Meteorology Class 2

Class #2 OverviewWhat you will be learning

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure Systems

Winds

Atmospheric Pressure

Part 1 Atmospheric PressureIn this section you will learn the following:◦ What is atmospheric temperature

◦ Measuring pressure

◦ Altimeter setting

◦ Pressure, density and air temperature

Atmospheric PressureThe weight of the atmosphere is determined by atmospheric pressure.

Pressure = force per unit area

This explains why the atmosphere weighs ‘less’ at higher altitudes◦ Pressure decreases with altitude. So less force is exerted, thus less

weight

Think about why a heavier dog (like a Shepard) weighs more (on a scale) than a light dog (like a Chihuahua) ◦ The heavier dog exerts more of a force per unit area on the scale

than the lighter dog.

Measuring Atmospheric PressurePressure is usually measured using a mercury barometer, expressed in inches of mercury (“Hg)

A barometer consists of an open mercury dish into which the open end of an evacuated glass tube is placed.

The atmosphere (pressure) exerts a force on the mercury in the open dish, forcing mercury up the tube.

The higher (more inches of Hg) the mercury rises in the tube, the more of a force is being exerted on the mercury --> the higher the atmospheric pressure; i.e. the heavier the atmosphere --> higher pressure

Units of Measuring PressurePounds per square inch (PSI)

Inches of Mercury (“Hg)◦ Measures how many inches of mercury have risen within the glass tube (barometer) as a

result of the atmosphere’s weight on the mercury in the ‘open dish’

Millibars (mb)

Hectopascals (hPa)

Kilopascals (kPa)

ASL Versus AGLAltitude is measured according to the atmospheric pressure surrounding an aircraft. The aircraft instrument is called an altimeter.◦ The aircraft’s altimeter will read Lowe if the surrounding pressure increases and higher if the

if the surrounding pressure decreases. Why?◦ Ask yourself: what happens to pressure as I go up (gain altitude) in the atmosphere? …pressure decreases!

The two ways that an altimeter can measure altitude are:◦ Above sea level (asl)

◦ The height of the aircraft measured above seal level (the indicated altitude on the altimeter or what you are reading)

◦ Above ground level (aGL)◦ The height of the aircraft measured above the ground level (true altitude)

Altimeter SettingAn altimeter setting is the current atmospheric pressure reading at a station. A station can be an airport or any weather office.

When the aircraft’s altimeter is set to the current altimeter setting at the airfield, it measures the height of the aircraft above sea level (ASL). So “ground” level is just the airport’s height ASL.

Let’s try an example. The elevation is Winnipeg is 750ft ASL. ◦ If I take off from Winnipeg, air traffic control will provide me with the current altimeter setting for me to

tune into my altimeter. My altimeter will then read 750. As far as the aircraft is concerned, “ground” level is 750. This is your “new” 0ft when you depart Winnipeg.

◦ If I am flying 1,000ft AGL (above ground) over Winnipeg, my altimeter will read 1750ft ASL (above sea level). ◦ 750ft (“new” ground level) + 1000ft (height over ground) = 1750ft ASL

Remember, atmospheric pressure is always changing. So it’s important to always get the updated altimeter setting while enroute to your destination and also prior to landing to ensure your aircraft “knows” where the ground level is. Make sense

Altimeter Setting ContinuedNotice the different atmospheric pressures between Denver and New Orleans

An aircraft at ground level in Denver will be “higher” than an aircraft at ground level in New Orleans because Denver Airport is a lot higher above the sea than New Orleans which is almost at sea level!

◦ Different atmospheric pressures --> the altimeters will read different ‘ground’ levels, depending on where a pilot is departing.

Pressure and DensityRecall: pressure (or weight of the atmosphere) is the force per unit area

Density = mass per unit area

Density and pressure are directly proportional◦ If density increases, pressure will increase

◦ Molecules closer together = pressure is higher

◦ If density decreases, pressure will decrease◦ Molecules farther apart = pressure is lower

Density and Air TemperatureDensity and temperature are indirectly proportional◦ As density increases, air temperature decreases

◦ As density decreases, air temperature increases

Think about it◦ Why do you think your basement is colder than upstairs

◦ Warm air rises and cold air sinks

◦ Warm air is lighter (less dense) so it rises

◦ Cold air is heavier (more dense) so it sinks

Pressure Systems

Part 2Pressure SystemsIn this section you will be learning◦ Types of pressure systems

◦ The pressure gradient

What is a Pressure System?Weather, including atmospheric pressure, is measured and reported using various Meteorological Weather Reporting Stations across Canada known as ‘stations.’

