Indexofnamesassets.cambridge.org/97811070/33078/index/9781107033078_index.pdf · Indexofnames Numbersinitalictyperefertothisvolume Ab¯ıBakr,Asm¯a bint,283 AbuBakr,292,299 Achenwall,Gottfried,190,209

Index of names

Numbers in italic type refer to this volume

Abı Bakr, Asma� bint, 283Abu Bakr, 292, 299Achenwall, Gottfried, 190, 209Acosta, Jose de, 254, 258Adams, John, 297Aikenhead, Thomas, 316Ainsworth, Henry, 60Alexander III, Pope, 162Almain, Jacques, 41Althusius, Johannes, 264Altmann, Alexander, 97Alvinczi, Peter, 294Ambrose, St, 54Andreas II, king of Hungary, 276Appollonius, 44Aquinas, Thomas, 11, 164Aristotle, 31, 44, 173, 211, 280citizenship, 112, 119, 259government, 111, 151, 164, 211, 212

Arminius, Jacobus, 21, 27–8, 30Arnisaeus, Henning, 89Arriaga, Rodrigo de, 23–5Arumaeus, Dominicus, 264

Bacon, Francis, 56Baldus de Ubaldis, 169Balleriaux, Catherine, 5, 247–65Bancroft, George, 297Barani, Diya al-Din, 294, 295, 298Baranowski, Wojciech, 229Barbarossa, Frederick, Holy Roman

Emperor, 162, 163Barclay, William, 39, 47, 48, 305

Baron, Hans, 167, 237Baronius, Caesar, 40, 47Barrow, Henry, 60Barry, Jonathan, 119Bartolus of Saxoferrato, 169Basta, Giorgio, 286Bathory, Stephen, 232, 233, 290Baxter, Richard, 136Bayle, Pierre, 315Becanus, Martinus, 44, 46Beiser, Frederick, 222Belgioioso, Giacomo, 286, 288Bella, Giano della, 180Bellarmine, Robert, 49, 53ecclesiastical freedom, 39, 47, 51papal authority, 48, 54Benda, Kalman, 289Bentham, Jeremy, 2Berlin, Isaiah, 281Besold, Christoph, 264Beza, Theodore, 251, 304, 306, 307Biard, Father, 263Biester, Johann Erich, 198, 200Biondo, Flavio, 278Bocskai, Istvan, 285–94, 311manifesto, 290, 291, 292Bodin, Jean, 257, 265authority, 89, 151, 206, 242, 264Boethius, 47Boetie, Etienne de la, 175Botero, Giovanni, 44, 46Bouwsma, William, 298Bovio, Giovanni Antonio, 51

384

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Index of names 385

Bracciolini, Poggio, 278Brachlow, Stephen, 58Bracton, Henry de, 261Bramhall, John, bishop, 89Brebeur, Jean de, 255Bressani, Guiseppe, 259Brett, Annabel, 2, 5, 9–26, 67Browne, Robert, 60Bruni, Leonardo, 172, 173, 180, 239Bruno of Merseburg, 157Brutus the Celt, 304Bryce, Lord, 266Bucer, Martin, 12Buchanan, George, 303Burghley, Lord, 108Burke, Edmund, 190, 194, 211, 220Burnet, Thomas, 149Busius, Paulus, 243

Cano, Melchior, 11Carleton, George, 39, 53Carrerio, Alessandro, 40Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, 85Casaubon, Isaac, 51Castellio, Sebastian, 300, 304, 307Catladino, Jose, 259Cave, Terence, 31Charles I, 161, 162, 164Cheynell, Francis, 92Chillingworth, William, 85, 92Choppin, Rene, 270Christov, Theodore, 3, 167–87Cicero, 25, 129, 137, 139, 181, 266, 274freedom and passions, 38, 250public office, 36, 41, 139, 182

Cleaver, John, 151, 156Cobo, Bernabe, 250Cockeram, Henry, 313Coffey, John, 7, 261, 289, 293Coleman, Thomas, 95, 96–7Collinson, Patrick, 107–8, 113Conde, Prince of, 304, 305Condillac, Etienne de, 88Condorcet, Marquis de, 184Condren, Conal, 126Conring, Hermann, 265Constant, Benjamin, 120, 184, 216Conversini, Giovanni, 170, 171Cook, Michael, 4Coolhaes, Caspar, 310, 315Coornhert, Dirck, 23, 24, 52, 247, 309, 310

Cornwallis, William, 56Corvinus, Matthias, 295Cox, Rosanna, 4, 146–65Cranz, August Friedrich, 94, 107, 111,

113Crell, Johan, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 93Crell, Martin, 3Cromwell, Oliver, 131, 314Crouzet, Denis, 304

Dalberg, Carl Theodor von, 219Dante Alighieri, 168Dawson, Hannah, 4, 25de Bathor, Stephanus, 290de Bray, Guy, 307de Diversis, Philippus, 211de Jaucort, Louis, 267de Keyzer, Hendrick, 243de Keza, Simonis, 280de la Court, Johan, 247, 248, 249, 252de la Court, Pieter, 247, 248, 249, 252de Ovalle, Alonso, 252de Vries, Gerard, 250, 251deWitt, Jan, 249Descartes, Rene, 35, 65–83, 247bodily capacities of humans, 71certainty, 68, 72conception of the mind, 65conception of the will, 65, 67, 68, 69, 73,76

constancy, 76divine providence, 68egalitarianism, 76, 77freedom of the will, 67, 71, 83generosity, 74, 75, 76human capacity for speech, 71influence of, 65judgements, 66, 68, 70, 72language, 84limits of human knowledge, 72moral responsibility, 70, 72passions, 73perception, 69, 79perfection of the actions of the will, 73, 76possibility of error, 67and Princess Elisabeth, 69reason, 66, 70, 72virtue and happiness, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77volition, 79wonder, 73

Deusdedit, Cardinal, 161






386 Index of names

Diderot, Denis, 267, 274, 276, 277Digges, Dudley, 86, 87Christianity, 92founding pact, 88, 89, 91, 155individual choice and judgement, 91, 92Socinianism, 3, 86

Dod, Robert, 151, 156Donteclock, Reginald, 37Dorislaus, Isaac, 57Downame, George, 54, 58, 64, 69, 70, 71DuMoulin, Charles, 260, 270, 272Du Plessis-Mornay, Phillippe, 307Dubois, Pierre, 41Dumoulin, Charles, 43Dzialynski, Pawel, 233

Eckhardt, Ferenc, 289Eire, Carlos, 303Eliot, John, 249, 253, 254, 257anomie, 262congregationalism, 257conversion of native peoples, 257, 260,261

praying towns, 261, 262Elisabeth, Princess, 65–83interdependence of mind and body, 83repentance, 75Stoicism, 75virtue and happiness, 70, 77

Elton, Geoffrey, 107Epictetus, 47, 56, 274Episcopus, Simon, 36, 246Epstein, Klaus, 194Erasmus, Desiderius 4, 247Erastus, Thomas, 95–6Erhard, Johan Benjamin, 204Escher, Johan Caspar, 6, 250, 251, 252

