Malaysian Studies CHAPTER 1

8/9/2019 Malaysian Studies CHAPTER 1

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CHAPTER ONE:Struggle for

Independence

1


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TRADITIONAL MALAY

2

The Malay societythat is rich inculture and

custos! and notforgetting no"lecourteous #alues!that e$isted"eforecolonialis%

Eergence ofse#eral traditionalMalay &ingdos%


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THE MALAY KINGDOM OF MELAKA

• To Pires

'Melaka is very famous and prosperous. In my opinion, it has nocomparison in the world. It is a city more suitable for trading

products than any other in the world”.

3

It was a compilation of wide variety of information, both historicaland geographical, ethnographic, botanical, economic, on trade,coins, weights and measures etc. Pires was careful to investigatethe accuracy of the information collected from merchants, sailors

and populations, with whom he contacted. It shows him to be adiscriminating observer, in spite of his tangled prose, and superiorto other Portuguese writers of the time.

“Suma riental !ue trata do Mar "o#o at$ aos %hins”


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Melaka suitability

4

A centre for aritie tradeand spread of Isla%

Suita"le location for

collecting! channeling ande$changing of goods throughan entrepot syste%

An alternate syste ofonsoon (inds! (hich

deterined the course anddirection of sailing ships%

)acilities


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Laws i Melaka

!

&ukum 'anun Melaka:

• A criinal and ci#il la( thatdetailed in ** Articles suchthings as roles! duties andresponsi"ilities of the ruler andthe ruled%

• Co"ination of traditional la(and custoary la(

(ndang)undang *autMelaka• The proper conduct! rules and

regulations relating to shippingand trade as (ell as duties andresponsi"ilities of port o+cersand o+cers of shipping #essels


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As a "esult##

$

• )roChinaagainsttheSiaese

Protection

• ,a#a! Indiaand Sia

-iploatic Ties

• Atreasona"lerate

Ta$ation

• Coinage

syste toreplace"artersyste

Currency


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Fa%t&"s le' t& t(e FALL &) Melaka

*

.ac&ed ofe+cient leader

Struggles forpo(ers

/ea& leaderMisunderstandi

ng anddisputes

/ea&adinistration0Tun Mutahir%

-efaationand "ri"ing

disco#ery ofCape of 1ood

Hope

Portuguese+old, +ospeland +lory.

Internal con2ict

and high ta$es


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+OLONI,ATION ERA

PORT313ESE 45655057*58

-3TCH 457*5059*8

;RITISH 459*05


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MELAKAPORT313ESE 456550

57*58-3TCH 457*5059*8

KOTA .AHR/ ,APANESE 45


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0ORT/G/EE 1!111$41

15

" y A l f o n = o d e

A l " u > u e r > u e i n 5 6 5 5

t o c o n t r o l t h e a r i t i e t r a d e i n t h e e a s t a n d t o

s p r e a d C h r i s t i a n i t y

I n t r o d u c e d

t h e i r o ( n s y s t e %

R e t a i n t h e p o s t s o f e n d a h a r a , - e m e n g g u n g

a n d S y a h b a n d a r %

T h e y i n t r o d u c e d a n e c o n o i c

s y s t e c a l l e d M e " % a t i l e

0 & l i % y


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Ships to pay 705?@ oftheir total #alues

Traders ust o"taintrading perits

Traders (ere forced tosell their goods to the

Portuguese at lo( pricesand "uy Portuguesegoods at ar&ed up

rates%

To control spices treatedMusli "adly

Introduced coinagesyste B tin! copper!

sil#er! gold M e r c

a n t i l e

P o l i c y


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Ipacts of Portuguese coloni=ation

IMPAC TS

;uildingsand

churches

Coinagesyste

Interarriages

12

.anguages


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D/T+H 1$411624

13

(nitedutch /ast

India%ompany

(as fored

to unite allthe -utchenterprises

in Asia

Theonopoly of

trade in Asia

59*! (iththe signing

of the

Anglo0-utch Treaty%


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• In order to secure its position! the -utcherged (ith the ,ohor epire to launch theattac& at the Portuguese in Mela&a%

• The -utch anaged to set up their o+ce at;ata#ia%

• Around ,une 57*? to ,anuary 57*5! Mela&a(as surrounded "y the -utch (ith the

,ohor assistance%

• ;y 57 ,anuary 57*5! Portuguesesurrendered to the -utch%

5*


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A7l& 8 Dut%( T"eaty 1624

1!


