). Communication and human behavior (6th ed.).

Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt.

Widjaja, A. W. (2000). Ilmu Komunikasi, Pengantar Studi. Jakarta: Bina Aksara.

Wursanto, I. (1999). Etika Komunikasi Kantor. Jakarta: Yayasan Kanisius.



65

Word Square Learning Model for Economics

Subjects in Vocation School

Zuberuddin Siregar

Universitas Muslim Nusantara AW, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine whether the use of Word Square learning model is better than

conventional learning one. For collecting data an experimental research was conducted at

the Senior Vocational Bussiness School with the population the students of Business I and

Business II. It took 28 students as sample. Prior to treatment, both classes were tested for

balance with normality and homogeneity tests using the previous test scores. Then the two

classes were given different treatments, the experimental class using Word Square model

and control class using Lecture learning model. Based on the calculation of t-test with significance level = 5% obtained tcount = 2.431 while ttable = 1.69. Because tcount > ttable then

it means that the average result of learning of economics education which is taught by

study of Word Square model is better than student of taught with conventional learning.

Based on the data, it is obtained the average value of the final test of the experimental class

= 74.214 and control group = 68.414. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant

influence of Word Square learning model to the learning outcomes of economic education

at SMK Business UMN Medan City. Based on the results of this study, it is expected to be

information and suggestion for teaching and learning activities in schools, especially in

applying strategies, methods, and models of good and appropriate learning that can foster

learners learn activities.

Keyword: Word Square learning model, Economic lesson, conventional learning,

Learning outcomes

Introduction

It is often found that many students are reluctant to accept a lesson from a teacher

because they feel bored and not a few students complain with the subject

Economics, they feel that economics is a very difficult lesson and dislikes because economic lessons not only count and memorize but should be understood.

66 Zuberuddin Siregar

Therefore, the teaching-learning process should involve the role of the students in exploring students' learning potential by developing a learning model.

Arends defines learning model is a plan or a pattern used as a guide in planning learning in the classroom (Sukandheni et all, 2014). The teaching model has a

considerable share of the teaching and learning process. The teaching model is a

way to convey teaching materials conducted by teachers to their students in the classroom which in its function is a tool to achieve the goal.

To achieve optimal learning outcomes, teachers must master the principles of learning, selection and use of teaching methods (Mulyasa in Swapranata et all,

2016). Therefore, the methods used play an important role as a tool to create

teaching and learning process. With the teaching-learning atmosphere that

challenges the competition in a healthy and motivating students in learning will have a positive impact on the achievement of optimal learning outcomes. One of

the application and learning model is by using Word Square learning model,

because Word Square learning is one of the educational services that can be given to the students to improve the learning outcomes so as to achieve the specified

completeness criteria. By using the Word Square model, researcher inspire to be able to channel the message in the process of delivering learning messages.

Based on the things mentioned above, researcher interested to explore the research

with the title: "Word Square Learning Model to Improve Learning Outcomes on Economics Subjects at Senior Business School of UMN Medan Medan City".

Formulation of the problem

The problems in this research are:

1. How is the model of learning development based on Word Square to improve the economic learning outcomes of Senior Business School of

UMN AW Medan City?

2. How is the application of Word Square-based learning development model

to improve the economic learning outcomes of Senior Business School of UMN Medan City?

3. How are the obstacles and efforts made in the application of Word Square-

based learning development model to improve economic learning outcomes at Senior Business School of UMN Medan City?

Literature Review

Word Square Learning Model

Sudjana (2008) argued that the learning is any effort made deliberately by learners

that can cause learners to do learning activities. Learning has the purpose to

develop the knowledge, attitudes, and basic skills that learners need in life (Trianto

et al, 2014). Learning is any effort done deliberately by educators as an activity that

Word Square Learning Model for Economics Subjects … 67

organizes or regulate the environment with the best and connect it with students so

that the learning process occurs. The environment in this sense is not only the study

room, but also includes teachers, props, libraries, laboratories and so on that are

relevant to student learning activities. Learning is a programmable teacher activity in instructional design, to make students learn actively emphasizing the completion of learning resources.

There are various ways to innovate in education, for example by applying models,

media, methods, strategies, and even learning approaches that aim to make learning

more interesting and not feel boring for learners (Rosarina et al, 2016). Word Square learning model with a discussion approach is feasible to be used and

developed by educators in an effort to help students to improve learning

achievement (Abdullah, S., 2012). Word Square model is a model that uses boxes

in the form of crossword puzzles as a tool in delivering teaching materials in the learning process (Sari et al, 2014). Words Square in the sense of the language

consists of two tribes including 'Word' and 'Square' so according to the language

"Word Square" is a learning model that combines the ability to answer questions with foresight in matching answers on the boxes of answers similar to such as

crosswords but the different is the answers already exist but disguised by adding

additional boxes with any letters of disguise or diversion. The purpose of the

fictitious letter is not to complicate the students but to practice the attitude of the critical.

Word square learning model is a learning model that combines the ability to answer questions in the answer box containing a collection of random letters that

will form words that can be read horizontally and down with accuracy and

carefulness (Sudiani et al, 2014). Word Square is one of many learning methods that teachers can use in achieving learning goals. This method is a teaching-

learning activity by the teacher dividing the activity sheet or worksheet as a tool to

measure the level of students' understanding of teaching materials that have been

taught. The main instrument of this method is a sheet of activity or work in the form of questions or sentences that need to be searched for answers in the

arrangement of random letters on the columns that have been provided. The steps of Word Square learning model include:

1. Teachers deliver material in accordance with the competence to be

achieved. 2. Teachers distribute activity sheets according to the sample.

3. Students answer the question then shaded the letter in the box in

accordance with the answers vertically, horizontally or diagonally.

4. Give each answer point in the box.


Learning Outcomes

Learning outcomes are the result of an interaction of learning and teaching action

and focus on the measurable cognitive, behavioral and attitudinal development of students as they interact with a learning activity (Keshavarz, 2011). Learning

outcomes describe the measurable skills, abilities, knowledge, or values that

students should have amassed upon finishing a program (Paolini, A., 2016). The results of learning is a change in student behavior due to learning. The change was

sought in the process of teaching and learning to achieve educational goals. The

desired changes occur in accordance with educational goals. Changes in behavior that is the result of learning can be cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.

Learning is said to work if the level of student knowledge increases from before.

Learning outcomes are often used as a measure to find out how far a person has

mastered the material being taught. To actualize the learning outcomes, it is necessary to reach measurements using a good and qualified evaluation tool. From

the description above, it can be argued that the learning outcome is the ability

obtained by students through learning activities, where the results of learning is basically the assignment of the material in the teaching-learning process that can be measured through evaluation.

The results of economic learning can be seen from the test of economic learning so

that it can be known how far the behavior change students after the learning

process and can know the achievement of the purpose of learning so that action can

be taken such as making changes in teaching techniques. Thus, the results of economic learning is an achievement of student business in the teaching-learning

process with the aim to know the extent to which mastery, understanding and

solving a problem in order to train students in making decisions and responsible for the task on the subject of economic subjects.

Research Method

This study used experimental research with Research and Development. So

research was conducted by an experimental method with the testing of hypothesis

(Jodha in Pandey, 2015). The Word Square learning development model as a process of teaching and learning in a classroom that combines the ability to answer

questions with carefulness in matching answers to the answer boxes used as

teaching strategy that applied in Business School.This learning activity was held at Business school of Medan City starting on October 22nd to November 20th, 2016.

The population was 57 students divided into 2 classes of Business I class and

Business II class. The subjects of this research were divided into two classes, one

of which is the class into the experimental class and one other class becomes the control class. The experimental class in this study was Business I class and Control

Group was Business II class. In the experimental subjects were treated with “Word Square” learning model on the mater of economic education.

Word Square Learning Model for Economics Subjects … 69

Research Discussion

Analysis of final data was intended to process data that has been collected from the

data of student learning outcomes of experimental class and control class in order to prove the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis proposed by the researcher.

This final data analysis aims to determine the condition of experimental class

(Business I) and control class (Business Class II) after receiving different treatment, whether the two classes come from homogeneous samples or not. This

final-stage analysis is based on the post-test value given to students either experimental class (Business I) and control class (Business II).

From the results of the research, it is obtained by taking a significant level α = 5%

and df = (28 + 29-2) = 55 obtained ttable = 1.67. Based on the calculation of the

above research results obtained tcount = 2.431. H0 testing criteria accepted if tcount ≤ t

table because in this study tcount > ttable then H0 rejected and Ha accepted. That is, there

is a significant difference between the learning outcomes of students experimental

class (Business I) and student learning outcomes control class (Business II). Similarly, the average learning outcomes in the experimental class obtained values

= 74.214 and the average control class = 68.414, meaning that the average learning

outcomes of the experimental class was higher than the learning result of the control class.