Ferdinand of Habsburg, 281, 282Ferente, Serena, 5Ferne, Henry, 155Ferrier, Arnauld de, 42Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 208, 209, 210–15aesthetics, 225Bildung and culture, 212, 213, 225, 226concepts of freedom, 212, 213, 215French Revolution, 211legitimacy of a constitution, 213natural law tradition, 212perfection and freedom, 215philosophy, 225

rational and autonomous nature of man,212

resistance theory, 213revolution, 214and Schiller, 225–6social contract, 214the state, 215tyranny, 213Filelfo, Francesco, 174, 278Filmer, Robert, 126, 147, 152Florence, 168, 172, 187Florentinus, 258, 261Foretic, Vinko, 214Forman, Fonna, 5, 266–82Foxley, Rachel, 116Franklin, Benjamin, 271Frede, Michael, 26Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 235

Gaius, 259Gay, Peter, 267Gentz, Friedrich von, 189, 190, 194, 200, 224freedom, 190, 193, 194hereditary privileges, 195and Kant, 195, 199, 200rights, 195Gerson, Jean, 41Geuss, Raymond, 218Giannotti, Donato, 191Gillespie, George, 97Giovanni of Legnano, 169, 170Goldie, Mark, 109, 113, 119Goltsius, Hendrick, 309Gomarus, Franciscus, 21, 28, 29, 35Goodman, Christopher, 302, 303Goodwin, John, 313, 315Gornicki, Lukasz, 220, 224Gouge, William, 151, 156Gozze, Niccolo, 211, 212Graswinckel, Dirk, 243Green, Felicity, 4, 27–45, 48, 76Greenblatt, Stephen, 46, 264Gregorius XIV, pope, 50Gregory VII, pope, 160, 162Greville, Fulke, 56, 57, 58, 60–2, 63authority, 61inner freedom, 60self-possession, 60subjection, 60subordination of women, 61Gromelski, Thomasz, 6






Index of names 387

Grotius, Hugo, 25, 26, 32, 33, 35, 239Counter-Remonstrants, 33, 34, 35, 36freedom, 24–7, 33, 36human nature, 60, 135Lipsius and, 55religious toleration, 247and Socinus, 82United Provinces of the Netherlands, 240

Guarini, Battista, 187Guicciardini, Francesco, 39, 187, 193Guyer, Paul, 222

Ha, Polly, 3, 257Habardanecz, Janos, 281Hafsun, Ibn, 284Hall, John, 131–3, 142Halldenius, Lena, 3, 227–43Hampsher-Monk, Iain, 3, 105–26H. amza, Abu al-Mukhtar ibn �Awf, 293Harding, Alan, 260Harrington, James, 114, 134–7common interest, 135, 136elections, 136, 137freedom of speech, 137reason of state, 134, 139

Hegel, G. W. F., 20, 196, 207, 224Heineccius, Johann Gottleib, 110Heinrich, Dieter, 195Henri of Anjou, 226Henri Valois, 223Henry VII of Luxembourg, 165Hexter, J. H., 177, 178Hierocles, 278, 279Hobbes, Thomas, 4, 125, 135, 167, 169–73authority, 90, 141–7, 149Erastianism, 101, 108the Fall of man, 143, 145founding pact, 90freedom of conscience, 4, 91, 144idolatry, 102language, 84, 85licence, 126reason, 144religion and politics, 135, 152religious laws, 102, 104religious toleration, 102–4religious worship, 145state of nature, 170

Hotman, Francois, 257, 272, 304,307

Hoyle, Joshua, 96

Hufeland, Gottlieb, 217Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 208, 209, 215–19,

223Bildung and culture, 226bureaucracy, 215disinterestedness, 218freedom and individual development, 217French Revolution, 216human nature, 216limits of state activity, 216, 218love, 218paternalism, 218perfectibility, 217reform and revolution, 215, 219republicanism, 217virtue, 217Hume, David, 2, 271, 274Hunyadi, Janos, 278Hurtado de Mendoza, Pedro, 17Hyde, Edward, 89

Illeshazy, Istvan, 285Ireton, Henry, 118, 312Israel, Jonathan, 309

Jabarti, 300Jachmann, Reinhold, 194Jacob, Henry, 57, 257authority and power, 67conformity, 74congregationalism, 58, 59, 69consent, 57, 65, 67, 71, 74covenanted society, 61definition of church, 75definition of freedom, 63ecclesiastical liberty, 62ecclesiology, 57forms of government, 67freedom of choice, 59, 62, 63, 74independence, 61popular sovereignty, 68power and authority, 67, 68

Jakob, Ludwig Heinrich von, 204James I, 33, 151Jefferson, Thomas, 297John of Paris, 41Johnson, Francis, 61, 64Johnson, George, 61Junius, Stephanus, 304Jurieu, Pierre, 252, 315Justinian, 26, 185






388 Index of names

Kahl, Johann, 272Kainnulainen, Jaska, 2Kant, Immanuel, 167, 184, 188–206, 210aesthetic judgement, 224autonomy, 191, 202, 226categorical imperative, 191, 196civil liberty, 189, 206constitutionalism, 189, 193, 196, 206cosmopolitanism, 276debate with conservatives, 189, 193egalitarian concept of civil liberty, 189,201

external freedom, 226free will and civil liberty, 200, 202hereditary privileges, 201, 206judgement, 204, 222justice, 189, 197, 198, 201limits of state activity, 226monarchy, 203, 205, 206and Moser, 201patriotism, 200permissive laws, 201, 202, 206politically prudent man, 200practical man, 200, 203property, 202and Rehberg, 200–1relation between theory and practice, 192,199

republicanism, 199, 203, 204, 206revolution, 204and Rousseau, 210sovereignty, 204Theory and Practice, 192–3Kantorowicz, Ernst, 271Kaufmann, Thomas, 2Kling, Melchior, 267Knox, John, 302, 303, 304Koenigsberger, Helmut, 6Kulthum, Amr ibn, 291Kuncevic, Lovro, 5

La Vopa, Anthony, 211Lacko, Mate Szepsi, 288Lalemant, Jerome, 251, 252, 255, 260, 263Landulf Senior, 158, 159Laski, Hieronymus, 281Latini, Brunetto, 164Lavater, Johann Kaspar, 109Le Jeune, Paul, 247, 250, 251, 253, 256, 260,

263, 264Le Maire, Andre Alexandre, 209

Le Maıtre, Jean, 43Le Petit, Jean Francois, 237Lee, Daniel, 6Leibniz, GottfriedWilhelm, 91, 92Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 89, 97Lifschitz, Avi, 4, 84–101Lightfoot, John, 95, 96, 97Lilburne, John, 116, 117, 118Lipsius, Justus, 46–63, 247contribution of, 50, 55definition of the soul, 51ethics, 47, 50freedom of the will, 53inner freedom, 49, 62man’s position in the cosmos, 50neo-Stoicism, 62obedience, 53political thought, 47Providence, 52, 55rational soul and divine reason, 49reason, 51, 52, 76reason and passions, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55spiritualism, 52Stoicism, 50, 51, 55wisdom, 54Livy, 285Locke, John, 4, 26, 116, 118authority, 127, 147–52conscience, 148, 149desire, 129freedom, 121, 123, 124, 126God’s power, 130language, 85morality, 120, 129, 130, 131, 132natural law, 148, 149natural religion, 119passions, 128patriarchalism, 154punishment, 121reason, 122, 124, 150religion and politics, 135, 148, 151,152

religious toleration, 151Scripture, 150virtue, 127will, 124Loschi, Antonio, 170Louis the Great, 276Louis XIV, 237Lucan, 173Lugo, Juan de, 17–23






