Introduction to AnatomyB. Pharm lecture 1

Dr Abubakr H MossaSr. Instructor2/10/2012

Lecture outline:• Definition of Anatomy

– Importance – Branches of Anatomy

• What are we going to study in this course?– Difficulties you may face in studying Anatomy

• Variations • Anatomical position • Anatomical planes • Anatomical terms • Terms of movements • Body regions & cavities• Human body systems

Definition of Anatomy

• Is the study of the structure of the human body at different levels.

• This includes the gross, microscopic (cellular) and developmental (embryonic) levels.

• Importance:– To be able to understand the effects of the

disease.– To be able to intervene when necessary

Branches of Anatomy:

• Gross Anatomy: the study of the body structure by the naked eye.– Regional (topographical) study.– Systemic study.

• Histology: the study of the body tissues with aid of the microscope.

• Surface Anatomy: the study of the relationship between the deep structures and the relatively constant surface features.

Branches of Anatomy;• Radiological Anatomy:

the study of the body structure by the use of radiological techniques.

• Developmental Anatomy (Embryology): the study of the developmental events of the embryo.

• Neuro-anatomy: the study of the structure of the parts of the nervous system.

What are we going to study in this semester?

Difficulties you may face in studying Anatomy:- No logical beginning → wait!- A lot to memorize → attend dissection - Strange terminology → try to find the meaning

• Introduction to Anatomy• Histology: general and

systemic • GIT, respiratory and

cardiovascular systems

Variation

• Humans show different aspects of variation • Least in CNS and most in the venous system• Don’t get confused!!

Anatomical position

• Is a reference for the anatomical description in which the individual is:– Standing in the erect position– Face & eyes directed forward– Hands by the sides with palms

facing forward – Heels together with big toes

pointing forward

Anatomical planes

• Median or sagittal plane: is the vertical plane which divides the body into left and right halves.

• Any plane parallel to the median is called parasagittal or paramedian.

• Coronal plane: a vertical plane at right angle to the median plane and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

• Transverse (horizontal) plane: lies at right angles to both coronal and median.

• Oblique plane.

Anatomical terms Back Rear

Front

Nearer to the head

Nearer to the feet

Closer to midline

Further from the midline

Comparative and embryological terms

Comparative or embryological terms

Descriptive terms

Ventral Anterior

Dorsal Posterior

Rostral, cranial or cephalic Superior

Caudal Inferior

Terms for limbs

Near and far

from the trunk (in case of limbspreaxial

Postaxial

The lateral border

The medial border

Flexor and extensor side?

Other terms:

• Inside, interior, internal X exterior, external • Invagination X evagination • Superficial X deep• Ipsilateral X contralateral • Bilateral X unilateral

Terms of movement

Flex = bend Extend = straighten

Terms of movement

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

Lateral rotation

Medial rotation

Terms of movement

retrusion

protrusion

protraction retraction

Terms of movement

supination pronation

Body regions & cavities

• Regions: – Head (cephalic)– Neck )cervical)– Thorax (chest)– Abdomen (+ pelvis)– Upper & lower limbs– Back

• Cavities:– Cranial – Thoracic – Abdominopelvic

Organization of human body

Body systems

Thanks