Conclusion

It concludes that the "Word Square” based learning development model improved learning outcomes on economic subjects at Business school; there was a difference

in the results of learning economic education. Thus, Word Square learning model

as an experimental class was better than counterpart. The evidenced by the t test with the result tcount = 2.341 and ttable on α = 5% df = (28 + 29-2) = 55 obtained ttable =

1.69 which indicates that tcount > ttable so H0 was rejected and Ha accepted, this

means the Word Square learning model was effective when used in the learning

process, it was seen that the learning outcomes of the two groups differ significantly and significantly.



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71

Psychology Study on the Pilgrimage Hajj Experience

Raras Sutatminingsih Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

Dedy Qalbu Hadi Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Hajj experience while in the Baitullah Mecca has the specific spiritual life for the

individual. This psychology of pilgrimage research was concerning with a relationship

between self, soul and God (Allah Mighty). With an observational participant and interview

techniques, this psychology research observed and followed 3 (three) Indonesian pilgrims

in Mecca. The results showed that the experience of the hajj pilgrimage has a spiritual experience, namely: ineffability, noetic quality, transiency, and passivity. Data analysis

indicated that the respondents felt the four spiritual experiences which associated with the

hajj pilgrimage in Mecca.

Keywords: Hajj pilgrimage, ineffability, noetic quality, transiency, and passivity.

Introduction This research paper observed the pilgrim experience of three Indonesians in Mecca.

Hajj is one of the fifth pillars of Islam which becomes an obligatory faith for a

Moslem with the practices that have been determined (KBBI, 2008). According to

Syahril et al. (2016) hajj is a worship charity committed deliberately to visit Baitullah in Mecca sincerely hoping for the pleasure of Allah with certain

conditions and certain step. The pilgrimage as a worship that requires strong

72 Raras Sutatminingsih, Dedy Qalbu Hadi

determination and sincerity in doing so. The departing determination of home and

family and the seriousness and abandoning the prohibitions had been taught Islam

(Istianah, 2016).

Due to implementation of the pilgrimage has its own wisdom, this psychology

research followed and observed the pilgrims in Mecca from North Sumatra Indonesia. It sought the lessons that could be learned from the pilgrimage by

witnesses the firsthand the Holy Mosque, Ka’aba and historical places. It is

mention in Islam that the Moslems are invited to recall the faithful values of

Prophet Ibrahim and family. The plain white ihram clothing signifies the one, not distinguished by social class, race, ethnicity, language or culture. Hajj is a worship

that perfects the spiritual life of Muslims. Hajj is a grand gathering attended by

Muslims from all over the world (Irawan, 2011).

The observation sought the spiritual experiences that were put into three

characteristics, namely; firstly, the spiritual experience beyond the boundaries of mind and ordinary logic. Secondly, an unusual state of consciousness, such as

systematic spiritual practice, spontaneous mystical feelings, spiritual crises, and

near-death conditions. Third, the spiritual experience is different from the

religiosity in which religiosity is tied to a belief system in a prescribed ritual, whereas spirituality is the deepest experience in the human psychological process

(Ryandi, 2016).

Shapiro (2002) says that the experience of spirituality in the world of psychology

combines the psychological concepts, theories and methods and practices of

spirituality. They include mystical conditions in full awareness, meditation practice

and rituals based on self-transcendence. The root of this transcendence is "transcending oneself.

The experience of spirituality at least seen in two forms. First is a subtle subconsciously divine experience through the perception of everyday reality.

Humans who experience spiritual experience will see something in the

environment as a manifestation of an energy field that realizes that the boundaries of the human self between illusion and reality. The second form of spiritual

experience comes from the transcendent divine experience (beyond the limits of

consciousness) which involves the manifestation of the creatures and the usual

reality (Groff, 2000). The spiritual experience sees human potential and capacity far greater than our current understanding (Cunningham, 2011).

Meanwhile, Rankin (2008) state that the spiritual experience is sparked by religious experience, such as religious service, worship, religious festivals, prayer, fasting,

meditation, and pilgrimage. Pilgrimage as a journey to the holy places where a

particular religious event takes place makes one feels the spiritual one. As the most

Psychology Study on the Pilgrimage Hajj Experience… 73

known pilgrimage in the world, the process of Hajj has a subjective experience that

everyone undergoes in Mecca.

Method

This psychology of pilgrimage experience research observed and interviewed the three Indonesian pilgrims in Mecca. During staying in Mecca and Medina the

samples were followed to gather information about their spiritual experience

around 38 days.

The number of samples depends greatly on what is considered useful and can be

done with the time and resources available. Based on this, the researcher used

sampling with purposive stratified (Poerwandi, 2007).

The considerations used in selecting respondents are based on sample

characteristics, namely: a. Middle-aged adults. Mature middle age finds religion as a source of greater

pleasure and happiness (Hurlock, 1980). The maturity period of adult age

ranges from 40 to 45 years and ends at the age of 60 to 65 years (Santrok,

2013). It is a religious ritual. Characteristics of adult middle-aged sample are appropriate for this study.

b. Hajj Pilgrims of Indonesia in 2016

c. Researchers took 3 pilgrims in 2016 as respondents in telling their experience.

Discussion

Hajj Pilgrim is an individual worship which is determined by the personal qualities

of each pilgrim in understanding the provisions of the pilgrimage (James, 1902). In

doing the worship, there is spiritual experience gained by pilgrims. Thus, the spiritual experiences are triggered by religious experiences such as hajj (Rankin,

2008). The three study respondents had almost the same spiritual experience.

Theoretically James’s spiritual experience (James, 1902) revealed the ineffability (the inability of a person to describe the experience in the language). The

unexpected feeling of being in the Holy Land, the beginning of the spiritual

experience of the respondent, appeared.

The first respondent is because there is no cost, but can run the pilgrimage thanks

to the help of his son-in-law. The second respondent and the third respondent had

no clearer reason, but they were amazed to have reached the Holy Land. The three respondents were unable to explain it because they could not express it. The

expression of experience while there can only be done through tears. Every prayer,

the respondent will cry. The crying comes from within without explaining why.


The first respondent (R1) and the second one (R1) said that the attraction of the

Holy Land was so strong that made anyone who did worship there must be amazed.

The attractiveness was also inexplicable to them, but through observation, when the respondents explained it, their eyes were teary and their sounds were a little

shaky when they had been answering the interviews. Noetic quality as a hidden

mystical experience and cannot be studied through the logic. Additionally, the Noetic quality and ineffability are almost the same but different experiences

(James, 1902). Other is Ineffability as an experience that cannot be explained or

said and noetic quality is an unreasonable experience. This experience is not only

unwise, but a bit of a taboo because things like this should not be disclosed (Shrader, 2008). However, based on the respondents' exposure, they had the

experience and were revealing it to researchers.

Respondent one (R1) and two (R2) have almost the same experience told that they

felt that like there was someone like an angel who helped them when they were

touching the Ka’aba. Respondent one (R1) seemed to be pulling his hand from the front, but when he woke up, the hand was gone. The two respondents seemed to

have pushed them from behind to touch Ka'ba. The experience is also clearly

remembered by the respondent by demonstrating every incident that exists.

The third respondent (R3) was slightly different, focusing on prayer. He prayed to

God for everything. Therefore, he brought a small tube of aromatic oil to heal his

pain, it immediately happened. Someone was helped over the aromatic oil that he brings when someone is shortness of breath. Another prayer is that when he loses

the prayer rug, he prays to God if it is only his one-mat prayer that he has and asks

it back. Logically, when in the Haram Mosque, millions of people are there. If

something is scattered, it will not found again. R3 told that when he walked around, he found the missing prayer mat and immediately gave thanks for it. Not

only that, he said if he was doing good things to others, it would be rewarded

directly by Allah Al Mighty. He further told that when he gave an electric tasbih (beads) to others, in return he was given a ring by an unknown person and pinned

on his finger the next day. According to him, it was a spiritual experience that he

felt.

The two amazing events of R3 above was the main character and must be

necessary from the spiritual mystical experience14. However, two other

characteristics commonly were found in spiritual experience, namely transiency and passivity (Shrader, 2008). Transiency is a simple fact of the spiritual

experience gained in a relatively short period of time (Shrader, 2008). Transiency

is last short (not too long). The quality of the experience can be instantly faded but recognizable. R1 said if he got the transient experience during the worship at

Raudah. In addition, in Raudah a pilgrim is only given an opportunity to enter it in

ten to fifteen minutes. For ten minutes, the tears did not feel dripping and did not


realize if the time given has been exhausted. Worship that he did there is praying

and praying. As he prayed, he cried and the world seemed so short (James, 2008).

