MITOSIS REVIEW

Chapter 10 Test

ESSAY #1

• How is cancer related to the cell cycle?

• Do not have a normally functioning cell cycle

How are cancer cells different from most cells?

• Divide excessively and can invade other tissue

Tumor

• Abnormal mass of cells

• Skin Lung

Benign Vs. Malignant

• Benign-mass of normal cells

• Malignant-cancerous and can spread to other cells

Metastasis

• Spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

Metastasis of prostate tumor cells

• Into bone cells

Carcinogens

• Any substance involved in the promotion of cancer:

• gamma rays, X-rays, UV rays

• Dioxin (pesticide)

• Tobacco smoke

• Asbestos

• HPV virus

ESSAY #2

• STEM CELLS

• Cells that can turn into almost any kind of cell (not yet differentiated).

• Formed a few days after an egg and sperm join.

Stem Cell Animations

• "How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are Made" Biology Animation Library :: Dolan DNA Learning Center

• Stem Cell Animation

Essay #2 (cont.) SOURCES

• Umbilical cord blood

• Fetal tissue

• Adult bone marrow

• Embryonic stem cells

Essay #2 (cont.) PROS

• treat disorders like spinal damage, Parkinson’s disease, leukemia

• Make heart and nerve tissue in the lab

Essay #2 CONS

• Use embryos (kill them)

• Don’t have a lot of success yet

• Who funds it (private v. government)

1. Sexual and Asexual

• ASEXUAL• One parent• Two Identical

offspring

• SEXUAL• Two parents• 4 different offspring

2. Chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids (all DNA + protein)

• Interphase – loose chromatin

• Prophase –tightly coiled sister chromatids form through metaphase

• Anaphase + Telophase –sister chromatids separate to single chromosomes

3. Nucleosomes and Histones

• 8 histone proteins are wrapped with chromosomes to tightly coil into chromatids

• Histones + chromosomes = nucleosome

4. Asexual Reproduction

• Prokaryotes

• (no nucleus)

• Binary fission

• Eukaryotes

• (nucleus)

• mitosis

5. Phases of Mitosis

• PMAT

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

6. Nuclear Envelope Changes

• Prophase = nuclear envelope dissolves

• Telophase = nuclear envelope reforms

7. Diff

• Cytokinesis

= Division of the cytoplasm

• Mitosis

= Division of nucleus

8. Cytokinesis

• Animal Cells• Cleavage furrow

• Plant Cells• Cell Plate

9. G1, S, G2

• Interphase includes G1, S, and G2

• G1 = organelle growth, and growth of cell

• S = DNA synthesis (replication)

• G2 = centriole and spindle growth, and growth of cell

10. Locate on a dividing cell:

• Chromatids• Centrioles• Centromeres• Spindle fibers• Asters

10. Locate on a dividing cell:

• Chromatids

• Centromeres

• Centrioles

Spindle fibers

Asters

centrioles

• Asters

• Spindle fibers

chromatids

centromeres

11. What makes chromatids move to poles?

• Contraction of spindle fibers

12. What are cyclins (and Cdk’s)?

• Protein regulators of the cell cycle

13. Cells Dividing

• A lot• Blood

• Skin

• Digestive tract

• Not after formed

• Nerve

• muscle

13. B Cancer Cells

• Cancer cells due to an abnormal cell cycle

• Cells grow abnormally and do not stop, even if there are too many

Breast cancer cells

What phase?

• Chromatin thickens?

• Prophase

• Nuclear envelope disappears

• Prophase

• Nuclear envelope reappears

• telophase

What phase?

• Centrioles move to opposite poles

• Prophase

• Spindle fibers form

• Prophase

• Cell plate forms

• Cytokinesis

Which phase?

• Chromosomes line up at the equator• metaphase• Cytoplasm divides• Cytokinesis• Nucleoli break down• Prophase• Nucleoli reform• Telophase

15. As the cell increases in size

• The surface area to volume ratio

• decreases

16. Why do cells divide?

• cell membrane could not keep up with bringing in enough oxygen/nutrients

• DNA can’t keep up

17. How many chromosomes

• Are in each human body cell?

• 46

18. How many times is the reduction

• In length of the chromatid than it is in the chromosome form?

• 10,000 times

19. A cell spends what % of time in interphase?

• 90%

What is the purpose of p53?

• It is the tumor suppressor gene.

• It checks that the DNA is OK. If not, it repairs it or kills the cell.

• IF it is faulty, it leads to a lot of cancer.

How does a cell respond to growth

• When it comes in contact with other cells?

• Stops growing