Index of names 389

moral faculty, 18obligations, 21, 22

Lupoldus, 271Luther, Martin, 1, 2, 18concept of the priesthood, 12–13writings, 11, 20

Lydius, Balthazar, 21

Macaulay, Catherine, 121Machiavelli, Niccolo, 5, 39, 174allegory of the state as a body, 188, 189,190, 191, 194

cities, 46, 207concept of liberty, 178, 180conflict between the people and thenobility, 183

definition of states, 185, 187domination, 182Il principe, 177, 178leggi e ordini, 180monarchy, 187political ontology, 183, 191principalities, 184, 192relationship between the free person andthe free state, 181, 182

republican theory of liberty, 194servitude, 185social ontology, 183statecraft, 191, 193theory of empire, 189theory of the state, 176, 177, 178, 179,183, 184, 194

Maissen, Thomas, 6, 261, 262Maitland, F. W., 105Maliks, Reidar, 3, 188–206Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 205Marcus Aurelius, 274Marino of Caramanico, 166, 170Mariscotti, Agesilao, 44, 45Marnix van St Aldegonde, 23Marshall, John, 301Marshall, Stephen, 87, 92, 313Marsilius of Padua, 169Marx, Karl, 279Matteucci, Girolamo, 205Maurits, Stadholder, 35, 36Mawdudı, Abu �l-A�la, 301–4, 306Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 256Mayhew, Thomas Jr., 249Melanchthon, Philipp, 17Memmius, Gaius, 157

Mendelssohn, Moses, 4, 94, 84–101, 106–13,114

coercion, 112emergence of language and politicalsociety, 86, 89, 90, 100, 101

evil, 92excommunication, 107freedom, 93, 95, 96, 101happiness, 93Hebrew republic, 109idolatry, 99Judaism, 97, 98, 106, 107, 109, 110, 113love, 92perfectibility, 92, 93, 226pity, 92progress, 97relationship between language andfreedom, 99, 101relationship between the state andreligion, 94, 96, 112

religious beliefs and public welfare, 109religious oaths, 94, 100religious power, 107religious toleration, 107, 113rights and duties, 95, 96and Rousseau, 90and Selden, 85, 110social contract, 97spoken language, 101state of nature, 93, 96truth, 98written characters, 89, 98, 99, 101

Mill, John Stuart, 235, 279Milton, John, 130, 163, 308, 313authority, 147and Charles I, 162, 164citizenship, 146–65civil liberty, 148conception of freedom, 149definition of liberty, 146divorce, 157, 159, 162, 163elections, 130, 141, 148freedom, 149, 150, 157, 163, 164, 165,166

freedom and the household, 157, 158freedom of speech, 141–2government, 129–31, 141, 148household organisation, 146–65independence, 149, 150, 158, 160, 161,166

limits of sovereign power, 147






390 Index of names

Milton, John (cont.)marriage, 156, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165,166

natural law, 146relationship between the household andthe state, 151

relationship of the king with the state, 163rights, 147self-government, 149slavery, 157social contract, 146tyranny, 160, 165virtue, 162, 165women, 150, 156, 165

Mirabeau, le comte de, 218, 220Mitic, Ilija, 214Modestinus, 270Molina, Luis, 10, 17, 18, 22Monserrat, Gilles D., 56Montaigne, Michel de, 27–45benefaction and gratitude, 35condemnation of lying, 44dependency, 35education, 34Essais, 28freedom of movement, 33, 34, 35liberty as a property of a person, 37moral qualities, 42non-domination, 38obligations, 40openness, 43ownership of actions, 41public life and society, 39reflection, 32self-possession, 29, 31, 32, 43, 47, 76solitude and privacy, 42, 43

Montenegro, Alonso de la Pena, 253, 254Montesquieu, Charles de, 107, 216Mortimer, Sarah, 3Moser, Justus, 188, 191, 197and Kant, 192, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200

Moya, Matheo de, 255Mughıra ibn Shu�ba, 289Muhammad, 289, 303Muntzer, Thomas, 16

Nagel, Thomas, 282Nani, Battista, 274Naude, Gabriel, 55Nelson, Eric, 3Nicholas of Flue, 237

Oestreich, Gerhard, 46, 55Oldenbarnevelt, Johan van, 25, 33Oldfield, T. B., 125Origen, 26Orzechowski, Stanislaw, 229Ostrorog, Jan, 234Otto of Freising, Bishop, 163Oz-Salzberger, Fania, 206

Paget, John, 62, 65, 71Paine, Thomas, 121, 124, 211, 270Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de, 258, 262, 263Paley, William, 2Palmieri, Matteo, 182Palmota, Junius, 213Papy, Jan, 47Parker, Henry, 87, 146, 147, 155Pasha, Khayr al-Din, 300, 301, 303Pasquier, Etienne, 239Perkins, William, 22Petrarch, 47Pettit, Philip, 33, 176, 180Piccolomini, Enea Silvio, 278Pierzchlinski, Andrzej, 233Pithou, Pierre, 41Plato, 151Plutarch, 274, 275Pocock, J. G. A., 107, 183, 237Polyander, 34Pope, Alexander, 205Possevino, Antonio, 48Poullain de la Barre, Francois, 65–83desires, 81education, 78, 83equality, 81, 83inner freedom, 82, 83interdependence of mind and body, 80, 83judgement, 79, 80knowledge, 78, 81mental capacities, 79, 80reason, 79role of the will, 80, 81self-knowledge, 82virtue, 81, 82Price, Richard, 211Price, Russell, 177Priestley, Joseph, 121Prynne, William, 311Ptolemy of Lucca, 164, 165Pufendorf, Samuel, 4, 25, 91, 116, 265authority, 127






Index of names 391

freedom, 15, 122God’s power, 131human nature, 122moral entities, 25moral responsibility, 25, 120, 131,132

natural entities, 25natural religion, 119nature and morality, 129, 130passions, 128, 131punishment, 121reason, 122, 124virtue, 128

Qushayri, 288Qutb, Sayyid, 304–5, 306, 307

Rady, Martya, 289, 311Ragneneau, Paul, 256, 263, 265Rainsborough, Thomas, 117Rangerius, Bishop, 159, 160Rehberg, August Wilhelm, 189, 194, 200–1,

203a priori principles for a constitution,196

citizenship, 197civil society, 197free will, 196and Fichte, 210, 211and Kant, 193, 194, 196, 199, 200reason as an end in itself, 196

Reinhold, Karl Leonhard, 214Resti, Junius, 206, 207, 209Reuter, Martina, 5, 65–83Reynolds, Edward, 56Rib i ibn Amir, 289Richer, Edmond, 47, 171Rinuccini, Alamanno, 171, 181Robert of Anjou, 165Robertson, John, 269Robinson, Henry, 313, 314Robinson, John, 61Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 167–87, 191, 221,

271, 297civil society, 87, 88, 169emergence of language, 86–8, 91inequality, 171international peace, 168natural liberty, 171natural man, 171, 172perfectibility, 87

political institutions, 180relations between states, 181social contract, 179unsociability of man, 171, 172, 224volonte generale, 170, 214war, 169–73