The second respondent (R2) said that he felt the transiency occurred when he was

trapped by the crowd when throwing the jumrah. Throwing jumrah is one of the

obligatory conduction in the pilgrimage where millions of people are located in one place to throw stones that have been prepared. An elderly state made him a little bit

afraid and just prayed to God for safety. He mentioned the God's name repeatedly

and he felt nothing. At that time, he walked almost to the point of completing the

jumrah procession. The third respondent (R3) reported that he got the transient experience while in Musdalifah. He sat alone and prayed and dhikr. He felt the

time ran so fast while reading the Quran and dhikr. He still remembered the holy

procession because he was very satisfied for the Quran recital there. Theoretically the report from R2 & R3 met the quality of the experience which can be

reproduced in memory (James, 1902). Satisfaction of R3 was proved that he got the

transiency while he was there.

The last characteristic of building a spiritual experience is passivity. This spiritual

experience is done to gain attention. To get attention it needs awareness that has

superior strength. In the pilgrimage, the three respondents said if berdzikir is one way to be able to focus on Allah SWT (James, 1902). For almost the same reason,

the three respondents said if dzikir can be done to stay away from bad talk to

others. Every time there is empty time, then what is done by the respondent is dzikir and pray. The effort of this dhikr is to guard one's verbal and keep

remembering God. Respondents one and three did not mention how they dzikir, but

the second respondent said if the dhikr he did was to mention the era of God as

much as possible.

The four characteristics of the spiritual experience described by James can be

applied to explain the respondents’ stories. The three respondents did not have much difference so that the data obtained saturated in the beginning. However,

thereby, there was another data about the behavior before and so hard to perform

the pilgrimage. It is presented through direct interviews to respondents. The three respondents said that they underwent the different experiences before and after the

pilgrimage.

It was found that R1 did the prayer more often than went to the mosque; it was initially very rare for other pilgrims. R1 also said he would take the time to pray.

The wife of one R1 confirmed the R1 behavior. In contrast, at home in Indonesia

R1 mostly goes to the mosque when the call for the prayer has been recited. So also the R2 revealed that he feels it is more obedient to pray to the mosque. For man

there is no word not to go to the Mosque. This is also justified by the wife of the

R2. Slightly different from the R3 in which the difference is more emphasized on the relationship with the neighbors. He said if now he has been more often


following the Islam Learning Club and visiting the funeral home when he found

the misfortune. Previously, there were too many reasons to follow the Islam

Learning Club and go to the funeral home. However, now he took the time to do so.

Conclusion

Based on the results of data analysis that presented in the previous section, it can be

concluded that the respondents have aspects of spiritual experience; the first aspect

is the ineffability that the experience cannot be explained through words. Their

expressions of feeling are represented only by the cries of their prayers. The second aspect is the noetic quality, which is an experience that cannot be reasoned through

logic. The R1 and R2 have the same answers for spiritual experiences. They told

that they were assisted by an angel when they wanted to touch the Ka’aba. The R3 mentioned that each time he made the prayer in the Holy Land Mecca, he felt that

he was rewarded by Good Al Mighty.

Although the Transiency and Passivity aspects that James proposed was not

emphasized here, but those were used as indicators; they had the adequate role in

pilgrimage. Transiency is a simple reality obtained through a relatively short period

of time. The R1 reported that he got the Transiency experience when he was worshiping at Raudah and felt if the time so very fast. The R1 and R2 got it while

they were in a narrow position and felt painless and happened so fast. While the R3

said that the Transiency experience he got when he was in Musdalifah; he sat to recite the Quran and dhikr. Passivity is an experience done to gain attention. The

three respondents reported that they focused on dhikr in Mosque.



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Utama.



78

Criminal penalty of Narcotics dealer in Indonesia

Riswandi Harahap Institut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This study aims to determine the regulation of narcotic criminal acts in the legislation in

Indonesia and know the criminal justice process against the existing narcotics cases. This

research is a normative legal research (juridical normative), which is a research conducted

and addressed to various laws and regulations written and various literature related to the

problems in research. The results showed that the regulation of narcotic crime is regulated

in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 Year 2009 on Narcotics, where the

criminal act of narcotics is a crime. This can be seen in the classification of crime based on

the characteristics of the perpetrator as an organized crime. Organized crime according to

Article 1 number 20 of Law Number 35 Year 2009 concerning Narcotics is a crime

committed by a structured group consisting of 3 (three) or more persons who have existed

for a certain time and acted together with the aim of performing an act criminal narcotics.

Keywords: penal, criminal act , narcotics dealer, legislation, legal research

Introduction

Narcotics are a substance or drug that is very useful and necessary for the treatment

of certain diseases. However, if misused or used is not in accordance with the

standard of treatment can cause adverse consequences for individuals or society, especially the younger generation. This will be more detrimental if it is

accompanied by abuse and illicit trafficking of Narcotics which can lead to greater

harm to life and cultural values of the nation that will ultimately be able to weaken

national resilience (Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 Year 2009 on Narcotics). The recent crime of narcotics has been transnational in nature carried

Criminal penalty of narcotics dealer in Indonesia… 79

out by the modus operandi and sophisticated technology. Law enforcement officers

are expected to prevent and overcome these crimes in order

improve morality and quality of human resources in Indonesia especially for the next generation (Surachman, 1994: 25).

The impact of narcotics abuse can result in the user itself and the community at large. For individuals will bring adverse impact to the health of both spiritual and

physical health. While for society will impact moral decline and increasing crime

(Dirdjosisworo, 1987: 25). The distribution of narcotics in Indonesia, judging from

the juridical aspect is legitimate of its existence. This rule only prohibits the use of narcotics without permission by law. This situation is often abused and not for the

benefit of health but more than that, which serve as the object of business

(economy).

In tackling drug trafficking, the government passed a law on narcotics, which is

regulated in Law no. 22 Year 1997 About Narcotics. Though the law has included incriminating threats to people who commit narcotic crimes and sanctions are very

severe penalties. But the perpetrators of criminal narcotics do not feel deterrent or

feel afraid of the sanctions. Because the narcotics dealers will gain enormous

profits on the transactions of illicit goods, on the other hand the dealers and the narcotics bandits when caught criminal sanctions and penalties are not worth the

consequences of his actions that have damaged the generation of the nation.

Responding to the narcotics crime that the number is quite a lot, it will certainly

increase the burden of the tasks of law enforcement officers, given the enactment

of supply and demand laws. The greater demand will increase the supply of

narcotics.

Similarly, in overcoming the rate of narcotics circulation, law enforcers in this case

the police often hold raids, both the nests of narcotics circulation even more so in the evening entertainment, the police officers often go home empty-handed or

without little evidence of narcotics in the can, so that the police officers often get

spicy criticism from both the public and observers of criminal narcotics.

Law enforcement against drug abuse has been widely practiced by law

enforcement officers and has received many decisions in court. This law

enforcement is expected to be a deterrent against the spread of narcotics trafficking. With the increasing outbreak of narcotics abuse that negatively impact

on people's lives. Thus, to control and restore the ideal conditions of community

life (orderly, safe, and peaceful) required the role of the Police. As regulated in Article 13 of Law Number 2 Year 2002 on the Police of the Republic of Indonesia.

80 Riswandi Harahap

Police as investigators in conducting an investigation of narcotics crime can

perform the duties as set forth in the Criminal Procedure Code in Article 37.

With the provisions set forth in the Criminal Procedure Code (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Procedure Code), the police officers step in the raids and in the

arrest of the perpetrators of narcotic crimes in accordance with the Criminal

Procedure Code. This is done by the police officers as well as to keep themselves in order to process the arrest of narcotics crime does not violate the rules, so it does

not cause lawsuits for police officers who arrest the perpetrators of criminal acts

for the purpose of investigation of narcotics crime.

With the provisions of that article, the investigator conducts an investigation on the

order of the investigator, in which investigative action by the investigator aims to

locate and locate an event, allegedly as a narcotics crime, in which it aims to determine whether or not an investigation may be conducted. If an event is

categorized as a criminal act, then the police officers’ conduct an investigation.

Thus if there is a suspicion that there is a crime committed, then the investigator

must conduct a thorough investigation and examination, whether the act has been

done is really a narcotics crime, the intention is whether the act violates a rule of

law applicable namely the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 Year 2009 on Narcotics. If violating a legislation then conducted a search who did the

criminal act.

In the case of eradication of narcotics abuse is also required the existence of

cooperation from various parties, among others is the participation of the

community. The form of community participation here can be in the form of

providing information about the crime of narcotics abuse to Police investigators. In addition, it can also be through non-governmental organizations and community

organizations that focus on eradicating narcotics as a whole.

Formulation of the problem

1) What is the arrangement of narcotic criminal acts in Indonesian legislation? 2) What is the criminal justice process in the case of narcotics?

Research purposes

The aim of this study :

1) To know the setting of narcotic criminal acts in the legislation in Indonesia.