Significant pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere: ◦ Low Pressure Systems including secondary lows and troughs

◦ High Pressure Systems including ridges

◦ Area’s of neutral pressure called col

What is a Pressure System ContinuedAreas or stations of ‘like’ pressure are joined by isobars, and are plotted on weather maps (graphical weather forecasts or GFA’s) as curved/straight lines. ◦ Every isobar has a single pressure reading associated with it. This means that every station

along that isobar has the same pressure reading.

◦ Isobars can never cross! (If they could, one station would have 2 pressure readings since both of the intersection isobars have different readings).

◦ Isobars are important because they tell us where different pressure systems exist and the relative strength / motion of travel of the pressure system

Low Pressure Systems(Cyclonic Systems)An area of relatively low pressure (a depression) with the lowest recorded pressure at the center ◦ The isobaric numbers will decrease as you get

closer to the center of the low pressure system

The air moves inward and in a counter-clockwise fashion.

These systems may cover a city, country or even ½ a continent and often are associated with bad weather

Low Pressure Systems ContinuedTheir depressions also vary. A deeper low is where the pressure drops more violently as you approach the center with the isobars being very close together (steep pressure gradient... more on this later) while shallow lows are the opposite

A Tornado is a very deep, concentrated low pressure system

Low pressure systems are always moving

Secondary Low’s and Troughs are often associated with the main low pressure system.

On weather maps, they are represented by a big L

Secondary Low Pressure SystemsThey are smaller depressions of pressure that form within the main low system.

They behave similarly to the bigger low pressure system◦ Think of the moon and how it relates (moves) around the Earth

Trough of Low Pressure A trough is a ‘stretched out’ U-shaped area of low pressure that extends outward from the main system.◦ They have higher pressure surrounding each side hence why they form a trough shape.

High Pressure Systems(Anti-Cyclonic Systems)An area of relatively high pressure with the highest pressure at the center ◦ The isobaric numbers will increase as you get

closer to the center of the high pressure system

The air moves in an outward clockwise fashion.

These systems usually cover smaller areas and are associated with fair weather conditions ◦ In the summer --> clear, bright breezy weather

◦ In the winter --> clear, cold weather

High Pressure Systems ContinuedHigh pressure systems move slowly, often staying stationary for days

Ridges are often associated with high pressure systems.

On weather maps, they are represented by a large H

Ridge of High PressureA ridge is a ‘neck’ or extension of high pressure that extends outward from the main system.◦ They have higher pressure surrounding each side hence why they form a trough shape

Areas of Neutral PressureWe call these cols

These cols are neutral regions between two high pressure systems and two low pressure systems◦ Basically a mixing of air

Weather is unpredictable in these regions◦ Can be good or bad weather

Pressure and Pressure SystemsAlways remember that pressure systems are relative to the pressure that surrounds them.

For example, let’s say that Town B is reporting a lower pressure reading than Town’s A or C.

This means that the lowest pressure, relative to the surrounding pressure, is over Town B. The pressure readings at Town’s A and C are higher. This means that as we move outward from Town B, the pressure increases.

We say that a low pressure system exists in this area with it’s center over Town B. ◦ The opposite would be true for high pressure systems.

Some Helpful Tips!How do you remember which way winds move in these systems?

◦ Your Clock is Higher than your kitchen Counter

◦ High pressure systems = clockwise winds

◦ Low pressure systems = counter-clockwise winds

When you are looking a weather chart to determine where these pressure systems actually exist, look at the isobars.

◦ When the pressure readings (isobar numbers) start increasing towards a point on a weather chart, we can define that area as a high pressure system because pressure is increasing towards a fixed point (towards the center of the high)

◦ The opposite is true for low pressure systems... the isobar numbers will decrease as you get closer to the center of the low pressure system.

Pressure ChangesWeather reporting stations record and update the current atmospheric pressure every hour because of how quickly atmospheric pressure can change.

As pressure changes, the weather changes too.

For example, if a low pressure system is approaching an airport station, the observed pressure readings at that station will steadily decrease over time (weather will also begin to deteriorate) until the low is directly over the station. At this time, the recorded pressure will be the lowest in that region.

