padang 2002 earthquake report

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MARWADI EDUCATION FOUNDATION’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, GAURIDAD CAMPUS.Department Of CIVIL Engineering

A REPORT ON INDONESIA EARTHQUAKEPADANG 30 SEPT 2009

DESCRIPTION OF EARTHQUAKE AND AREA OF IMPACT

Prepared byJagniyant Lunagariya (civil-EF1)

120570106015

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INDEX

Sr. No Content Page No.

1. Brief introduction 03

2. Seismology of the region 04

3. Time History 07

4. History of Earthquake of Region 08

5. Effect of Earthquake 17

a) Human Impact 17

b) Structural Damage 18

6. Response of Indonesian government 24

7. Final Remark 30

9. References 31

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1) Brief Introduction

Region Western Sumatra

Magnitude M 7.8

Date 30 September 2009

Time 17:16:09

Latitude 0.725S

Longitude 99.856E

Depth 81 Km

Death 1195

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2) SEISMOLOGY OF THE REGION

In most subduction zones, motion of the subducted plate is nearly perpendicular to the Trench axis . In some cases, for example Sumatra, where the motion is oblique to the axis, a strike-slip fault zone is seen, and is lying parallel to the volcanic chain. Since 1975, 12 earthquake having magnitudes greater than 7.occurred in western Indonesia.

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Padang earthquake which occurred on 30 September 2009, has produced the maximum acceleration of earthquake waves at Padang region between 200 gals in Padang and 120 gal in Padang Panjang. The maximum intensity is estimated to be occurred in Padang, to be VIII in EMS98 macroseismic scale, due to greater damages to engineered structures and a possible site effect. The maximum intensity was estimated to be VII in Padang Pariama, VI in Bukit Tinggi and Tandikat landslide area.

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Location of the 30 September 2009 earthquake.

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3) TIME HISTORY

Ground acceleration and response spectra (N-S component) anddesign earthquake spectra (BMKG/USGS, 2009).

4) HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKES OF REGION

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List of Indonesian earthquakes

Date[1] LocationMagnitud

eFatalities Description

1797 02 10 Sumatra 8.4 >300

Further

information: 1797

Sumatra earthquake

1833 11 25 Sumatra 8.9 6000

Further

information: 1833

Sumatra earthquake

1861 02 16 Sumatra 8.5 2,000+

Further

information: 1861

Sumatra earthquake

1899 09 30 Ceram 7.8 >3000

Earthquake followed by

tsunami.

Further

information: 1899 Ceram

earthquake

1917 01 20 Bali 8.6 1,500

Further

information: 1917 Bali

earthquake

1935 12 28 Sumatra 7.7 Unknown

Further

information: 1935

Sumatra earthquake

1938 02 01 Banda Sea 8.5 Unknown Further

information: 1938 Banda

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Sea earthquake

1943 06 08 Sumatra 7.2 Unknown

Further

information: 1943 Alahan

Panjang earthquakes

1965 01 24 Sanana Island 8.2 71

Further

information: 1965 Ceram

Sea earthquake

1976 06 25 Papua 7.1 5,000

Further

information: 1976 Papua

earthquake

1977 08 19 Sumba 8.3 189

Further

information: 1977

Sumba earthquake

1981 01 19 Papua 6.7 305

Further

information: 1981 Irian

Jaya earthquake

1982 12 25 Flores 5.9 13

Further

information: 1982 Flores

earthquake

1984 11 17 Northern Sumatra 7.2

Further

information: 1984

Northern Sumatra

earthquake

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1992 12 11 Flores Region 7.8 2,500

Further

information: 1992 Flores

earthquake

1994 02 15 Sumatra 7.0 207

Further

information: 1994 Liwa

earthquake

1994 06 03 Java 7.8 200+

Further

information: 1994 Java

earthquake

1996 02 17 Biak 8.1 108

Further

information: 1996 Biak

earthquake

2000 06 04 Southern Sumatra 7.9 103

Further

information: 2000

Sumatra earthquake

2002 10 10 Western New Guinea 7.6 8

2002 11 02 Northern Sumatra 7.3 3

Further

information: 2002

Sumatra earthquake

2003 05 26 Halmahera 7.0 1

2004 01 28 Seram 6.7 Unknown

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2004 02 05 Western New Guinea 7.0 37

2004 02 07 Western New Guinea 7.3

2004 07 25 Southern Sumatra 7.3

2004 11 11 Kepulauan Alor 7.5 34

2004 11 26 Papua 7.1 32

2004 12 26Sumatra-Andaman

Islands9.2

225,000(Only

Indonesia. Total

Death Toll was

290,000 (cause

the tsunami

waves killed 35

thousand in Sri

Lanka, 18,000

in India, 8200 in

Thailand, 600 in

Myanmar, 100

in Maldives, 80

in Malaysia, 300

in Somalia, 10

in Tanzania and

Remaining in

Bangaadesh,

South Africa,

Kenya and

Yemen.)