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.RITIH 16241-41 8 9(ase 1

1$

Na#al;ase

Suita"le port


17/1361*

t"aits ettle:ets

Singapore!Mela&a andPenangIsland

45978! rstcapital in

Penang andthen

Singapore in59D%

5st April

597! theadinistration of StraitsSettleents

(astransferred

fro Calcuttato the

ColonialO+ce in.ondon%

E+cientadinistratio

n!

coercialagriculture

;egan to payattention tothe Malay

states%


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;(at is Resi'etialyste:<

16


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1-

A syste of indirect ;ritish rule in the MalayStates that had accepted ;ritish protection

A ;ritish Resident (as appointed in fourstates: Pera&! Selangor! Pahang and NegriSe"ilan

To ad#ise Sultan on all atters ofadinistration and go#ernent e$cept thoseconcerning Malay religion and custo

The Sultan reained as Head of State

The Resident (as there to ad#ise and not to

rule


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25

-i+culties

.ittle helpfro ;ritain

.iitedpo(er

No specicguidelines

Sultans andfollo(ers

resistant tochanges

Peace andOrder

Econoic-e#elopent

Re#enueCollection


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21

EFecti#ego#ernent

.a( andorder

Peace andsecurity

Increase inpopulation

Counication

Cash crop

Nounifority

Residents"ecaepo(erful

-iFerenteconoic

gro(th

;enets-eerits


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Fe'e"ate' Malay tate T"eaty

22

•

The acceptance of the rulers of the)ederated Malay States of a ;ritish o+cer(ith the title of Resident01eneral%

• The role (as to ad#ice on all aspects ofgo#ernent e$cept issues relating to Islaand Malay custos%

• The rulers (ere still in po(er in their o(nstates

• A Conference of Malay Rulers &no(n as

urbar (as introduced%


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Fe'e"al E=e%uti>e +&u%il

23

HighCoissioner

4Singapore8

Resident 1eneral

4Guala .upur8

* Sultans4Pera&! Selangor!

N%Se"ilan Pahang8

Residents3no+cial

Me"ers


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EFects of the agreeent

24

t"e7t(s

Rapideconoic

de#elopent

Cheaperand

e+cientadinistrati

onIncrease inpopulation


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2!

A':iist"ati&

E%&&:i%

;EAKNEE


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• D/R.AR?

– Allo(ed Malay Sultans and Chiefs toeet ;ritish o+cials to put for(ard their

#ie(s on iportant atters% – -ur"ar has no real po(er%

– Had ore cereonial and sy"oliceanings than policy a&ing functions:the Sultans had to discuss all issues (iththe Residents "efore they could "e raisedin the dur"ar


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• In 5


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' Swettenham, appointed "esident)+eneral, fashioned0a highlycentrali1ed administration which by

depriving the states of most of their powers, and by centrali1ing that power in his hands, made the word

2ederation ridiculous.”

A historian coenting on o#ercentrali=ation in the)ederation


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• -ECENTRA.IJATION: – The foration of )MS had led to

econoic prosperity in soe states! "ut

had resulted in centrali=ation at thee$pense of the Sultans%

– /hen there (as a slup in econoicde#elopent in the 5


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/)e'e"ate' Malay tates

35

•;efore 5


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;(at :ake /M 'i@e"et )"&: FM<

– The Sultans of 3MS (ere oreindependent and po(erful than theSultans of the )MS (hose political po(er(as lost to the ;ritish in 59


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A0ANEE 1-411-4!