2) To know the criminal justice process against the existing narcotics case.


Research methods

This research is a normative legal research (juridical normative), which is a research conducted and addressed to various rules of written legislation and various

literature related to the problems in research or also called doctrinal legal research

(Sunggono, 2003: 142).

This research is done by inventory and grouping positive law related to narcotics

crime. This research is also conducted by analyzing the decision of the district

court, especially the Tanjung Balai District Court to find out how the implementation of criminal law against narcotics in the field of narcotics with the

aim to find the certain legal norm in concreto (Sunggono, 2003: 143). The legal

norm is then analyzed in order to find theories about law in process and law in action that essentially function in order to enforce the criminal law to combat the

narcotics circulation. The first approach used is to collect references or literature

and legal sources of narcotic crime and then try to analyze its application to the real action of narcotic criminal case which is the subject of this research.

The data obtained through literature study are collected and sorted and then

organized in a single pattern, category, and basic description unit. Data analysis in this research is qualitative analysis that is analyzed through data (Moleong, 1999:

103) so that data can be obtained to answer the problems in this research.

Review of Literature

Criminal Acts

According to Moeljatno (2008: 59), the meaning of a criminal act is an act that is

prohibited by a rule of law accompanied by a threat (sanction) in the form of a

criminal for anyone who violates the ban. Roeslan Saleh argues, a criminal act is an act by which criminal law is declared a prohibited act (Mahrus, 2011: 98). Judging

from the above opinion, the criminal act is an act that is prohibited by law and for

those who commit the illicit act will get sanction in the form of criminal.

Criminal Accountability System

Responsible Ability In the Criminal Code there is no stipulation on the meaning of responsible ability.

Related to that is Article 44: "Whosoever performs deeds which can not be

accounted for him, because his soul is flawed in the growth or the soul that is disturbed because the disease is not criminal".

From the 44th article and from several opinions of law scholars, Moeljatno

(1983:164) concluded that for the existence of accountability there should be:

82 Riswandi Harahap

a) The ability to discriminate between good and bad deeds; in accordance

with the law and against the law; b) The ability to determine his will accord his conviction about the good and

bad of the action.

Deliberation

Proof of the theory of the will is not easy and takes a lot of time and energy.

Another case if deliberately accepted as knowledge. In this case the proof is shorter because it only relates to the elements of the deeds it does. there is no causal

relationship between motive and deed. It only deals with the question of whether

the defendant knows, realizes, or understands his actions, both the conduct and the circumstances and circumstances that accompany it.

In its later development, theoretically the form of mistake in the form of deliberate is divided into three shades, the intentional as intent, deliberate certanty

consciousness, and deliberate with conscious possibility (dolus eventualis)

(Moeljatno, 2008:174-175). The development of thought in the theory was also

followed in the practice of the court of thought in the theory was also followed in the practice of the courts in Indonesia. In some of its verdicts, the judge handed

down the verdict not merely as a certainty, but also following other features.

According to the writer's opinion, such judicial practice is very close to the value of justice because the judge handed down the verdict in accordance with the level of

the defendant's error.

Omissions

What is meant by negligence is that the defendant did not intend to violate the

prohibition of the law, but he did not heed the prohibition. He is negligent, negligent, careless in doing such deeds. so, in negligence the defendant ignores the

prohibition so as not to be careful in doing something objective actions causally

lead to prohibited circumstances. Regarding the negligence, Moeljatno quotes from Smidt which is an official statement from the WvS-forming party as follows:

(Moeljatno. 2008:198)

Reasons for Crime

Discussion on the reasons for the criminal offenses in the Criminal Code is

contained in Book I Chapter III on matters that eliminate, reduce or incriminate the imposition of a criminal. The subsequent discussion of the reasons for the criminal

offense, namely the reasons that enable the person performing the deed that meets

the formulation of the offense is not punished.


Memorie van Toelichting (M.v.T) puts forward the so-called "unaccountable

reasons for a person or reasons for the unlawfulness of a person" M. V.T mentions 2 (two) reasons:

a. The reason he cannot be justified by someone who lies in that person, and b. The reason for the irresponsibility of someone outside the person.

In addition to the differences put forward in M. T, the science of criminal law also

makes its own distinctions on the grounds of the criminal offenses, namely:

a) A common criminal offense, which is generally applicable to each offense, is

provided for in Articles 44, 48 to 51 of the Criminal Code. b) The reason for the specific criminal offender, which applies only to certain

offenses, e.g Article 221 paragraph (2) of the Criminal Code: "to keep a person

who commits a crime and so forth." Here he is not prosecuted if he wants to avoid the prosecution of his wife, husband and so on (people who still have blood

relation).

The science of criminal law also imposes another distinction on the grounds of a criminal offender in line with the distinction between its criminal prosecution and

the punishment of the author. Penal removal may involve acts or makers, then there

are 2 (two) types of reasons for criminal removal:

a. Justification reasons, and

b. Forgiving reasons or eraser reason.

Discussion

The Crime of Narcotics Abuse

Understanding Narcotics

Literally narcotics as disclosed by Wilson Nadack the nature of his book "Victims of Ganja and Narcotics Problems", formulates as follows: Narcotics is derived

from the Greek, from the word Narke, which means frozen, paralyzed and stupid

(Nadack 1983: 122). According to the medical pharmacology, "Narcotics is a drug

that can eliminate (especially) the pain that comes from the Visceral region and can cause stupor effects (addicted to consciousness but still should in bullying) and

addiction (Wijaya 1985: 145).

Formal Delict and Material Delict Narcotics Crime

If in the observed category of criminal offenses or criminal events, the criminal law in know some of the categorization of criminal acts or criminal events are:

84 Riswandi Harahap

a. According to Doctrine

1) Dolus and Culpa

Dolus means intentionally, dolus offense is a deliberate act that is prohibited and threatened with criminal, for example: article 336 of the

Criminal Code. Culpa means negligent. "Culpose Delicten" means

prohibited conduct and is threatened with a crime committed by accident only because of negligence (inconsiderate), for example: article 359 of the

Criminal Code. Narcotics crime as contained in Law Number 35 Year

2009 on Narcotics formulated a deliberate that intimate crime.

2) Commissionis, Ommissionis and Commissionis per Ommissionem.

Offense Commissionis that occurred because someone violated the ban,

which can include both formal offense and material offense. Example: Article 362 of the Criminal Code: Article 338 of the Criminal Code.

Ommissions offense that occurs because someone neglects the messenger

(do not do) usually formal offense. Example: Article 164 of the Criminal Code, article 165 of the Criminal Code. Delict Commissioner per

Ommissionem generally carried out with deeds, but may also occur if

people do not do (do but do not seem to do). Example: Section 304

intentionally causes or leaves a person in misery while he is obliged to give life, care or care to that person.

3) Material and Formal. This categorization is based on the formulation of criminal events, material

offenses and formal offenses .The material offense is a delict whose

formulation focuses on the prohibited and criminalized consequences of

the Act. Examples: Article 338 KUNP, about murder and Article 351 of the Criminal Code, about persecution. A formal offense is a delict whose

formulation focuses on prohibited acts and is punishable by criminal law.

Example: article 362 of the Criminal Code, concerning theft. In practice it is sometimes difficult to be able to determine something that is material or

formal, such as article 378 of the Penal Code on fraud. Narcotics crime as

stated in Law Number 35 Year 2009 on Narcotics is formulated in a formal offense that formulates in detail about the criminal acts committed

4) Without Victim and With Victim

- Without Victim is a crime committed with no casualties - With Victim namely: the offense is done with some victims or a certain

person (Kansil and Kansil, 2004:39).

Narcotics crime can be formulated as a crime without victim, where the

perpetrators also act as victims. According to Hj. Tutty Alawiyah U.S. in Makarao

et al mention, crime or narcotic crime is a form of crime known as victimless crime (Victimless Crime). In addition to narcotics, which include casualties without


casualties are gambling, liquor, pornography, and prostitution. (Makarao et al.,

2003: viii)

Narcotics Crime In Law Number 35 Year 2009 on Narcotics

Understanding criminal acts of narcotics and psychotropic substances, we are not found in the Narcotics Act and Psychotropic Act, both the current Law is the Law

No. 22 of 1997 on narcotics and Law No. 5 of 1997 on psychotropic, as well as

Previous applicable laws, such as stb, 1927. No. 278 jo No. 536 on Ver Doovende

Middelen Ordonantie and Law Number 9 of 1976 on Narcotics.

Narcotics and psychotropic laws do not deal with the definition of narcotics and

psychotropic crimes, but on the basis of detention and detention of the above offenses will assist in providing an understanding of narcotic and psychotropic

crime which of course still refers to the provisions contained in Law No. 5 of 1997

on Psychotropics. To facilitate the understanding of the understanding of the criminal acts of narcotics and psychotropic then first explained the different terms

of punishment and criminal. In the legal system, that the law or criminal sanction

imposed concerning what actions are criminally charged must first be contained in

the Criminal Law, if no law regulates, then the penalty cannot be imposed.

