Cell Cycle & Mitosis Review Chapter 12 Campbell & Reese

Cell Cycle & MitosisCell Cycle & MitosisReviewReview

Chapter 12 Campbell & ReeseChapter 12 Campbell & Reese

Cell division in Cell division in bacterial cells is bacterial cells is calledcalled

________________ ________________ Binary fission

Phase of the cell cycle in whichDNA is copied

S (synthesis)

Type of cell division in Type of cell division in eukaryoticeukaryoticcells that results in 2 identical cells that results in 2 identical diploid daughter cells.diploid daughter cells.

mitosis

Imaginary plane in a cell where chromosomes line up during metaphaseMetaphase plate

This network of fibers that attach toThis network of fibers that attach to

and guide the chromosomes apart isand guide the chromosomes apart is

called the ______________called the ______________Mitotic spindle

Phase of mitosis that Phase of mitosis that followsfollowsanaphaseanaphase

telophase

Phase of the cell cycle that follows G2

Mitosis (prophase)

Phase of mitosis that Phase of mitosis that followsfollowsmetaphasemetaphaseanaphase

Phase of the cell cycle that follows G1

S

These structures at theThese structures at the

poles seen in animal poles seen in animal cellscells

to which the spindleto which the spindle

fibers attachfibers attach

= __________________= __________________centrioles

The cell above is in ______phase meta

GG11, S, and G, S, and G22 make up this make up this phase of the cell cycle.phase of the cell cycle.

interphase

This is also called the “microtubule organizing center”centrosome

Shortest phase of the cell cycleShortest phase of the cell cyclein which sister chromatids in which sister chromatids separate and begin moving to separate and begin moving to opposite polesopposite poles

anaphase

Plant cells can’t form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis due to their cell wall, instead they form a _______________to divide.

cell plate

This phase of This phase of thethecell cycle iscell cycle is__________________________

anaphase

Part of interphase in which thecell grows to mature size and carries out its job. G1

Region where the two Region where the two chromatid copies are chromatid copies are most closely attached most closely attached

=______________=______________centromere

The _________ is a structureof proteins associatedwith DNA in this region to whichthe spindle fibers attach

kinetochore

Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are visible, the nuclear envelope are visible, the nuclear envelope returns, spindle fibers disappear, returns, spindle fibers disappear, and DNA becomes less condensed and DNA becomes less condensed

telophase

Shallow groove in an animal cellmembrane near the old metaphase plate that forms during cytokinesisCleavage furrow

How many chromosomes are shown in How many chromosomes are shown in the figure at the right? the figure at the right?

How many chromatids?How many chromatids?

4

Campbell Concept check 12.2

8

Dividing wall that forms Dividing wall that forms during cytokinesis in a during cytokinesis in a plant cell to separate the plant cell to separate the 2 daughter cells2 daughter cellsCell plate

During which of the phases of Interphase does cell growth occur?

All phases G1, S, G2

Area next to the nucleus in Area next to the nucleus in which the centrioles are found which the centrioles are found that organizes the formation that organizes the formation of the spindleof the spindlecentrosomes

Phase in which the nuclear membranedisappears and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores

prometaphase

Phase in which the chromosomesPhase in which the chromosomesline up at the equator of the cellline up at the equator of the cell

metaphase

Phase after S in which cells make the molecules and organelles needed forcell division G2

This is called aThis is called a

__________________________Cleavage furrow

This cell is _____________ cell.

an animal a plant

an animalPlants don’t have cleavage furrows.

The proteins around which DNAThe proteins around which DNAwraps to from a chromosome arewraps to from a chromosome are

called ____________called ____________histones

One of 2 identical armsthat make up a chromosome

chromatid

Phase of mitosis that Phase of mitosis that followsfollowsprophaseprophasePrometaphase/metaphase

Phase of the cell cycle that follows S

G2

What enzyme replaces What enzyme replaces telomeres and is elevated telomeres and is elevated inincancer cells?cancer cells?

telomerase

Humans with an Xy karyotype are________male female

male

The protective tips at the The protective tips at the ends of chromosomes that ends of chromosomes that prevent loss of information prevent loss of information during replication are calledduring replication are called

______________________________telomeres

What happens to telomeres ascells age?