32

• Occupied Malaya for only three and a halfyears fro 1! Feb"ua"y 1-42 t& 1!Au7ust 1-4!#

• The ain ai of the ,apanese (as toesta"lish a Ne( 1reat East Asiago#ernent%


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a9aese Bi%t&"y

33

/ellplanned

/ellprepared

E$perienced

coander

To freeIndia frothe ;ritish

Propaganda

'Asia forAsiansK

E$cellenttactics


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34

IM0A+T

Nipponi=ation

-ecline ineconoy

Shortageof food

othernecessities paper

oney andthe "lac&ar&et

Poor pu"lichealth

ser#ices


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• &%ial e@e%ts ? – oppression! especially on the Chinese as a

continuation of the Sino0,apanese (ar in 5


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• E%&&:i% situation (as #ery "adeFects :0 – properties and infrastructures (ere destroyed

"y the ;ritish "efore running a(ay – tin ining and ru""er industries couldnt "e

continued

– no foreign trade

–

consuer goods and food! especially rice (asscarce

– ,apanese forced people to plant tapioca ands(eet potatoes

–

in2ation B uncontrolled oney distri"ution–


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• 0&liti%al e@e%ts ? – ,apanese encouraged political

a(areness 4especially aong the

Malays8 0 slogan : L Asia for AsiansL – gain e$perience in adinistration

– encouraged Malay nationalis andin#ol#eent in political organi=ations

eg% GRIS – Indians and Chinese strengthened

aongst thesel#es! causing di+cultieslater on in the future in esta"lishing

national spirit


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• The racial policy of the ,apaneseto(ards: – The Chinese

– The Indians

– The Malays

– Others

4)urther reading: Refers to ,apanese Occupation inMalaya8


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TR/GGLE FORINDE0ENDEN+E


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Fa%t&"s le' t& t(e ati&alist:&>e:ets

• Intro to /estern Politics

• -e#elopent of education syste

• The ;ritish policy

• ,apanese Occupation

• MCP in2uenced

• The rise of the achine

• Pan0Islais o#eent• Regional political a(areness


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Outsi'e iCue%es

• Struggle

againstHolland%

Indones

ia

• oung

Tur&isho#eentand Re#i#alof Isla

Egypt

• -efeated

Russia in5


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Mass :e'ia


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O"7aiati&s

Malay nationalis can "e di#ided intoD stages

Religious stage : 5


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• Radically pro0Islaic o#eent

• Caused any Malays to considertheir position in relation to the non0

Islaic races of Malaya

• Main purpose: to help Malay societyprogress through the teaching of

Isla%• Pu"lished AlI:a: in 5


46/136

• AlI:a:

The rst ne(spaper that carried theessage of Islaic odernis in the

Malay0Musli (orld%

Analy=ed the ills of the state of Islaic

society! pointing to the "ac&(ardness ofthe Malays! their doination "y aliens!their ignorance of odern elds of&no(ledge! their la=iness! their

coplacency 4self0satisfaction8! their


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• Political atters and nationalisfound their (ays into ne(spaperssuch as Seruan A=har and Pilihan

Tiur pu"lished in Cairo "y a ointeFort "et(een Malay and Indonesianstudents%

• These groups had ad#ocated for theindependence of Malaya andIndonesia in the G"eate" I'&esia%


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• The rst Malay political party%

• Set up "y Eu&s Ab'ulla(! assisted"y Teng&u A"dul Gadir and E"o&

Suloh%

• English0educated Malay initiati#e

• 5


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• Eu&s Ab'ulla(

Already "eing appointed as ae"er of .egislati#e Council for

Straits Settleents%

Attepted to gather support for hisrole in the Council%

The only Malay appointed to theCouncil%


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• )ocused on politics and nationalis