Chapter I article 1 verse (1) of the Criminal Code is a principle called "Nullum

Delicttum Nulla Poena Sine Praevia Lege Poenale", which essentially states that no sanctions can be criminal unless there is a provision of the preceding Law. So

here in lies the difference of legal and criminal terms. The meaning is that the

penalty must be based on the provisions of the Act, while the punishment is

broader understanding.

Conclusion

Narcotics offense arrangement is regulated in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia

Number 35 Year 2009 on Narcotics, where the criminal act of narcotics is a crime.

This can be seen in the classification of crime based on the characteristics of the perpetrator as an organized crime. Organized crime according to Article 1 number

20 of Law Number 35 Year 2009 concerning Narcotics is a crime committed by a

structured group consisting of 3 (three) or more persons who have existed for a

certain time and acted together with the aim of performing an act criminal narcotics.

Whereas in the event of a Criminal Act without rights or illegally accepting or submitting and / or owning, storing, possessing and / or prosecuting or conspiracy

to sell, buy, receive or deliver and or own, keep, control and or intentionally fail to

report any existence (1) Subs Article 131 of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 35 Year 2009 regarding the crime of Narcotics Group I not a plant

86 Riswandi Harahap

(Methamphetamine) may be violated Article 114 paragraph (2) Subs Article 112

paragraph (2) Subs Article 132 paragraph Narcotics.


Ali, Mahrus. 2011. Dasar-Dasar Hukum Pidana. Jakarta : Sinar Grafika.

Kansil, C.S.T. dan Kansil, Christine S.T.. 2004. Pokok- Pokok Hukum Pidana, Jakarta:

Pradnya Paramita.

Dirdjosisworo, Soedjono. 1987. Hukum Narkotika Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni.

Makarao, Moh. Taufik, Suhasril, H. & Zakky, Moh. 2003. Tindak Pidana Narkotika,

Jakarta : Ghalia Indonesia.

Moeljatno. 1983. Asas-asas Hukum Pidana, Jakarta : Bima Aksara

Moeljatno. 2008. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Cetakan Kedelapan, Edisi Revisi. Jakarta:

Rineka Cipta.

Moleong, Lexi. 1999. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Nadack, Wison. 1983, Korban Ganja dan Masalah Narkotika. Bandung: Indonesia

Publishing House.

Sunggono, Bambang. 2003. Metode Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.

Surachman, A. Hamzah. RM. 1994. Kejahatan Narkotika dan Psikotrokia. Jakarta Sinar

Grafika.

Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia.

Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1997 Tentang Narkotika.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika.

Wijaya, A.W. 1985, Masalah Kenakan Remaja dan Penyalahgunaan Narkotika. Bandung :

Armico.



87

Regional Representative Council (DPD) as liaisons of

local and central government in Indonesia

Masdani Universitas Muslim Nusantara AW Medan, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

The Board of Regional Representative Council of Republic of Indonesia (DPD RI) in the

structure of the State Administration of Indonesia is still new. DPD RI can be a functioning

entrance to the articulation of regional interests then the absorption of the aspirations of

the community is the most important member of DPD activities, whether it is the formation of aspirations directly in the form of face-to-face dialogue, seminar or workshop with the

aim to absorb, collect and accommodate community aspirations , as well as the indirect

absorption of aspirations which are carried out in consultation with local government

agencies (DPRD / local government). So with the absorption of this aspiration, a regional

representative can be analogized as the spearhead in the sense that DPDRI members are

demanded always in the forefront of the struggle for regional interests, as the opening of

the faucet in the sense that DPD members must open blockages of regional aspirations and

as a bridge between central government, and local communities.

Keywords: Function, DPD, regional aspirations, central government, local communities

Introduction

The Preamble of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia mandates that the Republic of Indonesia is a sovereign state which in its implementation

embraces a popular principle led by the wisdom of wisdom in deliberations /

representation. To implement the people's sovereignty based on the people of the policy wisdom in the deliberations / representatives, it is necessary to realize the

people's deliberative institutions, representative institutions and regional

88 Masdani

representatives that can reflect the values of democracy and can absorb and fight

for the aspirations of the people, demands of the development of national and state

life.

DPD is a new political institution born of this new spirit, in particular that

Indonesia and its ongoing must be maintained as or with a fair agreement between the people and between regions (Gerungan, 2011). The Regional Representative

Council is the new representative body of the amendment product or the third

amendment to the 1945 Constitution generated through the 2004 General Election.

After working for almost two years, DPD RI has now proposed a revision of the constitution in order to play a more productive role in the life of the nation.

Prematurely, the House of Representatives rejected the proposal of DPD RI.

Together with the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI), the Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DPD RI) is

expected to be a room of a two-room parliamentary system in a new format of

Indonesian political representation. If the House of Representatives is a parliament that represents the population, DPD RI Constitution of Republic of Indonesia 1945

22 2003 MPR, DPR, DPD, DPRD is parliament representing region, in provincial

matters. Although the representation of areas that have been directly elected by the

people, the existence of DPD RI can be compared between "exist and nothing". Imagine, before birth as the representative of the regions, the role, function, and

power of DPD RI has been limited in such a way by and the Law on the

Composition and Position and Chairman of the Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DPD RI) Ginandjar Kartasasmita reminded, DPD RI as

the second chamber next to the House of Representatives of the Republic of

Indonesia (DPR RI) as the first room was not born instantly. The existence of DPD

RI is inseparable from the political history and power in this country that the sovereignty of the people requires the direct representation of the people and the

region. The embodiment of that thought develops from period to period. In 1998,

the reform movement in principle found its fundamental form through changes in meaning and paradigm. However, with regard to the role of DPD RI in the

amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD) agreed

upon through compromises is completely far from the idea.

The construction of Indonesian is essentially awakened from the spirit and

elements of a heterogeneous region either ethnically, culturally, and naturally. The

founding fathers are well aware of the power and political exercise should always be based on the principle of recognition of regional-based diversity.Founding

Fathers expressed loving behavior among human beings in the text of Indonesia

“mutual cooperationis ingrained in our souls of Indonesia" (Ariyanto et al, 2016). The direction of the state must be established on the basis of sovereignty and

deliberation of the elements of the nation, whose generic terminology is democracy

and deliberation. Because it is agreed that in the form of republic then that plays a

Regional Representative Council (DPD) … 89

role during the process of determining the direction of the state is the

representatives of the elements of the nation from the regional elements.

Business Investigation Agency Preparing for Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI)

in drafting the constitution prior to the independence of Indonesia was well aware

of the diversity. Ginandjar quotes Muhammad Yamin's statement in the BPUPKI session stating that the deliberation of the people is the highest form of the

sovereignty of the people and the requirement is the direct representation of the

people and the regions. Yamin’s thought illustrates the spirit of the constitution in

accordance with the situation and conditions of Indonesia and the rules of the modern state that the building of the people's holder of the people association

between the people's representatives and regional representatives.

The amended constitution clearly divides it, namely DPR RI and DPRD represent

the people through political party entities and DPD RI representing the people

through regional or territorial entity. Arrangement of representative institutions through the third constitutional amendment that give birth DPD RI does not

necessarily fall from the sky. For, apart from the manifestation of the spirit which

animates the birth of the 1945 Constitution, it is also a socio-political product as

part of the demands of the reform movement of 1998 after a long struggle in central and local relations. Situations and conditions that occurred at that time

include, unity, centralized system of State administration since the era of the Old

Order until the New Order that accumulated the disappointment of the regions to the center, as well as indicate the failure of the central to manage the regions. At

the beginning of the reform movement, the spirit is embodied in a decentralized

and autonomous system that makes regions as central actors.

Secondly, the public perception on the behavior of political parties is less than

desirable because of the centralized system of the politics that complicates the

struggle of the central regions in the process of policy making at the national level. Thirdly, the birth of DPD RI is a critical reflection on the appointment of members

of the regional delegates and representatives of the People's Consultative Assembly

(MPR RI) before the reform movement. Fourth, the presence of DPD RI means that there are cross-border representative institutions that understand the

characteristics of the region, not based on political parties but the figures

representing all elements. Because the freedom of organization and expression is

guaranteed by the constitution, the stewardship of the regional political parties more represents the interests of the central management of the political parties

concerned. If a regional representative is part of a community whose primary group

is based on a political party, then it is very potential to ignore the interests of the region it represents. The existence of DPD RI is expected to further strengthen the

parliamentary system and democracy in general. The birth of DPD RI has raised

the hope of the people in the region that the regional interests and problems faced by the regions can be raised and fought at the national level.

