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Genetics review
Chapters 12-15
Mitosis
• Why mitosis?• Homologous chromosomes• Chromatids• Haploid• Diploid• Binary fission• Tumor• Metastasis
Fig. 12-40.5 µm Chromosomes
Chromosomeduplication(including DNAsynthesis)
Chromo-some arm
Centromere
Sisterchromatids
DNA molecules
Separation ofsister chromatids
Centromere
Sister chromatids
Fig. 12-5
S(DNA synthesis)
MITOTIC(M) PHASE
Mito
sis
Cytokinesis
G1
G2
Fig. 12-17b
Cyclin isdegraded
Cdk
MPF
Cdk
MS
G 1G2
checkpoint
Degradedcyclin
Cyclin
(b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle
G2
Cyclin
accum
ulatio
n
Meiosis
• Genetic variation• Chiasmata• Synapsis
Mendel genetics
• Homozygous• Heterozygous• Parental, F1, F2
• Genotype• Phenotype• Testcross• Monohybrid• Dihybrid
Mendel
• Law of segregation• Law of independent assortment• Incomplete dominance• Codominance• Multiple alleles• Epistasis• Pleiotropy • Polygenes • Dominant disorders
Fig. 14-14
Fig. 15-2P Generation Yellow-round
seeds (YYRR)
Y
F1 Generation
Y
R R
R Y
r
r
r
y
y
y
Meiosis
Fertilization
Gametes
Green-wrinkledseeds ( yyrr)
All F1 plants produceyellow-round seeds (YyRr)
R R
YY
r ry y
Meiosis
R R
Y Y
r r
y y
Metaphase I
Y Y
R Rrr
y y
Anaphase I
r r
y Y
Metaphase IIR
Y
R
y
yyy
RR
YY
rrrr
yYY
R R
yRYryrYR1/41/4
1/41/4
F2 Generation
Gametes
An F1 F1 cross-fertilization
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
LAW OF INDEPENDENTASSORTMENT Alleles of geneson nonhomologouschromosomes assortindependently during gameteformation.
LAW OF SEGREGATIONThe two alleles for each geneseparate during gameteformation.
1
2
33
2
1
Wild type (w+)
Sex linked
• Hemophilia• Color blindness• Duchene’s muscular dystrophy
Fig. 15-4
PGeneration
Generation
Generation
Generation
Generation
Generation
F1
F2
All offspring had red eyes
Sperm
EggsF1
F2
P
Sperm
Eggs
XX
XY
CONCLUSION
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
w
w
w
w
ww
w w
+
+
++ +
w
ww w
w
w
w
ww
+
+
+
+ +
+
Linked genes
• Genes on same chromosome• Testcross more parental types
Fig. 15-10Testcrossparents
Replicationof chromo-somes
Gray body, normal wings(F1 dihybrid)
Black body, vestigial wings(double mutant)
Replicationof chromo-somes
b+ vg+
b+ vg+
b+ vg+
b vg
b vg
b vg
b vg
b vg
b vg
b vgb vg
b vg
b+ vg+
b+ vg
b vg+
b vg
Recombinantchromosomes
Meiosis I and II
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
b vg+b+ vgb vgb+ vg+
Eggs
Testcrossoffspring
965Wild type
(gray-normal)
944Black-
vestigial
206Gray-
vestigial
185Black-normal
b+ vg+
b vg b vg
b vg b+ vg
b vg b vg
b vg+
Sperm
b vg
Parental-type offspring Recombinant offspring
Recombinationfrequency =
391 recombinants2,300 total offspring
100 = 17%
Human disorders
• Aneuploidy• Nondisjunction• Down syndrome• Klinefelter’s syndrome• Turner syndrome• Philadelphia chromosome• Deletion, duplication, inversion,
translation
Nondisjunction