• Aalgaating the Malay states (ithIndonesia

• Accepted "y a section of the Malaystudents at MPSI


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• )ored in 5


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• Replaced GMM

• )ored "y ;urhanuddin Heli!I"rahi aaco"! Onan H Sira etc

• Plan to erge Malaya Indonesia QIndonesia Raya

• Halted (ith the ,apanese surrendered


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• Successor of GRIS

• Ahad ;oestaa led the outh(ing0Ang&atan Peuda Insaf 4API8

• Shasiah )a&eh led Ang&atan /anitaSedar 4A/AS8

• /hen API (as "anned! replaced "y

Pe"ela Tanah Air 4PETA8


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• -uring Eergency 5


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• Rise of nationalis (as not intenseand persistent as in the Malay states%


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MALAYAN /NION

• On 5? Oct 5


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• The ain o"ecti#es: – Protect the econoic interests

– To standardi=e adinistration under one rulingsyste%

– Cut do(n the adinistrati#e cost%

– To grant independence to the country%

– ;ritish hatred to(ards the Malays (ho

supported the ,apanese

F t ) t( M l / i


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Featu"es &) t(e Malaya /i&

• The ;ritish 1o#ernor (as the chief adinistrator!

(ith its centre in Guala .upur% An E$ecuti#eCouncil and a .egislati#e Council assist the1o#ernor%

• The Malay rulers only ad#ised the 1o#ernor! (hile

their so#ereignty as rulers of their o(n states (as(iped oF% The rulers authority (as only in issuespertaining to Isla and as the Head Council ofAd#isors%

•

The State Council (as retained for purposes ofanaging the local go#ernent! "ut (as stillsu"ected to control "y the central go#ernent%

• The Malayan 3nion did not in#ol#e Singapore

Singapore still reained as ;ritish colonialterritor under the rule of a ;ritish 1o#ernor


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• Citi=enship (as "ased on the principle of 3us soli%

Through this principle! Malayan citi=enship (aso"tained if – the foreigner (as 59 and a"o#e! and had resided in

Malaya for 5? out of a period of 56 years "efore 56)e"ruary 5


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• Harold MacMichael (as #ested (iththe responsi"ility of getting theagreeent of all the Malay rulers%

• On 5 April 5


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O99&siti& A7aist t(e Malaya /i&

-eonstrati

ons

M a s s M e d i a

)orer;ritish

O+cers

O r g a n i = a t i o n s

REAON ) t( iti


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REAON )&" t(e &99&siti&?

Granting ofcitizenship to thenon-Malays

Erosion of Malay

Rulers po(erand so#ereignty%

Mac Michaelssthreat

Non0Malaysin#ol#eent


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FAIL/RE &) t(e Malaya /i&

• Strong opposition fro the Malays%

• No strong support fro the non0Malays%

• /rong tiing%

• /rong introduction%

• Opposition fro the forer ;ritishadinistrators in Malaya

FEDERATION OF MALAYA 1-46


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FEDERATION OF MALAYA 1-460EREK/T/AN TANAH MELAY/

• The ;ritish agreed to replace theMalayan 3nion (ith a ne( for ofgo#ernent! &no(n as the

)ederation of Malaya on 5 )e"ruary5


65/136

• The (or&ing coittee consisted of: – 7 ;ritish o+cers – * representati#e of the Malay rulers

– 3MNO representati#es

Protection for the so#ereignty po(ers of theMalay rulers

More stringent conditions for citi=enship fornon0Malays

Special rights of the Malays


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• Non Malays critici=ed o"ected to the/or&ing Coittee as it did not includeany non0Malay%

5%AMC,A (ith MIC! Malayan Peoples Anti ,apanese e$0Ser#ices Corades Associationand the Pan0Malayan )ederation of Trade3nions%

%P3TERA API! PGMM A/AS

– AMC,A P3TERA launched hartal

F ti ) t( F ' ) M l


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F&":ati& &) t(e Fe'# &) Malaya