90 Masdani

Similarly, policies at the national and local levels are not mutually harmful. DPD

RI guarantees that interests at the local level are a part that is harmonious to the

interests at the national level and interests at the national level are the parts that

encapsulate the interests at the local level. Regional interests and national interests are not contradictory and need not be contradicted. Within the limitations of its

functions, duties, and authority in the 1945 Constitution, DPD RI seeks to meet the

expectations of local communities with all their strength and ability. However, the DPD is not only constrained by the constitution as well as laws such as Law

22/2003 on the Composition and Status of the People's Consultative Assembly, the

House of Representatives, the Regional Representative Council, and the Regional

House of Representatives (Constitution and status laws). Finally, the DPD is hampered by Law 10/2008 which contradicts or does not reflect the mandate of the

1945 Constitution due to the absence of the requirement of being domiciled in the

area of voting not to become a party official as required by Article 63 and Article 146 of the previous General Elections Law (Law 12/2003).

Given that the various institutional, political, and legal problems that exist in DPD RI as described above, it is necessary to conduct a deep empirical / sociological

study on public perception in order to revitalize the DPD RI institutions through

the construction of regional representatives in the Indonesian state administration

system.

The Objective of Research

Writing of this scientific paper aims to determine the existence of DPD RI

institutional in the Structure of the State.

Method

The writing of this paper used literature review method (library research).

Theoretical Description

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is a concept in political philosophy and state law, in which there is a

conception related to the idea of supreme power attributed to the state. Brownlie

refers to sovereignty as a concept of a more general nature, the normal complement

of state rights, typically represented by legal competence (in Calster, 2002). In English, the term sovereignty is derived from the Latin “superanus”. In German

and Dutch terms as well as in other European countries, the term is adopted and

adapted to the pronunciation of each language, such as: suvereneteit, soverainette, sovereigniteit, sovereignty, souvereyn, summa potestas, maiestas,and so forth

which in the political literature, law and state theory in today is defined as the

highest authority and power.


The concept of equality of nations is linked to sovereignty concepts because

sovereignty has fostered the idea that there is no higher power than the nation-state,

so its "sovereignty" negates the idea that there is a higher power, whether foreign

or international (Jackson, 2003). The concept of sovereignty today must be understood as the supreme concept of power that can be divided and restricted.

State sovereignty is often understood in international law as a competence,

immunity, or power (Besson, 2011). The declaratory theory seems more politically palatable out of a respect for self-determination and disfavor of pure power politics

(Worster, 2009). The limitation of power, however high, must be seen in its

internal character, which is usually determined by its arrangements in the present

constitution usually associated with the idea of the constitutionalism of the modern state. It means that in whose hands the highest authority or sovereignty lies, there is

always a limitation by law and constitution as the product of mutual agreement

with the owners of the sovereignty itself.

People's Sovereignty and Democracy

Democracy does not implement itself. Offices do not spontaneously appear, along

with election districts, political parties, polling places, ballots, and administrators

(Gardner, 2012). In modern times today, almost all countries declare themselves as

democracies, as Amos J. Peaslee puts it in research in 1950 found that of the 83 constitutions of countries studied, there are 74 countries whose constitution

formally embraces the principles of democracy. It must be admitted that until now

the term democracy has become popular pointing to the notion of an idealized political system everywhere. Today, the concept of democracy is practiced all over

the world differently from country to country. Each country even implements its

own definition and criteria of democracy, to the extent that it becomes ambiguous

or at least ambiguity. Regardless of these criticisms, clearly, in the sovereign system of the people, the supreme authority in a state is considered to be in the

hands of the people of the state itself. The Jargon The notion of supreme authority

itself, need not be understood again is monistic and absolute in its infinite sense, because it is by itself the supreme authority in the hands of the people is limited by

the mutually agreed agreement they set forth in their constitutional formulation

arrange and they are legitimate together. This is called the social contract among the citizens reflected in the constitution. It is the Constitution which limits and

regulates how the sovereignty of the people is channeled, operated and organized

in the activities of the state and everyday governance.

In essence, in the idea of the sovereignty of the people, it must be ensured that the

people are the real owners of the state with all the authority to exercise all the

functions of state power, both in the legislative, executive and judiciary. It is the people who have the authority to plan, organize, implement and supervise and

evaluate the implementation of those functions of power. Even furthermore, for the

benefit of the people, indeed all the activities aimed at and devoted all the benefits

92 Masdani

derived from the existence and functioning of the state's activities. This is the idea

of people's sovereignty exercised through a democratic system.

Theory of Representation

In every country and every modern government will eventually talk about the people. In the process of statehood people are often considered upstream as well as

estuary. The people are the central point, and the people of a country are

sovereigns. When the word sovereignty is spoken by the people of the source of

that power, then the question arises when the highest authority can be seen and how the people exercise that power. The answer to that question can only be given

after knowing a person's relationship with the community. If we try to look back on

the past and pay attention now to that, then the conclusion that can be drawn is that it is impossible for the people to govern themselves. In a society of any nature,

from the simple to the modern, will be the two sides, the governing and the

governed, the first ruling party is always small, and the large number is the governed.

Today, in the future, and in the past, a small group of people are those who have

advantages over many people. The advantages are in today, perhaps because of the educational factor, where they have a higher education than many people or

because of work factors, where they have a better job than many people. The

inability of the people to exercise their own sovereignty is not only because of its relatively large number and spread over a relatively large area, as well as the

increasingly complex life level. The increasingly complex life gives birth to a

specialization which in turn leads to professionalism. As a result, people will no

longer be able to do different types of work that are different at the same time. People are accustomed to opinion; the matters that he views not the field will be

left to others to do it. Similarly, in the matter of state, the people will surrender it to

the experts.

Discussion

Urgency of Regional Representation in Formation of Law

Strengthening the authority of the Regional Representative Council of the Republic

of Indonesia (DPD RI) should start from the question of why the constitutional

Republic of Indonesia needs to have DPD RI, and where the position of DPD RI in the constitutional system of the Republic of Indonesia. After tracing the

preparations of the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia to

understand the debate in the formation of the state constitution, the form of a unitary State of the chosen one never intends at all to constitute a centralized state,

but a unitary state which applies decentralized politics with local roots. Rooted

regionalism means that decentralization is not merely a transfer of authority from the government to the regions, but there is a more substantial reason to maintain,


protect, and respect pluralistic or regional diversity. In the original manuscript

constitution mentioned the formation of the region by commemorating the

privileged origin rights. Raising the aspirations of the regions has the meaning of

voicing the diversity of the regions. Regions will have meaningful life if in national decisions accommodated the interests of the regions. In the vast, multicultural and

complex state of Indonesia, it is impossible and will oppose common sense if

national decisions can be fair, and prosper the whole people without strong regional representation. And this meaning can only be realized if the constitutional

system has a constitutional mechanism that the regional representation has a

balance with the political representation. The need for regional representation is not

only a requirement after the Constitution has been changed. The need for regional representation has been felt important and cannot be ignored since the agreement to

form the state of Indonesia. The existence of regional representation becomes a

way out for Indonesia to remain intact. Therefore, when we run the system of the People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia (MPR RI) as the

highest state institution, the dominant and the implementer of the sovereignty of

the people completely, the regional representation is contained through the regional delegates. In essence, the People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of

Indonesia wishes to become an incarnation of the people in which there are

political representations, delegates of groups and regional representatives. But in

the practice of state administration this delegation was created weak, meaningless, and only became a symbol of diversity alone. Now with the amendment of the

Constitution, the paradigm of state has changed to the separation of powers with

the function of inter-state institutions. No more state institutions are more dominant like the previous MPR RI system. The need for regional representation is embodied

in the DPD RI elected by the People's Representative of the Republic of Indonesia

(DPR RI) as a political representation in the formulation of a law (bicameral)

although bicameral parliaments are usually associated with a federal state form that requires two rooms for the purpose of protecting the federation formula itself. But

in its development, along with the tendency toward decentralization of power

within the unitary state, the bicameral system is also practiced in many unitary states.

Strengthening Presidential and Bicameralism Governance Structures

The main feature of a presidential system is to separate executive and legislative

power. The executive is relatively independent of the legislature. In the 1945

Constitution, the manifestation of the executive independence of the legislature is manifested through direct and separate elections held between the executive

(President of Republic of Indonesia) and the legislative members (DPR RI and

DPD). Because of this feature, the Constitution must be reconciled to separate the executive functions of running the government and legislative functions as

legislators while the legislative function is held in a balanced two-room DPR RI

and DPD RI whose members have been selected directly. The existence of DPD RI will improve the bargaining position of the region in fighting for regional

94 Masdani

aspiration directly at the central level. This means that DPD RI is called as one of

the legislative chamber, it is implicitly recognized that parliament in Indonesia has

two chambers, namely DPR RI and DPD RI. The parliamentary system that has

two chambers is a bicameral parliamentary system. The system of separation of powers embraced in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia puts a

President with strong legitimacy to form a cabinet, ministers (cabinet members)

need not be recruited from legislators or political parties and no longer has cabinet represented a balance of party power in parliament. If the DPD RI has a balanced

role with the House of Representatives, then a multi-party presidency will reduce

party pressure on the President. This will make the real legitimacy of the president,

which depends on the people no longer dependent on the Party that does not always reflect the will or aspirations of the people.