Once the low pressure system passes the station, you guessed it, the pressure readings will steadily increase again and as a result the weather will begin improving as higher pressure moves into the area.

The opposite is true for High Pressure Systems

Pressure GradientThe pressure gradient is defined as the rate of change of pressure over a given distance◦ This means how quick the pressure changes as you move from point a to b

The steepness of the pressure gradient is measured by the closeness of the isobars◦ When the isobars are close together, the pressure gradient is steep (pressure is changing

rapidly)

◦ When the isobars are farther apart, the pressure gradient is shallow (pressure is changing slowly)

Winds

Part 3Winds

In this section you will learn the following◦ What causes wind

◦ How the pressure gradient affects wind speed

◦ Forces acting against wind

◦ Buy ballots law

◦ Convergence and divergence

◦ Land and sea breezes (onshore and offshore)

◦ Diurnal variations

◦ Veering and backing winds

◦ Wind shear

◦ Jet stream (which is an optional topic)

What is Wind?Definition: Wind is the horizontal movement of pressure. ◦ The atmosphere always wants to stay in balance and when it is out of balance, it will try to re-

balance itself. The result of the atmosphere trying to re-balance is weather or in this case, the movement of pressure which is called wind.

What is Wind Continued

Let’s suppose that there is a high pressure system over Gimli and a low pressure system over Winnipeg.

◦ If the atmosphere wants to re-balance itself, pressure will naturally move from the area of higher pressure towards the area of lower pressure

Think about high pressure areas having more “stuff” and low pressure systems having less “stuff”... in order to re-balance, the “stuff” will flow towards the area where there is less (a.k.a the low pressure system).

◦ So if pressure starts to move from Gimli down to Winnipeg, we will get a north wind blowing down from Gimli. Make sense?

This horizontal movement of pressure from areas of higher pressure towards areas of lower pressure is what we call WIND

However understanding exactly how wind works is going to take us a few minutes to explain so here we go.

Understanding WindRecall: winds move clockwise and outward from a high pressure area and counter-clockwise and inward into a low pressure system

We now know that winds (horizontal movement of pressure) move from high pressure systems to low pressure systems BUT they DO NOT flow directly from a high towards a low

Instead, winds follow a figure 8 pattern as they move from a high pressure system to a low pressure system

Understanding Wind ContinuedUse the image on these next few slides during these explanations

Notice how the high and low pressure systems are outlined by their surrounding isobars. ◦ The isobar numbers (“atmospheric

pressure”) decrease as you move outward from a high pressure system and inward towards a low pressure system

Understanding Wind Continued 2So why are the winds are flowing from the high pressure system to the low pressure system in a figure 8 pattern?

Ask yourself. How do winds flow out of the high pressure system? ...they flow clockwise and outward! So although they are flowing towards the low pressure system, they are NOT taking a direct path!

As the winds come into the low pressure system, they do not just head for the center. Instead they flow inwards and counter-clockwise towards the center.

So if you follow with your finger on the diagram, you’ll see the winds make a figure 8 pattern as they flow outward from the high and inwards into the low pressure system. Make sense?

Understanding Wind Continued 3Remember that the reason wind is wanting to move from the high pressure system to the low pressure system is because of the atmosphere trying to rebalance itself.

Pressure Gradient and WindRecall: the steepness of the pressure gradient is measured by the closeness of the isobars

When the isobars are spaced widely apart, the pressure gradient is shallow and the movement of pressure (wind speed) across the isobars is slow

When the isobars are closer together, the pressure gradient is steep and the movement of pressure (wind speed) across the isobars is fast

Forces Acting Against WindBecause pressure (wind) moves along the surface of the earth, it is susceptible to forces acting against it.

There are two primary forces that act against wind:◦ Surface friction

◦ Coriolis force

Surface FrictionAs pressure (wind) moves along the surface of the earth from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure, the friction created between the moving air and the earth’s surface creates a force that acts against the wind, slowing it down as a result.

◦ this is why upper winds move faster than surface winds... the effect of surface friction is almost non-existent at high altitudes because the upper winds are not coming into contact with the Earth’s surface.

When pressure movement (wind speed) is slowed down, air tends to move across the isobars

The greater the effect of surface friction, the more the wind will flow against the isobars. ◦ This is one reason why air moves clockwise and outwards from a high and counter-clockwise and inwards

into a low pressure system.