They shorten

This phase of theThis phase of the

cell cycle iscell cycle is

________________________________metaphase

Phase of the cell cycle cells spendmost of their time in.

G1 of interphase

This cell is This cell is inin____________________

telophase

The cell above is a _________ cell.

animal plant

Plant

You can see the cell plate forming in center insteadof a cleavage furrow.

Phase of the cell cycle where Phase of the cell cycle where cells spend most of their cells spend most of their time.time.

They grow bigger and do their They grow bigger and do their job as body cells.job as body cells.G1

List the phases of mitosis in orderstarting with interphase

Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Disorder in which body Disorder in which body cells lose their ability to cells lose their ability to control cell divisioncontrol cell division

cancer

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site

metastasis

_________________________________ are enzymes_________________________________ are enzymes

that give the go ahead signals for cell division whichthat give the go ahead signals for cell division which

are present in cells in inactive forms until they bindare present in cells in inactive forms until they bind

with a cyclin.with a cyclin.

A ________________ is a critical control point where stop A ________________ is a critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle.and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle.

Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing due to availability of growth factors and dividing due to availability of growth factors and nutrients.nutrients.

Cyclin dependent kinases (CdK’s)

checkpoint

Density dependent inhibition

DNA and attached proteins which isDNA and attached proteins which is

less tightly wound in an interphaseless tightly wound in an interphase

nucleus is called________________nucleus is called________________chromatin

Phase of mitosis in which nucleolidisappear and chromatin begins tocondense into chromosomes, centrosome is visible, andmitotic spindle begins to form

prophase

The proteins whose concentration fluctuates in cells which The proteins whose concentration fluctuates in cells which bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to control the bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to control the cell cyclecell cycle

Proteins released by certain cells Proteins released by certain cells which stimulate other cells to dividewhich stimulate other cells to divide

cyclins

Growth factors

In this part of interphase In this part of interphase following S cells make the following S cells make the molecules and organelles molecules and organelles needed for cell divisionneeded for cell division

G2

The 2 copies of each chromosomeare called ______________ chromosomes because are the same size,same shape, and carry genes for the same traits.

homologous

Phase of mitosis in which nuclear Phase of mitosis in which nuclear envelope fragments and envelope fragments and microtubules attach to the microtubules attach to the chromosomeschromosomes

anaphase

Phase of cell division in whichthe nuclear envelope reforms andchromosomes begin to spread out into chromatin.telophase

________________ DNA is all spread out as chromatin ________________ DNA is all spread out as chromatin and nuclear envelope & and nuclear envelope &

nucleoli nucleoli are visibleare visible

________________ Chromatin condenses and ________________ Chromatin condenses and chromosomes are first chromosomes are first

visiblevisible

________________ Made up of G1, S, G2 ________________ Made up of G1, S, G2

________________ Chromosomes line up in middle of ________________ Chromosomes line up in middle of cellcell

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE

INTERPHASE

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase TelophaseInterphase

METAPHASE

_______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to _______________ DNA is copied and cell prepares to dividedivide

_______________ Chromatid arms separate and move _______________ Chromatid arms separate and move to opposite ends of the cell to opposite ends of the cell

_______________ Chromosomes unwind into chromatin _______________ Chromosomes unwind into chromatin & nuclear envelope returns & nuclear envelope returns