Thus the urgency of improved the presidential system in Indonesia is basically to restore sovereignty to the people. The basic idea of DPD RI establishment is the

accommodation of regional interest in the formation of law. DPD RI members are

representing regional interests. However, the issue of DPD RI represents the region as a whole or whether every DPD RI member represents a certain area. Because the

regions according to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia are the

provinces, districts and municipalities, each of which is entitled to regulate their

own households, it is an interpretation for each region whether provinces, districts and municipalities have equal representation, for example 1 person. With this

provision every member of DPD RI is clear which he represents which region.

Instead each region will be clear who represents its interests. Another benefit with the composition of membership like this, there will be a balance of seats in the

MPR RI between members of the House of Representatives and members of the

DPD. This balance is very important because the MPR RI has the main strategic

authority in the form of amendments to the Constitution, and the dismissal of the President.

With the composition of members of the House of Representatives and DPD RI are almost the same then there are balances between the political and regional

representation. Conversely, if the DPD RI constructed to represent the region as a

whole, then not necessarily every region has a representative. It could be determined the number of members of DPD RI at most 1/3 of the number of House

of Representatives as now with the provincial base, but the risk of such

construction in case of changes to the Constitution or dismissal of the President

will be the party dominance that prioritizes political considerations. Considering the regional pluralistic interests and the balance of power in parliament, DPD RI

should be strengthened its role in the field of legislation, budget and supervision

equal to DPR RI.

The function of legislation, that every law is discussed and agreed with Parliament

and DPD RI. There is no longer a specific law whose discussion involves DPD RI while other laws do not involve DPD RI. Article 22D Paragraph (2) of the 1945


Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia if it is to be observed that the DPD

participates in discussing the draft laws relating to regional autonomy has broad

meaning. It is difficult to find examples of laws that are not related to interests and

in touch with the regions.

The function of the budget is one of the functions of parliament as an instrument of

supervision and control in the field of budget through the law. The role of DPD RI in the function of the budget other than as mentioned above is also serves to pass

control of the state's financial justice between the interests of central and regional

interests. This will have implications for the equitable distribution of development

in all regions, and preventing regional central imbalances. While the oversight function, owned DPD RI equal to the House of Representatives as a consequence

DPD RI to discuss and approve every draft law

Organizing Ideal Role of DPD RI before Amendment to the Constitution

To move towards the 1945 Constitution of NRI requires time and a long struggle. Prior to the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, there was still a chance to

improve the role of the DPD through the revision of the law of the House of

Representatives and the House of Representatives (DPRD) and the House of

Representatives (Law of Constitution Act and position), although this effort was not significant in strengthening its position. Problematic faced by DPD RI now is

in addition to the position of the 1945 Constitution of the weak 1945, precisely

compounded of Constitution Act and position reducing the role of DPD RI. Therefore, by criticizing and revising the existing Structure and Status Laws, at

least maximize their roles and functions:

Article 22D (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia requires that the DPD of the Republic participate in discussing the draft of certain laws.

Understanding of the discussion cannot be limited only in the first stage before the

House of Representatives discuss with the government as regulated in the current law of Law of Constitution Act and position. DPD RI should participate discuss

until the final stages of discussion and things like this which are required by the

Constitution. According to the 1945 Constitution, DPD RI just does not participate in the decision-making process. But the whole stage of discussion is no exception.

Article 22D (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia requires the

DPD to give consideration to the DPR RI on the draft of certain laws. With regard

to the consideration given by the DPD RI, the DPR RI must provide the status of whether the consideration is accommodated or rejected either partially or entirely.

The status must be published publicly. Thus the community can exercise control

over these two representative institutions.

Article 23F (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia requires the

DPD to give consideration to the DPR RI when the election of members of BPK RI. Rejected or accommodated this DPD RI proposal should be published widely

96 Masdani

because DPD RI performs its constitutional function. Article 22D (3) of the 1945

Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia requires the DPD to supervise the

implementation of certain laws and submit the results of its oversight to the DPR

RI as a matter of consideration to be followed up. This provision leads DPD RI to complement DPR RI. However, the implementation of this provision should be

strictly regulated by the House of Representatives (DPR RI) to consider and follow

up the results of the DPD supervision and publicize the results openly. Thus the community can exercise control over these two institutions.

Revitalization Mechanism of Function Implementation, Duty and Authority of DPD

RI

The power of the Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia

(DPD RI) is regulated mainly in Article 22 D of the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of Indonesia (Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia1945).

Other DPD RI powers are regulated in Article 23 paragraph (2) and Article 23 F

paragraph (1). Article 22 D Paragraph (1), (2) and (3) of the 1945 Constitution of 1945 states as follows:

a. The Regional Representative Council may submit to the House of

Representatives of the Draft Laws relating to regional autonomy, central and regional relations, the

establishment and development and regional integration, management of natural

resources and other economic resources, as well as with regard to central and regional financial considerations;

b. The Regional Representative Council participates in discussing the Draft Law

relating to regional autonomy, central and regional relations, the establishment and division and integration of regions, the management of natural resources and other

economic resources, as well as the balance of central and regional finances; and to

give consideration to the People's Legislative Assembly on draft state budget revenues and draft laws relating to taxes, education and religion;

c. The Regional Representatives Council may exercise oversight of the implementation of laws on regional autonomy, central and local relations, the

establishment and division and integration of regions, the implementation of

natural resources and other economic resources, the implementation of state

revenues and expenditures, taxes, education and religion and submit the results of its supervision to the House of Representatives for consideration to be followed up.

Conclusion

DPD RI can be the entrance of public participation in the formation of legislation. As the basis of the articulation of regional interests, the absorption of the


aspirations of the community is the most important member of DPD activities,

whether it is the formation of direct aspiration in the form of face-to-face dialogue,

seminar or workshop with the aim to absorb, collect and accommodate community

aspirations, directly conducted in consultation with local government agencies (DPRD / local government). So with the absorption of this aspiration a

representative of the region can be analogued as the spearhead in the sense DPDRI

members are required always in the forefront to fight for regional interests, as the opening of the faucet in the sense DPD members must open obstacles blockage of

regional aspirations, and as a bridge liaison between the central government, local

communities.

It is only unfortunate that the absorption of the aspirations of DPD RI is only

through one path, namely the absorption of indirect aspirations, while the

absorption of direct aspirations is rarely done, consequently in the eyes of the DPD RI people, its existence is considered absent.


Ariyanto, Restu Dwi, Andi Mappiare-AT, Moh. Irtadji. Identifying the Counselor's Ideal

Character According to Personality TestsFounding Fathers Indonesia: Study In

Fromm Perspective. Journal of Education.2016;1(2): 174-182

Besson, Samantha. Sovereignty, International Law and Democracy. The European Journal

of International Law. 2011; 22(2): 373–387 doi: 10.1093/ejil/chr029

Calster, Geert van. International Law and Sovereignty in the Age of Globalization.

Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS),2002:1-7.

Gardner, James A. Election Law As Applied Democratic Theory Saint Louis University Law Journal. 2012; 56:689-700

Gerungan, Lucy K.F.R. Juridical Analysis Position of Regional Representative Council

(DPD) and Its Relationship with Other State Institutions inthe State System in

Indonesia. UNSRAT.2011; XIX (3):11-21.

Jackson, John H. Sovereignty - Modern: A New Approach to an Outdated Concept.

American Journal International Law. 2003;782-802.

Worster, William Thomas. Law, Politics, And The Conception Of The State In State

Recognition Theory. Boston University International Law Journal, 2012;

27:115-171.



98

The Charms of Tolak Bala Ritual of Malay Serdang

in Modern Era

Sutikno Universiti Sutan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. Malaysia

Mohamed Anwar Universiti Sutan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. Malaysia

Rahmat Kartolo

Universiti Sutan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. Malaysia

ABSTRACT

The wearing of Charms Tolak bala in avert is a tradition in the Malay community in the

village of Bagan Serdang Subdistrict Pantai Labu.Study this study investigates about the

wearing of charms Tolak bala in rejecting in Malay society of Village Bagan Serdang. The

wearing of charms Tolak bala in avert still a culture conducted most community groups in Indonesia, either in the form of rituals, rites of Thanks giving rituals or avert. These

ceremonies have become a tradition in the community in daily life that handed down by the

ancestors to the generations to come. The wearing of charms tolak bala in rejecting the

community activity is channelled to the traditions which continue to be developed by the

Malay Village Bagan Serdang. Thus, the tradition of wearing charms tolak bala in avert

performed by residents of Kampung Bagan Serdang Subdistrict Pantai Labu can survive

because the local residents continue to use and keep them. The focus of this research

include about practice and execution against the wearing of charms Tolak bala. This study

uses qualitative methods to get the appropriate data that is happening in the field. Data

collection is done by conducting interviews with some of the respondents came from the

community. The results showed that the Malay Village Bagan Serdang still trust and use the wearing of charms Tolak bala in the avert and to protect themselves.