Rudolf, King of Hungary, 284, 285, 291,292

Rudyerd, Benjamin, 96Rustam, 289, 305Rutherford, Samuel, 311

Saint-Pierre, Abbee de, 172, 180, 181Sallust, 157, 162, 166, 173Salmon, J. H. M., 56, 259Saloensis, Ioannes, 207Salutati, Coluccio, 167, 168Sanderson, John, 87, 139authority, 140, 141conscience, 140, 141problem of things indifferent, 136,137

Sanderson, Robert, 4Sardi, Simone, 53Sarpi, Paolo, 39, 42, 45, 48, 49, 52Sayyid, Ahmad Lutti al-, 301Scaevola, Quintus Mutius, 139Schiller, Friedrich, 216, 219–24aesthetic judgement, 222, 223, 224autonomy, 222Bildung and culture, 226civil liberty, 220, 221corruption by civilisation, 220,221

freedom, 208, 220, 222French Revolution, 209, 220human self-realisation, 223neutral will, 223passion and intellect, 222paternalism, 209peace, 184political programme, 221social relations between men and women,223

state of reason, 221the sublime, 224unsociability of man, 224

Schilling, Heinz, 301Schlegel, Friedrich, 208Schmidt, Alexander, 5, 208–26Schmidt, Caspar, 266






392 Index of names

Selden, John, 4, 94–101, 106, 110, 113Hebraicism, 95, 97–101

Seneca, 38, 47, 55, 56, 70, 274Serjeantson, Richard, 300Servetus, Michel, 300Sforza, Francesco, 174Shakespeare, William, 63Shapiro, Lisa, 75, 77Sichard, Johan, 267Sidney, Philip, 56, 57–60Sierhuis, Freya, 29, 46–63, 76Sigismund II Augustus, 216, 223Sigismund III Vasa, 233Simler, Josias, 241Skarga, Piotr, 224Skinner, Quentin, 237, 273, 312Machiavelli, 177, 180positive freedom, 280republican freedom, 33, 38, 149Smith, Adam, 120–1, 234Smith, Sir Thomas, 110–13, 153Smyth, John, 60Socinians, 77Socinus, Faustus, 78–9free will, 79God’s freedom, 81impact in England, 85interpretation of Christianity, 78non-resistance, 80predestination, 79virtue, 80

Socrates, 276Soto, Domingo de, 10Speene, John, 252Spelman, Sir John, 147Spinoza, Baruch, 6, 104–5, 248, 249, 252democracy, 249, 251Hebrew republic, 104, 105interpretation of freedom, 252rejection of the Biblical God, 105religious toleration, 248social contract, 249

Stacey, Peter, 5Stafford, Anthony, 56Stanton, Tim, 4Stein, Peter, 268Stephanus, Josephus, 47, 54Stewart, Sir James, 315Strauss, Gerald, 268Streater, John, 130, 133–4, 136, 137, 142–4discipline, 144

elections, 134institutional arrangements, 134Strype, John, 96Stubbe, Henry, 100Stuppa, Giovanni Baptista, 245, 246Suarez, Francisco, 11–16, 22, 39, 46, 67ecclesiastical immunity, 50freedom, 52papal authority, 46, 47Sutcliffe, Adam, 281Sylvanus, Johan, 306Szapolyai, Janos, 281

Tacitus, 55Tahvanainen, Antti, 3, 128–44Taylor, Charles, 277Tell, William, 237Tellenbach, Gerd, 40Tertullian, 26Thysius, Antonius, 29Tieftrunk, Johan Heinrich, 205Tilmouth, Christopher, 60Towerson, Gabriel, 148Toynbee, Arnold, 267Travers, Walter, 58, 64, 65, 66, 67Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 267, 297Troeltsch, Ernst, 19Tschndi, Aegidius, 239Tuck, Richard, 87, 205

Uyttenbogaert, Johannes, 34, 35, 246

Valkenier, Petros, 238, 249van Deventer, Gerard Prouninck, 240van Gelderen, Martin, 309van Heemskerck, Jacob, 25Vasquez, Gabriel, 11Vattel, Emer de, 167–87balance between the local and theinternational, 177

balance of power, 181citizenship, 177, 180civitas maxima, 178communication between nations, 174,175, 181

critique of Rousseau, 172, 173–7, 179global republic of nations, 178inclination for perfection, 173language, 172the law of nature and the law of nations,168, 183






Index of names 393

liberty of states, 168secondary associations, 175self-love, 173sociability of man, 173, 178, 180social compact, 179state of nature, 168transnational associations, 175union of European states, 181, 184

Vetesi, Laszlo, 279Vignerio, Nicolo, 47Vitez, Janos, 278Vitoria, Francisco, 258Vivanti, Corrado, 177Voetius, Gisbert, 31Vogel, Ursula, 217Voigt, Christian Gottlob, 215Voltaire, 183, 266cosmopolitanism, 266, 267, 282and the Jews, 266, 267, 281, 282

von Hutten, Ulrich, 257von Sachsen, Georg, 13Vranck, Francois, 242

Walwyn, William, 114, 313Wellington, Nehemiah, 109Werboczi, Istvan, 279–81, 288Wesembeke, Mattheus, 27Wieacker, Franz, 268Wieland, Christoph Martin, 210Wilbur, Earl Morse, 77, 78Wildman, John, 117William of Ockham, 12William of Orange, 237, 246Williams, Bernard, 281Williams, Roger, 262, 263, 297, 313Withington, Philip, 119Witte, John Jr, 297, 306Wolan, Andrzej, 229Wolff, Christian, 178Wollstonecraft, Mary, 227–43

economic independence of women, 231education, 234equality, 233freedom, 230, 239, 240independence, 230, 231, 232, 264Mary, a Fiction, 237–9, 242moral acts, 239, 241moral agency, 239, 240, 241, 243morality, 228, 232, 234, 240, 241novels, 235, 236, 242oppression, 236, 239the political and the moral, 229, 233, 234,235, 239, 243

reason, 228, 231, 235rights, 229rights and duties, 241The Rights of Woman, 233, 236slavery, 230sociality, 231subjugation and judgement, 235submission, 238theology, 238A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 227,229

virtue, 232, 235, 237women’s enslavement, 235The Wrongs of Woman, 236, 242

Wood, Anthony, 86Wood, Neal, 182Worden, Blair, 57, 314

Yusi, 295

Zaborowski, Stanislaw, 224Zammito, John, 210Zamoyski, Jan, 225, 227, 232Zasius, Ulrich, 260, 268, 272Zaszkaliczky, Marton, 6, 311al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 307Zweig, Stefan, 297






Index of subjects

Numbers in italic type refer to this volume

adiaphora, 136, 147–52agency, 41, 79, 180, 299a condition of personhood, 37and detachment, 279and independence, 232, 241moral, 239and a person’s political situation, 228, 242political conditions of, 227–43

Ambrosiana libertas, 174analogies, 285, 309aristocrats and commoners, 284and culture, 285God and humans, 284husband and wife, 283ruler and ruled, 284