_______________ Nuclear envelope fragments & _______________ Nuclear envelope fragments & microtubules attach to microtubules attach to

chromosomeschromosomes

INTERPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

PROMETAPHASE

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Interphase

____________________________________ Two nuclei are visibleTwo nuclei are visible

____________________________________ First dividing phaseFirst dividing phase

__________________ Spindle begins to form & __________________ Spindle begins to form & centrosomes move toward centrosomes move toward

polespoles

_________________ Cytoplasm is split between two _________________ Cytoplasm is split between two cellscells

__________________ Spindle fibers and centrosomes __________________ Spindle fibers and centrosomes disappeardisappear

TELOPHASE

PROPHASE

PROPHASE

CYTOKINESIS

TELOPHASE


____________________________________ longest dividing phaselongest dividing phase

____________________________________ shortest dividing phaseshortest dividing phase

__________________ overlaps with telophase__________________ overlaps with telophase

__________________ Could also be called “reverse __________________ Could also be called “reverse prophase”prophase”

__________________ Nonkinetochore fibers elongate__________________ Nonkinetochore fibers elongate the cell the cell

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

CYTOKINESIS

TELOPHASE

ANAPHASE


_______ Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in _______ Phase of the cell cycle most body cells are in

________ DNA is copied________ DNA is copied

________ centrosomes are copied ________ centrosomes are copied

________ Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing________ Cells leave the cell cycle and stop dividing

________ Division of chromosomes happens________ Division of chromosomes happens

________ Growth happens________ Growth happens

G0

S

G0

S GS G11 G G22 G G00 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C)(C)

M

G1, S, G0

G2

_______ Division of cytoplasm happens_______ Division of cytoplasm happens

_______ Follows S and cell makes the molecules _______ Follows S and cell makes the molecules and and organelles organelles needed for cell needed for cell divisiondivision

_______ Made up of telophase, anaphase, _______ Made up of telophase, anaphase, prophase, prophase, prometaphase, and prometaphase, and metaphasemetaphase

C

G2

S GS G11 G G22 G G00 Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C) Mitosis (M) Cytokinesis (C)

M

During which stages of a cell cycle would During which stages of a cell cycle would a chromosome consist of two identical a chromosome consist of two identical chromatids?chromatids?

Compare and contrast cytokinesis in Compare and contrast cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells.animal cells and plant cells.

From end of S in interphase through the end ofmetaphase of mitosis


Both form two identical daughter cells but mechanism is differentAnimal cells occurs by cleavage, which divides the parent cell in two using a contractile ring of actin;In plant cells a cell plate forms in the middle and grows until its membrane fuses with the parent cell plasma membrane; A new cell wall is produced from the cell plate


Phase of mitosis where the Phase of mitosis where the cytoplasm is split cytoplasm is split between two cellsbetween two cellsCYTOKINESIS

Radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome

aster

Type of cell division used by Type of cell division used by organisms to grow bigger, repair organisms to grow bigger, repair injuries, and replace worn out injuries, and replace worn out cells.cells.

Mass of abnormal cellsMass of abnormal cells

Kinases work by transferring a Kinases work by transferring a _________ group from a high energy _________ group from a high energy donor molecule to another donor molecule to another molecule.molecule.

mitosis

tumor

phosphate

Cdk’s are inactive unlessCdk’s are inactive unless_________ proteins are_________ proteins areattached attached

cyclin

2 matching chromosomes that are thesame size, same shape, and carry genes for the same traits.

HOMOLOGOUS

Type of nuclear division that Type of nuclear division that produces 2 diploid daughter cells produces 2 diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to that are genetically identical to the parent cellthe parent cell

mitosis

Type of division used by bacteria to reproduce

Binary fission

Name the proteins that becomeName the proteins that becomeactive when attached to active when attached to cyclins which allow cells to cyclins which allow cells to proceed past cell cycle proceed past cell cycle checkpointscheckpoints

Cdk’s Cyclin dependent kinases

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to a The spread of cancer cells from the original site to a new distant location is called ___________________new distant location is called ___________________

A researcher treats cells with a chemical that A researcher treats cells with a chemical that prevents DNA synthesis. This treatment traps the prevents DNA synthesis. This treatment traps the cells in which part of the cell cycle?cells in which part of the cell cycle?

Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate Proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to grow are called other cells to grow are called ________________________.________________________.

metastasis

G1

Growth factors


Disease in which body cells Disease in which body cells lose their ability to lose their ability to control cell divisioncontrol cell divisioncancer

Repeating sequence of events thatcells go through during their lifetime

Cell cycle

Phase in which the nucleus Phase in which the nucleus dividesdivides mitosis

Phase in which cells grow and matureand where they spend most of theirlife

G1

Which complex (a cyclin + a Cdk) is acts Which complex (a cyclin + a Cdk) is acts as the go-ahead signal for a cell to as the go-ahead signal for a cell to pass the Gpass the G22 phase checkpoint and phase checkpoint and enter mitosis?enter mitosis?

MPF “maturation promoting factor” or “M-phase promoting factor”

is the signal to enter mitosis Campbell Concept check 12.3

Phase in which the DNA is Phase in which the DNA is copiedcopied

S or SYNTHESIS

Phase in which cells leave the cycleand stop dividing all together

G0

Phenomenon in which Phenomenon in which crowded cells stop crowded cells stop dividingdividing

Density dependent inhibition

Most animal cells must be attached to a substrate such as a culture dishor extracellular matrix. This iscalled ______________anchorage

dependence

_____________ cells or body cells have 2 copies of _____________ cells or body cells have 2 copies of each chromosome.each chromosome.

A cell’s genetic information is called its A cell’s genetic information is called its __________________________

Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which Reproductive cells like sperm and eggs which have one copy of each chomosome are called have one copy of each chomosome are called ___________ or germ cells.___________ or germ cells.

Somatic

genome

gametes

A cell takes the longest time going through A cell takes the longest time going through _______________._______________.

A. prophaseA. prophase

B. prometaphaseB. prometaphase

C. metaphaseC. metaphase

D. anaphaseD. anaphase

E. telophaseE. telophase

F. interphaseF. interphase

interphase

Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), aStarting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a

series of five cell divisions would produce series of five cell divisions would produce anan

early embryo with how many cells?early embryo with how many cells?

How many chromatids are in a duplicated How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?chromosome?

32 cells


2


A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its somatic cells; A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its somatic cells;

how many did the chicken inherit from each how many did the chicken inherit from each parent?parent?

How many chromosomes are in each of the How many chromosomes are in each of the chicken’s gametes? chicken’s gametes?

How many chromosomes will be in each somatic How many chromosomes will be in each somatic cellcellof the chicken’s offspring?of the chicken’s offspring?

How many chromosomes are in a “set”?How many chromosomes are in a “set”?

78; 39 from each parent


39

78

39

What is the function of non-kinetochore What is the function of non-kinetochore microtubules?microtubules?

Identify three similarities between bacterial Identify three similarities between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes, considering both structure chromosomes, considering both structure and behavior during cell division.and behavior during cell division.

Elongate cell during anaphase


Each consists of a single molecule of DNA with attached proteins; During cell division the two copies actively move apart; After cell division, one copy ends up in each daughter cell


Which of the following does Which of the following does NOTNOT occur occur during mitosis?during mitosis?

A. condensation of the chromosomesA. condensation of the chromosomes

B. replication of DNAB. replication of DNAC. separation of sister chromatidsC. separation of sister chromatids

D. spindle formationD. spindle formation

E. separation of the centrosomesE. separation of the centrosomes

B happens in interphase (S)

Campbell Self-Quiz

In the light micrograph below dividing cells near In the light micrograph below dividing cells near the tip of an onion root, identify a cell in each the tip of an onion root, identify a cell in each of the following stages:of the following stages:

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophasetelophase

Campbell Self-Quiz

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

REST ARE INTERPHASE

In some organisms, mitosis occurs In some organisms, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis occurring. This will without cytokinesis occurring. This will result inresult in

A. cells with more than one nucleusA. cells with more than one nucleus

B. cells that are unusually smallB. cells that are unusually small

C. cells lacking nucleiC. cells lacking nuclei

D. destruction of chromosomesD. destruction of chromosomes

E. cell cycles lacking S phaseE. cell cycles lacking S phase

A

Campbell Self-Quiz

The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of The drug cytochalasin B blocks the function of actin.actin.

Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle Which of the following aspects of the cell cycle would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?would be most disrupted by cytochalasin B?

A. spindle formationA. spindle formation

B. spindle attachment to kinetochoresB. spindle attachment to kinetochores

C. DNA synthesisC. DNA synthesis

D. cell elongation during anaphaseD. cell elongation during anaphase

E. cleavage furrow formationE. cleavage furrow formation

E

Campbell Self-Quiz

The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis The decline of MPF activity at the end of mitosis is is caused by

A. the destruction of the protein kinase (CdK)

B. decreased synthesis of cyclinC. the degradation of cyclinD. synthesis of DNAE. an increase in the cell’s volume to

genome ratio

C

Campbell Self-Quiz

A particular cell has half as much DNA as A particular cell has half as much DNA as some of the other cells in a mitotically some of the other cells in a mitotically active tissue. The cell in question is active tissue. The cell in question is most likely inmost likely in

A. GA. G11

B. GB. G22

C. prophaseC. prophase

D. metaphaseD. metaphase

E. anaphaseE. anaphase

A

Campbell Self-Quiz

One difference between a cancer cell and a One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cellnormal cellis thatis that

A. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNAA. the cancer cell is unable to synthesis DNA

B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S B. the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested in S phasephase C. cancer cells continue to divide even C. cancer cells continue to divide even when they are when they are tightly packed togethertightly packed together

D. cancer cells cannot function properly because D. cancer cells cannot function properly because they they suffer from density-dependent suffer from density-dependent inhibitioninhibition

E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the E. cancer cells are always in the M phase of the cell cyclecell cycle

C

Campbell Self-Quiz

Vinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug usedVinblastine is a standard chemotherapeutic drug used

to treat cancer. Because it interferes with theto treat cancer. Because it interferes with the

assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be assembly of microtubules its effectiveness must be related to related to

A. disruption of mitotic spindle formationA. disruption of mitotic spindle formation

B. inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylationB. inhibition of regulatory proteins phosphorylationC. suppression of cyclin productionC. suppression of cyclin production

D. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow D. myosin denaturation and inhibition of cleavage furrow formationformation

E. inhibition of DNA synthesisE. inhibition of DNA synthesis

A

Campbell Self-Quiz

Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of beginning to develop across the middle of the cell and nuclei re-forming on either side the cell and nuclei re-forming on either side of the cell plate. This cell is most likely of the cell plate. This cell is most likely

A. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesisA. an animal cell in the process of cytokinesis

B. a plant cell in the process of cytokinesisB. a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis

C. An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycleC. An animal cell in the S phase of the cell cycle

D. a bacterial cell dividingD. a bacterial cell dividing

E. a plant cell in metaphaseE. a plant cell in metaphase

B

Campbell Self-Quiz

Increases in the enzymatic activity of some Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle are due to of the cell cycle are due to

A. kinase synthesis by ribosomesA. kinase synthesis by ribosomes

B. activation of inactive kinases by binding B. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclinscyclins C. conversion of inactive cyclins to C. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by active kinases by

means of phosphorylationmeans of phosphorylation

D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by cytoplasmic proteasescytoplasmic proteases

E. a decline in external growth factors to a E. a decline in external growth factors to a concentrationconcentration

below the inhibitory thresholdbelow the inhibitory threshold

B

Campbell Self-Quiz

What phase is it?What phase is it?

AnaphaseAnaphase


MetaphaseMetaphase


InterphaseInterphase No chromosomes yetNo chromosomes yet


AnaphaseAnaphase


ProphaseProphase


prophaseprophase


TelophaseTelophase


MetaphaseMetaphase


AnaphaseAnaphase


TelophaseTelophase


AnaphaseAnaphase


MetaphaseMetaphase

THE ENDTHE END

Documents

Cell Cycle & Mitosis Review Chapter 12 Campbell & Reese