Keywords: Wearing Charms, Tolak bala,Malay community, ceremony,tradition

The Charms of Tolak Bala Ritual of Malay Serdang… 99

Introduction

Every ethnic has its own ritauls and the execution ceremony requires sacrifice. The

offering statement is the mind, desires, and feelings of the actors to be more closer

to God. The offering is also the symbolic discourse that is used as a means to petition for spiritual things unseen so delicate creatures that transcends the power

of human beings does not interfere. With offerings (memberimakan symbolically)

to the spirits, the spirit is expected to be benign, and wanted to help human life (Endraswara, 2003:195). Enectman of the ceremonies and religious rites based on

the existence of unseen powers is still done by several community groups in

Indonesia, either in the form of death rituals, ceremonies of Thanksgiving or a

slametan ritual, avert, texts texts , etc. (Marzuki, 2015:1). Matondang (2016) reported the revivals of Chineseness in Malaysia. These rituals have become a

tradition and part of the daily life of most communities because it has been handed

down from generation to generation by their fathers to the generations to come. The existence of various rituals and traditions performed has reinforced the

existence of religion are accepted by the people because of the usage of the various

traditions associated with the cycle of life is growing and becoming stronger when he mentradisi and rooted in the midst of life society, where the core of his teaching

is included in the traditions of the societies.Koentjaraningrat (1985:190) states that

the ceremony is a system of activities or actions are governed by custom or law in

force in the community relating to the various events that normally occur in the communities concerned. Ceremony or ceremonies often associated with

Community Trust called the ceremonies or rituals.

Literature review

Some studies on the rituals have been conducted in different areas of Indonesia.

Uniawati reported "The function of the mantra to sea tribe Bajo"by Uniawati (2006). This study is based on the thinking that the mantra of sea tribe Bajo is one

of trust and confidence that is growing within the tribe to gain salvation and Bajo

triumph. The mantra on the ocean is one of the identity of the tribal community

which contained many symbolic Bajo. According to him, the meaning contained behind a symbol that can represent the built reality of cultural values in the life of a

tribal society Bajo. Therefore, the mantra to sea is something that is interesting and

important to examined aspects of semiotik to reveal the meaning behind the symbol. Nurhayati (2011) examines the mantra of Malay society in Bangka aspects of

macro and micro.In the macro, the mantra can be seen as one dimension of the socio-cultural background and penyesuaiannya mantra in public life of Bangka. In

the micro aspect, the mantra can be seen from the angle of structure elements and

the language used.

100 Sutikno, Mohamed Anwar , Rahmat Kartolo

Nurfadhilah (2014) in her research deals with the about the structure of the text

spells treatments Mandalasari Village in Cikancung Subdistrict, Bandung

Regency.There are four acquired studies that can be described in a nutshell that is about the structure of the text spells treatments at Mandalasari Village which

outline the lexical form aspect of sound and repetition, synonyms, antonyms, and

collocation. In addition the reference lexicon in spells at Mandalasari Village treatments consisted of the petition,the human being,body parts, nature,objects,

activity, the State of the,time, the God head and hope. In terms of classification, the

mantra treatments at Mandalasari Village divided into several categories, namely

the activities, time, and the offender.Next is thelocal villagers Mandalasari wisdom in mantra treatments is reflected in some of the sentences in the mantra that is

analyzed. The analysis reveals a reflection of wisdom of local communities that

still maintain the tradition of Mandalasari parent, keep the harmony of their relations, as well as describing the knowledge society of the unseen things still

attached to strong in the minds of the villagers Mandalasari.

Research Methodology

This study used qualitative methods. The qualitative method is a procedure that

produces descriptive data of the study in the form of written or oral fromon the

subject noted. Based on the philosophy of rationalism, legitimate science derived from intellectual understanding and the ability to argue logically based on

perspective (Muhadjir, 2000).Qualitative Data derived from the results of the

appointment related the ritual ceremony of tolak bala.

Results and Discussions

In the investigation it has been found that the wearing of charms Tolak bala

ceremony as a talisman against protect from misfortune in Serdang Subdistrict

village Pantai Labu. The mechanism is the community of the village of Bagan Serdang brought water and prayer charms to take home. Meanwhile, if a society

that doesn't come, then sent to the neighbor with the goal of keeping all the

neighbors get water prayer limes and charms. For more details on the practice of their implementation will be described below:

1) Home Charms Lime water home and Charms have been provided by charmer on ritual Tolak bala. Time taking home and charms of water lime, after the completion of the ritual of

talisman. In practice, lime water pass them over-sweep to the face, hands, and feet

(the whole family is obliged to wear them without exception) are conducted at

night. Lime water is not only used on the human body alone, but also in every corner of the House wall. As for how mengunakanya in a splash around the home.

The ritual sprinkling of lime water followed by installing charms precisely on the

wind-wind is the main door of the House (front of House) or also every corner eye

The Charms of Tolak Bala Ritual of Malay Serdang… 101

wind if the House has an angle, this is done during the dayor the evening as a ritual

execution of. Lime Water purut has a usefulness to throw shitor pesky body in each person's

personality, such as the person always gets disaster sickly alternates.With the case is expected the existence of ritual tolak bala by using lime water as a symbol with

the permission of God were all spared from various sorts of bala. Splash of lime water around the home and charms, also have the ability to patron. Patron here who in intent is protection from the dangers of mara harm sent other

people as well as the danger of evil spirits. Such occult evil beings want in at home

with the lime water splash with charms then sulitlah he will go (occult beings)

could not even completely. One of the men who understand the charms tolak bala argues that the charms don't have absolute efficacy. If God has wished such people

who inhabit has been given a try with then trials that remain will also come. In this

case the human being only able to attempt. The effort in doing as sought by holding ritual talisman of them for home protection, that is with a splash of lime water and

charms hung in every home.

2) Free-range Charms Charms charms is the hometown created specifically to protect the village.

Kampong charms hung by using special wood, namely wood of mothers. Wood

mothers plugged and plugged charms. As for the charms of the intended that is

tying the fabric so titian and a Sling. While the implementation ritual mounting charms it during the day, more precisely after the completion of the ritual of

talisman. As principals installation charms at the boundaries of wards,

responsibility of the handler ritual tolak bala. Charmer ritual tolak balawood said that the mothers be very necessary as a symbol

because of the wooden charms binder is the most ancient of wooden railway other

, for this is called "wood of mothers". View charmer about the placement of the charms on the border of the village is the hometown of protection means giving the

distance to the occult evil creatures to enter hometown especially to interfere with

your activity the people of the village.

In terms of counteracting tolak bala, handler says charms to kampung protective need to do because the core of the talisman itself with is treat villages and rejected

all disasters. When compared to the other between the charms to charms of

kampung houses and has the distinction. This distinction lies in the existence of these charms. If he then hometown protection charms is the protection of the entire

community of the village of Baganserdang Subdistrict Pantai LabuDeli Serdang

district. When the protection is capable of in the translucent part of the supernatural creatures (intend to do evil), then the charms of home can still be protective.

Charms or protector of the House as the Castle end of the disorder being unseen.

102 Sutikno, Mohamed Anwar , Rahmat Kartolo

Conclusion

Based on the results of the study of this research, researchers, and the local

community of artists from among States that the ritual of Talisman for the treatment of diseases or avert not felt strangers again. However, the frequency of

implementation in an attempt treatmentavert being reduced. The principal causes in

the aspect of globalization, namely the technology of modern medicine. The tradition of traditional medicine bermantera not able to follow the current

technological developments of modern medicine that is thriving in the community.

So the ritual of talisman for the treatment of diseases or avert still exist in the community, the necessary efforts towards innovation with ritual pemuliharaan

tolak bala.Thus, all of the artists and the public wants talisman to rituals

avertlearned and passed on by the younger generation. In addition, it is expected

the ritual tolak bala regarded by the community at both the secondary level or above. The entire community of artists and agree on the need for support in an

attempt to revive the ritual of Talisman for the treatment of diseasesor avert

without eliminating the root of ethnic culturalsociety Malay Village Bagan Serdang Subdistrict Pantai Labu.


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International Journal of Humanities

103 and Social Development Research

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