Anglicanism, 38, 58apocalyptic thinking, 11–20Apostolic authority, 72, 73Arabia, 290, 309anarchy in, 298authority in, 291, 298egalitarianism, 290, 291freedom in, 300political participation, 291use of the word laqah. , 291

aristocracy, 174Arminians, 2, 3, 21–8, 30, 37atonement, 82authority, 13, 14, 23, 61, 127, 137, 145, 154,

171, 219Apostolic, 72, 73attributes of, 142clerical, 67

of conscience, 141, 142and consent, 68, 133and elections, 131of government, 141, 142human, 138, 139and individual freedom, 192and judgement, 140locus of, 66, 68magisterial, 83and obedience, 144papal, 55of the people, 115and religious worship, 146republican, 132repudiation of, 143source of, 69, 130, 132, 147of the sovereign, 142of states, 178submission to, 145synodal, 72autonomy, 3, 5, 6, 26, 37, 126, 160,

171capacity for, 204and freedom, 46–63, 196, 202and judgement, 204Kant’s concept of, 191moral, 59

balance of power, 181, 182, 183commerce and, 182Bildung, 212, 213, 218Bocskai rebellion, 286manifesto, 290, 291, 292

394






Index of subjects 395

Bugis people, 286bureaucracy, 209, 215

Calvinism, 71, 238, 251, 253, 301Belgic Confession, 307Bohemian Confession, 310British resistance theorists, 302, 312and Christian freedom, 299and civil authority, 35civil liberty, 314debates on freedom, 21–37, 309divine eternity and human temporality, 31doctrine of predestination, 22, 24Dutch Calvinists, 307, 308free will, 31and freedom, 261, 300, 313freedom of conscience, 7, 306, 307, 309,

314, 315, 316and freedom of religion, 296, 309, 313history of, 296Hungarian, 288, 289, 310, 311idolatry and covenant, 306, 310language of liberty in, 296–316resistance theory, 298, 302, 303, 315true and false religion, 305use of force to defend religion, 306, 315

Catholics, conversion of native peoples, 257,264

censorship, 140, 141, 143Christian Estate, 12Christian freedom, 23, 134, 138, 278, 298,

300church, 2, 38, 42, 48Erastian settlement, 108and government, 5, 34, 36, 38, 44, 84independence of, 42, 57–75nature of, 55right of self-government, 38unity of, 55universal church, 40, 59post-tridentine debates on, 38–55separation of, 44, 94, 106

Church of England, 58citizenship, 1, 106, 181, 193, 197, 276active, 114, 115, 122–4, 158, 164and cities, 106, 107duties of, 48elements of, 108in English political discourse, 105–26and freedom, 111, 122and freemen, 116

and office-holding, 112, 124and servitude, 113universalisation of the concept, 124vocabulary and practice of, 110, 111, 112

city-states, 157–75, 297, 308civic virtues, 180civil law, 2civil liberty, 1, 90, 180, 206, 299egalitarian concept of, 189and free will, 202gradual institution of, 189, 220as independence from another’s will, 3language and, 86, 101

civil society, 87, 88, 144, 150, 169, 180concept of the populus, 173as a corpus reipublicae, 181and ecclesiastical societies, 151and office-holding, 109and religion, 107, 109, 150

civil war, 35, 245clergy, claims for privileges and authority,

48, 50coercion, 33, 112, 113, 132, 195, 301by the state, 108, 181, 192

commonwealth, 206compact between sovereign and subject, 91conceptual history, 105Confederation of Warsaw, 84conflict, 90Confoederatio Bohemica, 235congregationalism, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 72conscience, 139; see also freedom of

conscienceand loyalty, 70and natural law, 148and reason, 140, 147, 150and will, 24

consent, 68, 123conservatism, 194constitutional freedom, and religious

freedom, 1constitutionalism, and human rights, 195contract between independent states, 202conversion, 109cooperation, 173, 175, 180, 186, 283, 284Corpus iuris civilis, 257, 258, 264cosmopolitanism, 179, 180classical, 280concept of freedom, 268influences on, 274and intolerance, 268, 281






396 Index of subjects

cosmopolitanism (cont.)modern, 280purposes of cosmopolitan ideas, 270, 272,

281variants of, 272view of human nature, 281

Council of Trent, 41, 42, 43covenanted society, 60, 61culture, 84, 212and analogies, 285Bildung, 212, 213, 218

democracy, 130, 131, 132, 144, 186, 228,249, 251

and Islam, 307dependency, 33, 35, 154, 228, 233detachment, 272, 279Diet of Worms, 241divine right of kings, 41domination, 186, 188, 191, 192, 220, 230,

231dominium, 185of animals, 20capacity of humans to acquire, 19and jurisdiction, 20transfer of, 22

Dubrovnik, seeRagusaDutch Republic, seeUnited Provinces of the

Netherlands

ecclesiastical immunity, 49, 50, 51ecclesiastical societies, 73, 151education, 83, 224, 234aesthetic education, 226Montaigne on, 34of native peoples in the NewWorld, 255Poullain de la Barre on, 78

egalitarianism, 189and civil liberty, 189, 201Descartes, 76, 77egalitarian concept of freedom, 188, 190,

221in Islam, 290, 291

Egypt, 300elections, 65, 66, 128–44, 236, 301and authority, 131in Hungary, 280Milton on, 130, 139, 141, 148open voting, 138in Poland, 223, 225, 226secret ballot, 137, 138

Electoral Saxonian Visitation, 16Englandbalance of power, 182bondmen, 112Brady controversy, 124citizen militia, 115citizenship, 105, 106, 107, 114, 116, 119,

122, 123civic renaissance, 119Civil War, 113, 312colonisation, 248a commonwealth, 108‘countrymen’, 107ecclesiastical liberty in, 57elections in, 128–44freedom of speech, 128–44freemen, 105, 107, 111, 116, 124land tenure system, 113Levellers, 114London Corresponding Society, 122–4missionaries in the NewWorld, 249, 252,

256, 260, 264neo-classical literary culture, 109neo-Stoicism in, 47, 56office-holding, 108, 109parliamentary government, 146parliamentary reform, 121, 122political activism in, 114political discourse in, 105–26religious reformmovements, 248religious toleration in, 120republicanism, 108, 109, 114, 116, 128–44rule of law, 115urban renaissance, 119Socinianism in, 85English Revolution, 95Enlightenment, 84, 200, 269, 270as a coherent movement, 269discussions of language and freedom, 86natural religion, 97equality, 65–83, 115, 172, 193, 199, 231, 233egalitarian concept of freedom, 188, 190,

192, 221Erastianism, 3, 94, 106ethics, and natural philosophy, 50Europe, 183concept of citizenship, 6concept of freedom as independence, 4, 6individualism, 296movements of religious renewal, 248place of liberty in the construction of, 185







political values of, 306secularisation in, 94

European federal republics, 235–55constitutions of, 236election of members of ruling elites, 236individual freedom in, 235, 252liberties in, 235locus of government in, 236religious unification, 246

European Free Trade Association, 186European Union, 185, 186excommunication, 68, 107, 108exile, 269, 274–6

fear, and freedom, 211France, 182colonisation, 248king and church in, 41missionaries in the NewWorld, 249, 259,

264reform of the princes, 41, 42religious reformmovements, 248Free Imperial Cities, 263free person, Roman juridical conception of,