◦ Think about it... in order for pressure (wind) to flow outwards from a high or inwards to a low, it must flow against the isobars (surrounding the system) to get to the center of the high or low pressure system

Surface Friction ContinuedAlso, the effect of surface friction over bodies of water will be significantly less than over mountainous terrain

◦ mountainous terrain has a larger/bumpier surface area for the wind to contact and the ocean surface is usually pretty smooth.

As a result, air will move at larger angles across the isobars over mountainous regions and at shallower angles over oceanic surfaces

This is why air moves along (with) the isobars at higher altitudes and across the isobars at lower surface altitudes

◦ As you increase in altitude, the affect of surface friction on moving winds is significantly decreased and thus the affect of surface friction becomes less significant as you gain altitude ◦ Less surface friction means the air will flow more parallel with the isobars at altitude

Surface Friction Continued 2Recall: as wind moves from an oceanic surface to a land surface, it will encounter more surface friction ◦ As a result, the wind will

be slowed and deflected across the isobars

◦ The effect of surface friction increases in mountainous regions

Coriolis ForceRecall: pressure (wind) moving from a high pressure system to a low pressure system does not flow in a direct path ◦ The pressure (wind) tends to flow in a figure 8

pattern.

In fact, the reason why winds move clockwise around high pressure and counter-clockwise around low pressure is because of a force called Coriolis Force!

Coriolis Force Continued

In the Northern Hemisphere, as the Earth rotates beneath us, it imposes a force that deflects or ‘pushes’ moving air to the right. This rightward deflecting force is called Coriolis Force.

As air moves from a high pressure system to a low pressure system, it is deflected to the right (by the Coriolis Force). This is why air moves clockwise (right) and outwards from a high pressure system. Make sense?

As the air tries to turn towards the right (as it leaves the high pressure system), it is circularly sucked into the low pressure system in a leftward counter-clockwise manner

In the end, air moves in a figure 8 pattern from the high towards the low and this movement is called... you guessed it WIND!

Make sense?

Understanding Wind ReviewRecall and Review: ◦ Winds move outward from areas of high pressure and inward towards areas of low pressure

◦ This is because the atmosphere wants to “re-balance” the pressure between these areas

◦ Winds flow in a figure 8 pattern outward from a high and inward to a low ◦ This is because the winds move in a clockwise fashion around a high and counter-clockwise around a low

◦ This is caused by the Coriolis Force

Winds tend to slow down near the Earth’s surface and thus flow across the isobars.◦ This is because of Surface Friction

Buy Ballots LawIn the Northern Hemisphere, when you stand with your back to the wind, a low pressure system will always exist off your left side! This is called Buy Ballots Law.

Why? Think about a low pressure system. The winds are flowing inward and counter-clockwise or to the left. Well imagine standing with your back to the wind. Stick out your hand, you’ll always point to the Low. Try it. Draw it out!

Application of Buy Ballots LawAn application (example) of Buy Ballots Law: ◦ Suppose you are flying westbound towards Brandon and encounter a crosswind that pushes

you south of your intended track

◦ Using Buy Ballots Law, the low pressure system must be behind the airplane (east). Why? ◦ Crosswind is coming from the North hence why it’s pushing you south.

◦ Now imagine standing with your back to the North so the wind is hitting your back. You are facing south.

◦ Stick out your left hand and it points to the east or behind the airplane

◦ This is where the low pressure system exists according to Buy Ballots Law.

ConvergenceRecall: air moves outward from a high pressure system and inwards towards a low pressure system

Convergence: converging towards a centre point (coming together) ◦ Since air moves inwards to a low

pressure system, they are referred to as systems of convergence

DivergenceRemember: air moves outward from a high pressure system and inwards towards a low pressure system

Divergence: diverging outwards from a centre point (spreading apart) ◦ Since air moves outwards from

a high pressure system, they are referred to as systems of divergence

Land and Sea BreezesLand and Sea breezes are caused when there are temperature differences between the land and the water

These breezes occur along the coast or shoreline (we must have a water surface next to a land surface in order to get land/sea breezes.)