Further

information: 2004 Indian

Ocean earthquake and

tsunami

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2005 01 01Off the West Coast of

Northern Sumatra6.7

2005 02 19 Sulawesi 6.5 Unknown

2005 02 26 Simeulue 6.8

2005 03 02 Banda Sea 7.1

2005 03 28 Northern Sumatra 8.6 1,346

Further

information: 2005

Sumatra earthquake

2005 04 10Kepulauan Mentawai

Region6.7

2005 05 14 Nias Region 6.7

2005 05 19 Nias Region 6.9

2005 07 05 Nias Region 6.7

2005 11 19 Simeulue 6.5

2006 01 27 Banda Sea 7.6

Further

information: 2006 Banda

Sea earthquake

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2006 03 14 Seram 6.7 4

2006 05 16 Nias Region 6.8

2006 05 26 Java 6.3 5,780Further information: May

2006 Java earthquake

2006 07 17 Java 7.7 730

Further

information: 2006

Pangandaran

earthquake and tsunami

2006 07 23 Sulawesi 6.1

2006 12 18 North Sumatra 5.8 7

2007 01 21 Molucca Sea 7.5 4

2007 03 06 Sumatra 6.4, 6.3 68

Further

information: March 2007

Sumatra earthquakes

2007 08 09 Java 7.5

The shock was located

100 km (62 mi) east-

northeast of Jakarta, at a

depth of 289 km

(180 mi).[2]

2007 09 12 Sumatra 8.5, 7.9, 7.1 23 Further

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information: September

2007 Sumatra

earthquakes

2008 02 20 Simeulue 7.4 3

2008 02 25Kepulauan Mentawai

Region7.0, 6.4, 6.6

2008 11 16 Sulawesi 7.5, 5.6 4

Further

information: 2008

Sulawesi earthquake

2009 01 03 West Papua 7.6 4

Further


earthquake

2009 02 12 Talaud Islands 7.2

Further

information: 2009 Talaud

Islands earthquake

2009 08 16Siberut, Mentawai

Islands6.7

Further

information: August 2009

Sumatra earthquake

2009 09 02 Java 7.0 15

Further

information: 2009 West

Java earthquake

2009 09 30 Sumatra 7.6 1,117 Further

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information: 2009

Sumatra earthquakes

2010 04 06 Sumatra 7.8

Further information: April

2010 Sumatra

earthquake

2010 05 19 Sumatra 7.2 Unreported

Further information: May

2010 Northern Sumatra

earthquake

2010 06 16 Papua 7.0 17

Further


earthquake

2010 10 25 Sumatra 7.7 435

Further

information: October

2010 Sumatra

earthquake and tsunami

2011 04 03 Java 6.7 Unreported

2011 09 05 Northern Sumatra 6.6 1 [3]

2012 01 10Off the West Coast of

Northern Sumatra7.3 0

2012 04 11 Off the westernmost

Aceh province of

Northern Sumatra

8.6[4] 10 Further


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Ocean earthquakes

Indonesia and other

countries with coasts

facing the Indian Ocean

issued a tsunami

warning after an

earthquake with a

magnitude of 8.6 hit

waters off the

westernmost Aceh

province.[4]

2012 04 11Off the West coast of

Northern Sumatra8.2[5] 0

Further


Ocean earthquakes §

Aftershocks

Aftershock of magnitude

8.2 hits West Coast of

Northern Sumatra, 2

hours and 5 minutes

after the first shock

2012 12 10North-West of Saumlaki,

Tanimbar Islands7.2[6]

2013 04 06Enarotali near Irian Jaya,

E. Indonesia7.1

2013 07 02 Northern Sumatra 6.1 35[7]

Further

information: 2013 Aceh

earthquake

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2013 11 19

1. 68 miles

of

fTobelo,Halmahe

ra Island

6.3 0

(5) EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE

a) HUMAN IMPACT :-

On Wednesday September 30, 2009, at 5:16 p.m., an Mw 7.6 earthquake struck the west coast of Sumatra, affecting an area with a population of about 1.2M people, including 900,000 in Padang and 80,000 in Pariaman. Padang is the capital of West Sumatra, situated on the coast of the Indian Ocean between the Sumatra fault and the Sunda Trench fault. The earthquake caused 1,195 deaths and significant damage to about 140,000 houses and 4,000 other buildings (Satkorlak, 2009).