179, 185free will, 5, 9–26, 35, 53, 65–83, 188and civil institutions, 31and civil liberty, 202and conscience, 24and divine judgement, 79and God’s grace, 28, 30, 31and predestination, 22, 29and reason, 29and responsibility, 79

freedom, 1, 37, 41, 115–133alienability of, 10, 11, 15in Calvinist political thought, 7, 21–37,

261, 296–316of choice, 74, 75Christian, 23, 134, 138, 278, 298, 300and citizenship, 111, 122as a civic value, 1, 80civil liberty, see civil libertycollective, 246, 263congregational, 62of conscience, see freedom of conscienceof consent, 57–75cosmopolitan, 266–82a defining quality of man, 37, 38definition of, 161, 262, 278and dependence, 2, 4, 208, 230, 239, 240

as a derogation from law, 273discourses on in Ragusa, 195–214in economic and political domains, 9egalitarian concept of, 188, 190, 192, 221and elections, 130in English political discourse, 105–26equality of, 192European, 266–82, 286, 295, 296, 308in feudal law, 262from constraints on reason, 276from necessity, 28, 29genealogy of, 273in Germany, 188, 258human and divine, 52and human nature, 3, 165, 167, 218,

219and idleness, 30inclusive conception of, 106and independence, 27, 39, 42, 124, 228,

230, 237, 240individual, 3, 63, 125, 133, 213, 246, 248,

300inner, 5, 61in Islamic values, 306of Italian city-states, 157–75and law, 126limitations of, 130in Lutheranism, 11–20in medieval juristic thought, 261in missionary writings from the New

World, 247–65in Montaigne’s Essais, 27–45as a moral entity, 11, 15natural inclination towards, 3, 160, 165,

167and natural law, 219negative, 2, 93, 244, 268, 273, 277, 277,

280, 281neo-Roman conception of, 33neo-Stoic conception of, 186as non-domination, 38, 179, 191as non-interference, 52, 273normative aspect of, 125and obedience, 62and office-holding, 125, 126and openness, 43, 44and ownership and property, 26, 37, 38,

202partisan connotations of, 169and passions, 53, 128, 131, 250and paternalism, 200







freedom (cont.)of a people, 158, 172, 173, 250, 252, 277,

290and personhood, 231in Poland-Lithuania, 215–34political, and political values, 287positive, 244, 277, 277, 280as privilege, 106, 117, 124, 244, 258, 261,

273, 289and reason, 126, 132of religion, 1, 2, 36, 38–55, 121, 148, 231,

245republican, 33, 93, 109, 140, 237and republics, 185from ritual obligations, 288in Roman law, 258, 259and rule of law, 192of the ruler, 250as a site of contestation, 272as a social ideal, 180and Socinianism, 77–92and solitude, 42, 43source of, 136of speech, 37, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141,

144, 232spiritual character of, 14, 16, 20of states, 2, 133, 168, 187Sufi concept of spiritual freedom, 288theories of, 116, 208, 273of thought, 248universality of, 106, 124, 125, 193of the will, see free will

freedom of conscience, 4, 33, 34, 35, 36, 70,134

in Calvinism, 7, 22, 23, 24, 71, 261, 298,301, 314, 315, 316

elements of, 24meaning of, 23in Poland-Lithuania, 231and religious toleration, 23

French Revolution, 189, 207, 209, 211, 216,220

Germany, 256–72concept of liberty, 272concessiones principis, 269constitutional complexities, 6contribution to human progress, 208debates on freedom, 188Enlightenment thought in, 208–26Free Imperial Cities, 263

liberties in, 188, 190, 258liberties of the nobility, 268, 269, 270paternalism, 209princely nobility, 265, 266reception of Roman law, 256, 257, 258,

263, 267, 268, 269Roman law of persons, 259serfs in, 260Godfreedom of, 52men as servants of God, 289, 303, 306, 308perfect dominus, 18Providence, 52, 55, 68Stoicism’s definitions of, 51God’s will, 139government, 162form of, 164and freedom of speech, 144legitimacy of, 132purpose of, 134and religion, 134republican theories of, 128, 133role of the individual will in, 69Grievances of the Protestant Estates, 257

Habsburg Empire, 281, 282Hebraism, religious freedom and, 94–113Hebrew republic, 94, 99Erastian account of, 113function of the elders, 96–7as a political model, 111principles of, 109religious laws in, 102historiography, 5, 6, 39, 152, 204, 214, 269history, conceptual, 105Holy Roman Empire, 256–72constitution of, 265internal fragmentation of, 264liberties of the nobility, 266Perpetual Peace, 256political and juridical unity in, 256, 263,

266Reichsreform, 256Roman law in, 267, 268, 271Standestaat, 265Tubingen Contract, 266Huguenots, 304, 307human natureand freedom, 218, 219and the passions, 252universal principles of, 271







human rights, 195; see also rightsHungary, 6assemblies of the nobility, 276Bocskai, Istvan, 291Bocskai rebellion, 286, 290, 292, 293Calvinism in, 288, 289Christian freedom in, 279, 283concept of liberty, 287, 292, 294constitutionalism, 279–81culture of liberty in, 275freedom in 1277, 284, 293, 294freedom of rebellion, 292freedom of religion, 293freedom of speech, 292freedom of the nobility, 275Golden Bull, 276, 282Golden Liberty, 275and the Habsburgs, 281, 284history of, 276, 282independence of, 278, 295liberties of the nobility, 280, 285, 292noble nationalism, 280political culture of, 274, 295political debate in, 274–95privileges of the estates, 277and the Protestant Reformation, 283religious freedom, 283, 292role of the nobility, 282, 283

hypocrisy, 43

identity, 41, 46idolatry, 100, 102, 253imperialism, 166, 167, 168, 189, 241,

271independence, 2, 208, 230, 239, 240debate over, 69and duties, 241and freedom, 39, 42, 228, 230, 237,

240of mind, 232, 233a political condition, 241psychological, 39in relation to other people, 233and virtue, 230

intellect, and moral law, 120international relations, 183Islamaim of the prophets, 303appointment to the Caliphate, 301the community, 292, 293, 295divine sovereignty, 303, 304, 305

egalitarianism, 292, 295, 303, 304elections, consultation and consent, 301exoteric ritual obligations, 288freedom in, 283–309limiting power in, 299link between the social and the political,

303marriage, 283men as servants of God, 289, 303, 306obedience, 302political participation, 300political values of, 288, 295, 299, 306the ruler, 292, 293social stratification, 304, 305and the state, 292, 298, 302, 304, 309submission to the will of God, 306tribal heritage in, 292, 298Italian city-states, 157–75, 297, 308Italy, 186ius gentium, 167–87

Jesuit missionaries in the NewWorld,250

conversion of native peoples, 256encomienda system, 259human nature, 250, 252government, 258man’s relationship to God, 250moral action, 255

Jesuit moral theology, 9–26being of reason, 12, 13dominium, 15, 19forgiveness, 22foundation of rights, 19freedom, 256human agency, 21moral acts, 12moral being, 13, 15, 16moral faculty, 18obligations, 15, 21, 22, 24rights and obligations, 17scholastic action theory, 9voluntary and free acts, 12Jews, 266, 267, 268, 281, 282jurisdiction, 20, 165justice, 117, 181, 273of hereditary privileges, 191international, 170and moral preferment, 18theory of, 189