Before Understanding Land and Sea BreezesIn order to understand how land and sea breezes are formed, you must take note of the following ‘key’ information first:

If we compare land and water, we can say the following: ◦ There are pressure differences between the two

◦ Low pressure systems exist over relatively warmer bodies

◦ High pressure systems exist over relatively cooler bodies

◦ Rate of absorbing and retaining heat energy also differ ◦ Land (ground) absorbs and releases heat energy quickly

◦ Oceanic surfaces (water) absorbs and release heat energy slower

Sea BreezesDuring the morning (when the sun is rising), the Earth absorbs the sun’s energy faster than the ocean does

As a result, the Earth heats up faster than the ocean

Because the Earth is warmer than the Ocean in the morning (day), an area of lower pressure will form over the land. See previous slide.

Sea Breezes ContinuedBecause the Ocean is cooler (absorbs the sun’s energy slower) than the land during the day, an area of higher pressure will form over the ocean

Pressure (wind) will then move from the ocean (high pressure) towards the land (low pressure) ◦ The result is a breeze or light wind flowing from the ocean onto the land.

◦ We call this wind a Sea Breeze!

Land BreezesDuring the evening (when the sun is setting), the Earth releases the sun’s energy faster than the ocean does

As a result, the Earth cools down faster than the ocean

Because the Earth is cooler than the Ocean in the evening, an area of higher pressure will form over the land (colder). See previous slide.

Land Breezes ContinuedBecause the Ocean is warmer releases the sun’s energy slower) than the land during the evening, an area of lower pressure will form over the ocean (warmer)

Pressure (wind) will then move from the land (high pressure) to the ocean (low pressure) ◦ The result is a breeze or light wind flowing from the land onto the water.

◦ We call this wind a Land Breeze!

Land and Sea Breezes Helpful TipsRemember the two following sayings◦ In by day out by night

◦ During the day the wind flows into land and during the night it flows out to sea

◦ You can sea during the day◦ Since you can see during the day the sea breeze is during the day

Land and Sea BreezesAnother Way to RememberSea Breezes ◦ Occur during the day

◦ A breeze that flows from the ocean (high pressure) onto land (low pressure) •

Land Breezes◦ Occurs during the night

◦ A breeze that flows from the land (high pressure) onto the ocean (low pressure)

How do you remember the difference? ◦ Have you ever gone to the beach during the day (enjoying the view) but also felt that nice

breeze coming off the ocean? You wouldn’t go to the beach at night to enjoy the view and feel the breeze so... you can just remember that sea breezes occur during the day and blow onto land (in your face).

◦ If you remember that, the opposite is true for Land Breezes

Diurnal variationsHave you ever wondered why the wind usually stronger during the day and calmer at night? Well you probably haven’t ;) but the reason for this is due to something called Diurnal Variations.

Recall: Upper winds are faster than surface winds because of the lack of surface friction at high altitudes. Also remember that that the atmosphere will always attempt to re-balance itself; the result being “weather”

So what are diurnal variations?

During the day, the Sun heats the Earth and then the Earth releases that heat into the atmosphere ◦ When the Earth releases this heat energy back into the atmosphere, convective pockets of rising

warm air are created which we know already

Diurnal Variations ContinuedConsider what happens when this warm rising air leaves the Earth’s surface and rises upwards. ◦ Air must come back down to the surface of the Earth to replace the rising warm air leaving

the Earth (this is how the atmosphere tries to remain in-balance).

These rising pockets of air thus form a “convective link” between the slow surface winds and the fast moving upper winds ◦ As the convective link is strengthened during the day by more and more air going up and back

down again, this “link” forces the fast upper winds to be pulled down to the surface of the Earth and thus speed up the slower moving surface winds. Make sense?

Diurnal Variations Continued 2We can now understand why surface winds speed up during the day but why do they slow down at night.

◦ What happens when the sun goes away at night? More specifically, what happens to that “convective link” at night?... it disappears!

◦ Because the sun and ultimately the energy that is heating the Earth and creating the convective link goes away at night, there is no way for the upper winds to be brought down to the surface and speed up the surface winds at night.

So at night, in the absence of the sun, there is no convective link pulling the upper winds down to the surface thus the surface winds begin to slow back down because now surface friction takes over.

Mechanical Turbulence

Recall: winds blow for a reason... they are moving towards the low pressure system (wherever the ‘Low’ may be)

◦ If an obstacle (building, mountain, etc) were to block the wind along its path of travel, its speed and direction would be altered because the wind would attempt to go around, through or over the obstacle to get ‘back on course’

◦ The altering of the wind’s speed and direction causes friction and turbulence

◦ This is called mechanical turbulence

Pilots and mechanical turbulence usually don’t mix!