The casualties (383 deaths, 431 serious injuries) in Padang were mostly due to building damage and collapse. These numbers would likely have been higher had the earthquake struck earlier, when Schools and offices were in session. Landslides in the outlying rural mountain areas buried several villages, damaged roads, and caused over 600 deaths. That the earthquake did little damage to roads and bridges in and around Padang facilitated the restoration of power, communications and infrastructure to most regions within a week.

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b) STRUCTURAL DAMAGE :-

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A Mw 7.6 earthquake hit the western Sumatra and Padang city on September 30th 2009. A reconnaissance team was dispatched to the area by IIEES. There was no ground motion record available to estimate the earthquake PGA or the response spectra. The damage observation covers building and houses, water supply network and transportation system. A quick survey of hospitals was also performed during the reconnaissance trip.

The buildings in the region can be categorized mainly as masonry and RC buildings. The damage level for the houses were estimated as following by local officialsLevel of damage Padang city TotalHigh 33597 114797Medium 35816 67198Light 37615 67738

Low quality material and incorrect construction methods were identified as the main reasons of damage as shown in the following pictures. Soft storey effect was observed in several RC buildings in the Padang city. Considerable damage to historical buildings was observed.

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Collapse of Padang city government building.

4-story building with extensive nonstructural damage.

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Partially collapsed SMK 9 Negeri High School

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Masonry building constructed by Dutch in 1908

Damage to home shop is common in Padang

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5) Response of Indonesian government

The government response to the earthquake tested the extensive planning that had been done in Indonesia in the nearly five years since the 2004 Sumatran earthquake and tsunami. Following the massive destruction in Aceh Province, the Indonesian National Government identified Padang as one of six cities in which to make a focused investment of resources, planning activities, and public education. While there was substantial evidence that the disaster preparedness planning and training for tsunamis had a positive effect in Padang, the earthquake taught new lessons for disaster planning and response, some of which are critical to protecting lives, property, and continuity of operations.

Initial response and communication

The strong ground motion shaking served as immediate notification of danger to all residents of the city. Consistent with prior training and preparedness plans, the principal officers responsible for emergency operations in the city contacted each other by radio, and within five minutes the mayor activated the emergency plan for the Padang. The principals met first at the Radio Station of

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RRI, since the station had a back-up generator and they could communicate a rapid assessment of the situation to the public. Since the City Hall building had been damaged, the mayor established the Emergency Operations Center at his residence, which was undamaged and could accommodate the many organizations engaged in response operations. Communication was limited as the earthquake had damaged electrical power, cell phone, and landline telephone communications.

Coordination among response agencies and governmental jurisdictions In most important respects, prior training improved coordination in response operations among agencies within the city, within the province of West Sumatra, and among provinces across the nation. However, key elements of the response bear re-examination. The preparedness exercises in the years 2005-2008 that emphasized tsunami warning and evacuation led to spontaneous mass evacuation by city residents, including emergency response personnel and their families. The absence of key personnel from response operations in the first crucial hours after the earthquake hampered the overall response and coordination. Most critical was the absence of police to direct the traffic for evacuation, and to clear roads so fire personnel could respond to the 36 fires that broke out following the earthquake. Coordination was further limited by damage to the City Hall buildings, where GIS mapping resources were lost.

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Reinstatement of corroded wall

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Defective Column

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Reinstatement of column

6) Final Remark

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Damage to older concrete buildings is not unexpected, since they were designed and constructed to codes with insufficient seismic loading requirements and without ductile reinforcing bar details. On the other hand, the damage to newer buildings was greater than expected and demonstrates the needs for more training for engineers and contractors, and for more rigorous enforcement of building code provisions. While the Indonesian government has aggressive goals to rebuild quickly, the reconstruction should not bypass the needed improvements to the planning, design and construction practices that will result in safer buildings. The earthquake is a reminder of the serious future seismic threats faced by Padang and West Sumatra. The number of casualties in collapsed and damaged buildings would have been larger had the earthquake occurred earlier in the day, and a tsunami would have caused more fatalities, as tens of thousands of people did not evacuate quickly enough. The evacuation demonstrated that horizontal evacuation routes will not accommodate the large population in low-lying areas. Without an improved evacuation infrastructure (wider roads, better directions, improved coordination) and more effective vertical evacuation (designing better new buildings, and assessing and retrofitting existing buildings), many people will remain in harm’s way.

7) REFERENCES:-

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http://earthquaketrack.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.earthquake.usgs.gov