Justinian Code, 112







language, 71, 84, 88, 172and civil liberty, 86and consensual agreement, 90, 96, 102conventional character of, 88development of, 86effect of written characters, 100, 101and epistemology, 85and freedom, 84–101and political life, 84, 85written characters, 90, 98, 99, 100, 101

lawpolitical law, 103and reason, 149religious law, 103, 105source of, 280

law of nations and of states, 178and the natural law, 167, 170

legitimacy, 165, 166Levellers, 114, 117, 118active citizenship, 115citizenship, 116, 118principles of, 115

libel, 139liberalism, 32, 37, 134, 281definition of, 135modern, 135religion and politics, 152

libertas Christiana, 54, 71, 278libertas ecclesiae, 2, 56, 57–75, 160, 162criticisms of, 170definition, 40and libertas Christiana, 54nature and scope of, 55origin of, 49in the post-tridentine debates on, 38–55

libertas Europa, 278libertas, Roman law definition of, 26libertatis privilegium, 262liberty, see freedomlicence, 6, 36, 52, 125, 126, 140, 252, 300Lombard League, 162London Corresponding Society, 122–4Lutheranismapocalyptic thinking, 20change, 16concept of the priesthood, 12–13confession, 15doctrines of, 11, 18, 19freedom, 11–20obedience to worldly authority, 16, 19political theory, 14, 15, 17, 19

separation of clerics and laymen, 12,13

marriage, 155, 163an asymmetrical relationship, 283companionate, 158, 159, 166duties of the parties in, 153Pauline notion of, 153, 158, 159purpose of, 166royalists’ view of, 154Massachusetts Bay Company, 249Milan, 158, 174missionaries in the NewWorld, 247–65campaigns of extirpation of native

religions, 255conversion of native peoples, 248, 249,

255, 256, 257, 260, 262, 264corruption in native peoples’ political

customs, 254creation of ‘pueblos’, 259discipline and justice in the native

societies, 251education, 255, 264human nature, 252idolatry and tyranny among the native

peoples, 253, 254inclination for freedom among native

peoples, 254liberty in the context of theology, 247mechanisms of control imposed on native

populations, 248, 265nomadic lifestyle of the native peoples,

252, 258pagan liberty, 250, 252political systems of the native societies,

251, 260public confession, 256, 257return to purity and simplicity, 262view of the NewWorld, 263views of native peoples, 265voluntary nature of native freedom,

252monarchy, 125, 205, 209, 259, 297mixed, 228, 229moral acts, 25moral law, 120, 212, 214, 225moral responsibility, 42, 79, 90, 103, 119,

120, 125, 131universal, 98morality, 15, 120, 160libertarian theories of, 26







and political circumstances, 234and reason, 228

national interest, and reason of state, 134native peoples of the NewWorlddiscipline and justice, 251education, 264idolatry and tyranny, 253, 254leadership, 260nomadic lifestyle, 252, 258political systems, 69, 251

natural law, 89, 91, 118, 144, 150, 251, 273and conscience, 148divine character of, 85and freedom, 115, 130, 219and the law of nations, 167, 170logic of, 118and marriage, 163natural jurisprudence tradition, 167and natural religion, 119obligations under, 176, 177and republicanism, 129and revolution, 212and sociability of man, 146, 172universality of, 118

natural religion, 115–33logic of, 118and natural law, 119

natural rights theory, 190Neapolitan juridical school, 166neo-Stoicism, 76in England, 47, 56inner freedom, 60, 63obedience, 46reason, 63self-preservation, 47Netherlands, seeUnited Provinces of the

NetherlandsNew England, conversion of native peoples,

256Noachide laws, 98, 99, 100non-resistance, 80, 88

obedience, 144, 219, 226, 234, 301, 302freedom through, 53, 63neo-Stoicism’s ethic of, 46to the state, 16, 17, 19, 70, 144, 146, 180,

205obligations, 54, 97, 103, 190, 273, 288perception and recognition of, 241theories of political obligation, 152

office-holding, 108, 109, 118and citizenship, 112, 124and freedom, 125, 126

oppression, 229psychological effects of, 236, 238, 241, 243Ottoman Empire, 197

papacy and temporal authorities, 44passions, 6, 128, 129, 130, 131, 252paternalism, 200, 209, 216, 218patriotism, 179, 200, 290peace, 32, 84, 90, 95, 100, 168, 184maintenance of, 87, 281

Poland, 179Commonwealth, 80religious freedom in, 93

Poland–Lithuania, 6, 215–34Charter of Cracow, 231Charter of Czerwinsk, 231Charter of Jedlnia, 231concept of liberty, 215constitutionalism, 218, 222, 228cultural exchanges with theWest, 217domination of the nobility, 215, 217, 220,

221, 224, 225, 233election of the king, 223, 225, 226equality among the nobility, 216, 230Execution Movement, 222freedom of conscience, 231freedom of religion, 231, 232freedom of speech, 232Golden Liberty, 221Henrician Articles, 223, 226historiography, 230history of, 216, 221intellectual history, 217liberties of the nobility, 216, 217, 218,

221, 222, 223, 224, 230, 234limitations on central authority, 223mixed monarchy, 228, 229Nihil Novi constitution, 222noble democracy, 230Noble Republic, 222obedience to the monarch, 227Pacta conventa, 223, 226political culture of, 215, 218popular sovereignty, 225, 234relations between the nobility and the

lower classes, 220, 226religious toleration, 231resistance, 227







political freedom, 61, 108, 121, 134, 186,295, 299, 300

in Islam, 283–309in Italy, 157, 168, 174

political participation, 38, 54, 133, 163, 181,280, 291, 297, 300

political values, and freedom, 283–309politics, 26and religion, 4, 5, 135, 152

power, 20, 301and alliances between states,

175civil power, 34, 151congregational, 67conjugal, 156distribution of, 64, 283locus of, 60, 66, 68psychological effects of, 233religious power, 107and slavery, 293source of, 69spiritual, 40temporal, 39, 40, 44, 47, 52

predestination, 22, 24, 32, 35, 79double predestination, 27, 28, 29

presbyterianism, 63, 64, 72principalities, 184, 192civil, 193possessions of the prince, 186and republics, 185, 186

printing, 37privilege, 261, 262freedom as, 106, 117, 124, 161, 188, 244,

258, 262, 273, 289progress, 208, 222promises, 84property rights, 202, 240Protestants, conversion of native peoples,

264Providence, 52, 55, 68public engagement and service, 30, 31, 36,

39, 125, 126, 213and being a courtier, 36, 44constraints imposed by, 33, 39, 40and detachment, 48ethics of, 29, 41as subjugation, 35punishment, 78, 81, 82, 88, 112, 121, 131,

251Puritans, 260, 262conversion of native peoples, 257

Ragusa, 5, 195–214access to public office in, 196, 212concept of liberty, 197, 211, 213diplomatic rhetoric of, 200, 201, 209,

210distinction between protector and master,

202, 209freedom in, 208, 210, 212government of, 195, 211historiography of, 152, 204, 205, 213history of, 196independence of, 152, 196, 197, 203, 204,