Whenever pilots fly through areas of mechanical turbulence, the aircraft will usually get bounced and tossed around quite significantly (depending on the intensity of the mechanical turbulence)

◦ A small building or rural town will create less mechanical turbulence than, for example, downtown Toronto or the Rocky Mountains

Mechanical turbulence continuedNotice the prevailing winds moving around the farm buildings in order to ‘get back on course’... the result is mechanical turbulence!

Would you want to be that pilot on the runway?

Mechanical Turbulence Continued 2Notice the prevailing winds moving over the huge mountain in order to ‘get back on course’... the result is mechanical turbulence on the other of the mountain

Gusts Versus Squalls

Gusts and Squalls are rapid and irregular changes in wind speed and direction ◦ But what is the difference between a gust and a squall?

Gusts ◦ Rapid and irregular changes in wind speed and direction that are short lived (less than 2 minutes

in length)

Squalls ◦ Rapid and irregular changes in wind speed and direction that occur for a longer period of time

(more than 2 minutes in length)

TornadoesA Tornado is a violent, circular whirlpool of air

More precisely, they are very deep, concentrated low pressure systems ◦ Essentially a big vacuum that extends

from a cloud and moves across the surface of the Earth

Veering and Backing Winds

When the wind Veers, it changes direction clockwise (to the right) ◦ For example, when the wind direction changes from 010 to 080, the wind is said to veer

When the wind Backs, it changes direction counter-clockwise (to the left) ◦ For example, when the wind direction changes from 080 to 010, the wind is said to back

When departing an airport (going up), the winds will tend to Veer and Increase in speed

When landing at an airport (coming down), the winds will tend to Back and Decrease in speed ◦ How do you remember this? Well when your landing and going down, you are coming back to

the airport and slowing down as well! So as you arrive, the winds back and decrease in speed!

◦ So then “veer and increase in speed” must be when you’re departing or going up. Make sense?

Wind shearWhenever you are landing an airplane, you always land with a headwind and not a tailwind! That is the number one rule of flying.

So it wouldn’t be good if you were landing with a headwind and then all of a sudden the wind direction changed 180 degrees, giving you a tailwind (a big problem!)...

◦ You would then be flying too fast and might overshoot the runway

It also wouldn’t be good if you were landing with a strong headwind and all of a sudden the wind speed decreased to zero, giving you no headwind (a big problem!)...

◦ You might stall because of the dramatic decrease in wind going over the wings

This is exactly what wind shear is ◦ Wind Shear is the sudden change in wind direction and/or wind speed that a pilot may encounter while

landing.

◦ Wind shear can also be encountered at high altitudes but it’s not as bad as encountering it near the ground. Can you guess why

Jet stream(the optional topic)

The Jet Steam is a narrow band of fast moving air that flows in a easterly direction over North America up around 40,000 feet (in the troposphere). The jet stream winds can be anywhere from 50-300 knots.

Pilots traveling eastbound will always try to fly in the Jet Stream and pilots traveling westbound will always try to avoid the Jet Stream ◦ Why? ...fuel savings

◦ If you are flying with the Jet Stream at your back (eastbound), a pilot can cut back his power setting and still fly at the same speed thus saving the airline money by burning less fuel!

◦ If you are flying against the Jet Stream (westbound), a pilot would want to avoid the jet stream so as not to expose the airplane to extreme headwinds and thus have to use more power, burn more fuel and spend more of the airlines money to get to the destination!

SummaryIn this class the following topics were covered:◦ Atmospheric Pressure

◦ Pressure Systems

◦ Winds

Things to ReadThere are various topics which are easy to understand through reading. Also reading material on subjects learned in class improves knowledge of the subject and can only help. Just DON’T focus too much on the things you know, it’s the things you don’t know that need work!

Reading material will be posted and suggested in class. (suggested readings in class will be added to this slide by Thursday November 27th

Additional tipsTips will be constantly updated with time any may get their own power point so stay tuned!

Questions?Always Write Your Questions as You Think Them

If you don’t write your questions or at least provide hints to things you wanted answered, you may forget. Those moments where you have questions are usually defining moments of learning..

Not asking questions is the single worst thing you can do to your learning.

Just try to keep your questions relatable to the topic at hand and avoid sharing stories which divert from the topic.