205, 209, 210international status of, 205legal status of, 199legitimacy and prestige of, 197loyalty to Christianity, 203and the Ottoman Empire, 197, 198, 199,

202, 204, 208, 214political culture of, 196, 200, 213republican institutions of, 197, 207a respublica Christiana, 203social and political stability of, 195, 212sovereignty of, 207, 214reason, 90, 115–33and authority, 127and conscience, 147, 150equality of, 66, 68, 69and free will, 29and freedom, 126, 132and God’s law, 125and law, 149limitations of, 130as link between God and man, 52and natural rights, 231normative aspect of, 125optimistic view of, 117, 121and passions, 128, 131practical, 140theories of, 116and will, 139reason of state, and national interest, 134reflection, 287Reformation, 14, 248religionnatural, 115–33and politics, 4, 5, 135, 152problem of adiaphora, 136, 147–52a source of instability, 152state control of, 248universal rational, 270







religious freedom, 41, 145, 146and constitutional freedom, 1Erastian defence of, 94Hebraism and, 94–113

religious law, 103religious toleration, 32, 33, 34, 36, 252, 266,

307in England, 120and freedom of conscience, 23in Israel, 99moral and political value of, 247

representative government, 3, 67, 182legitimacy of, 132

republicanism, 5, 144, 174, 181, 194, 200,237, 242, 249

analogy between household and state,154, 164

and education, 128emphasis on institutional arrangements,

128, 134Isocratean tradition, 129in Ragusa, 195and self-censorship, 140, 141, 143

republics, 184, 186, 191, 206alliances between, 237European federal republics, 235–55independence of, 208, 211and principalities, 185, 186

resistance, legitimacy of, 7, 17, 18,227

resistance theory, 213civil rights, 229and democracy, 144and duties, 241of free speech, 140natural rights, 229, 231political rights, 229property rights, 196, 197, 202restriction of, 83of self-defence, 87, 88of self-preservation, 88transfer by contract, 19universality of, 227violation of, 20

rights, 81, 89, 229, 273Roman law, 256–72concept of freedom in, 259concept of liberty, 260, 261, 272criminal procedure, 267in the Holy Roman Empire, 267law of property, 269

legal persons, 259, 271natural freedom, 150power of the father, 164reception in Germany, 257, 267resistance to, 257, 258and social conditions of feudal Europe,

260Roman law of persons, 1, 26, 37, 259, 271,

272Rome, 162, 163, 167, 179, 188, 191rule of law, 115, 192, 285

Sanhedrin, civil jurisdiction of, 97scholastic action theory, 9being of reason, 11, 13dominium as a physical thing, 15dominium in a moral sense, 15extrinsic denomination, 14moral acts, 12moral being, 13, 15, 16obligations, 15voluntary and free acts, 12self-determination, 208self-government, 6, 55, 62, 122, 203, 222,

280self-interest, 134self-knowledge, 82, 276self-perfection, 96self-possession, 27–45, 60self-preservation, 25, 47servitude, 19, 26, 27, 35, 117, 177, 185, 192,

193and citizenship, 113and freedom, 3, 55, 184, 259and subjection, 36voluntary, 53, 59

slavery, 2, 26, 37, 117, 177, 271arbitrariness of, 35as loss of personhood, 230in Montaigne’s Essais, 27, 34political, 287in pre-Islamic Iran, 290voluntary, 10, 39

social contract, 146, 197Socinians, 3, 77–92sovereignty, 3, 33, 34, 68, 126, 174, 184, 214,

225, 264duties of, 83in Islam, 303, 304limits of, 270popular, 234







sovereignty (cont.)and religious law, 95, 101republican, 244submission to, 143, 146

Spaincolonisation, 248conquests of the Mexican and Inca

empires, 258missionaries in the NewWorld, 249, 258,

264religious reformmovements, 248statecraft, 256and local liberty and privilege, 272

states, 17, 309alliances between, 174, 176analogy with families, 151, 154, 164authoritative nature of, 177authority of, 180balance of power, 181, 183bureaucratic, 209, 215capacity for judgement, 176city-states, 308as civil bodies, 178, 188, 189, 190communication among, 175constitutions of, 17and corruption, 189, 193creation of civil states, 170and dominion, 185equality among, 174exercise of prudential judgement by, 176freedom and state action, 208–26freedom of, 2, 168, 176–94function of, 181hereditary, 186independence of, 175, 177leagues and confederations, 181loss of standing as free states, 2maintenance of, 193as mixed bodies, 191as moral persons, 174, 178natural liberty of, 167–87political economy of, 182principles of respect and reciprocity, 182relationship between the state and its

citizens, 189and resources, 298, 308, 309role of Fortuna in, 188and secondary associations, 175sovereignty of, 174territorial, 309Westphalian system, 242

Stoicism, 29, 38, 70, 76concentric mapping of human affections,

278and cosmopolitanism, 268definitions of God, 51divine fire, 51Lipsius’s systematization of, 50oikeiosis, 273, 278passionate attachments, 268revival in Europe, 46–63submission, 238subordination of women, 61, 228, 242Sufism, 306Swiss Confederation, 177, 236and the Anabaptists, 252constitutionalism, 238debates on liberty, 168freedom of religion, 253interpretation of freedom, 253–5liberty as a privilege, 241relation with the Empire, 243religious strife in, 238religious uniformity, 254republicanism, 239role of the nobility, 241sovereignty of, 244, 255Switzerland, 185, 187bilateral treaties with the EU, 186European Union membership, 185, 186sovereign cantons, 236System of the Religious Peace of Augsburg,

20

theocracy, 94, 99treaties, 174, 176trust, 174, 176tyranny, 62, 160, 163, 213, 273, 279, 291,

292, 299among native peoples of the NewWorld,

254and monarchy, 125

Union of Utrecht, 23, 240, 246United Provinces of the Netherlands, 2,

236Act of Abjuration, 240Arminians, 247centralised government, 236, 254freedom of religion, 253, 254independence of, 240interpretation of freedom, 252, 253–5







political culture of, 239, 240, 253Reformation, 308relation with the Empire, 243religious freedom in, 246religious toleration, 240republicanism, 242, 247, 308revolt against Spain, 239, 307, 309sovereignty of, 242, 243, 255Union of Utrecht, 240War of the Grand Alliance, 238

Venice, 44–5, 162virtue, 37, 70, 77–92, 212and agency, 237, 238civic virtues, 165, 181a disposition to independent deliberation,

232and energy, 217and freedom, 230and happiness, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77and judgement, 72and knowledge, 73

manliness, 149and moral agency, 232a public quality, 41and reason, 232, 235standards for, 127and the will and reason, 72, 73

Wajo’ state, 286, 287war, 90, 169–73civil war, 35, 113, 245, 312

Westminster Assembly of Divines, 95Westphalian system, 242will, 30, 31, 139; see also free willwomen, 150authority of, 156economic independence, 231equality of, 77–83freedom of, 65moral agency of, 228, 243political circumstances of, 228rights, 156, 165subordination of, 61, 228, 242






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Indexofnamesassets.cambridge.org/97811070/33078/index/9781107033078_index.pdf · Indexofnames Numbersinitalictyperefertothisvolume Ab¯ıBakr,Asm¯a bint,283 AbuBakr,292,299 Achenwall,Gottfried,190,209