•

The ;ritish $ed 1 Feb 1-46 for esta"lishingthe )ederation of Malaya! (ith a ;ritish HighCoissioner as head! < Malay rulers together(ith Mela&a P%Pinang! Singapore (asEC.3-E- "ut still reained a ;ritish colony%

•

The .egislati#e State E$ecuti#e Councilsassisted "y the High Coissioner in theadin%

• The Malay rulers rights o#er their o(n state (asreturned%

• The state go#t responsi"le o#er atters relatingto local go#t adin! land atters! health!education agriculture%

• The adin of P%Pinang Mela&a cae under aResident Coissioner%

• Conditions for citi=enship "ecoe ore strict%


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Malay Rule"s

– Esta"lished the Conference of MalayRulers! to gi#e ad#ice to the HighCoissioner%

– Chaired "y < Malay Rulers appointed "ythe Conference%

– The rights! pri#ileges! po(er and honorof their respecti#e state (ill "e restored%

–

They shall adinister their state (iththe help of the State E$ecuti#e Counciland the State .egislati#e Council%

+&'iti&s )&" +ities(i9


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+&'iti&s )&" +ities(i9

– Aut&:ati% %ities(i9:

• Su"ects of the Sultan of any state• ;ritish su"ects "orn in Penang or Mela&a and had li#ed

continuously in the )ederation for 56 years%

• Any person "orn in the )ederation (hose t(o parents had"een "orn in and li#ed continuously in the federation for atleast 56 years%

– Those allo(ed to a99ly for e"ership (ere:

• Anyone (ho had li#ed in the )ederation for at least 95 yearsiediately preceding the application%UU 4"orn (ithin theterritories8

•

Anyone (ho had li#ed in the )ederation for at least 56 of the? years iediately preceding the application%UU 4stay (ithinthe territories8

• Those "orn in Singapore (ere not eligi"le to "ecoe citi=ensof the )ederation%

THE ERA OF THE EMERGEN+Y


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THE ERA OF THE EMERGEN+Y

• To get food and

edical suppliesfor guerillas inthe ungle and too"taininforation on;ritish acti#ities%

Min uen

• -eclaring the

eergency!introduce ;riggsPlan! ilitarysteps andpsychological(arfare%

Actionsta&en

Priary &be%ti>e of MCP: to o#erthro( the;ritish go#ernent and esta"lish theCounist Repu"lic of Malaya%

De%la"ati& &) E:e"7e%y


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De%la"ati& &) E:e"7e%y

1$t( ue 1-46

Sir Ed(ard 1entdeclared Pera&and ,ohoreergency areas%

1* ue 1-46

A state ofeergency (asdeclared on the(hole of Malaya

23"' uly 1-46 The MCP (aso+cially outla(ed

;(at 'i' t(e ."itis( '&


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;(at 'i' t(e ."itis( '&<

• To arrest and detain counist(ithout trial%

• Iposed road"loc&s and curfe(s%

• Introduced registration syste (hereciti=ens aged 5 years and a"o#e arere>uired to get one%

T(e ."i77s 0la


73/136

T(e ."i77s 0la

• To relocate the s>uatter areas fro theedge of the forest to a ne( #illage and tolaunch star#ation o#eent%

• To(ards )e" 5uatters (ere relocated toappro$iately *?? ne( #illages%

• The ai: to restrict the Chinese frosupplying food! edicine and info to theCounist%

0sy%(&l&7i%al ;a")a"e


74/136

0sy%(&l&7i%al ;a")a"e

• Ma&ing easier for the non0Malays to o"tainciti=enship

• Pardoning the large nu"ers of the MCPe"ers (ho surrendered

• Re(arding people (ho pro#ided info onthe counist terrorists

• 1i#ing out paphlets calling the

counist terrorists to gi#e up• Introduced the '"lac& and (hite areasK

• Introduced curfe(s%

T(e .ali7 Ne7&tiati&


75/136

T(e .ali7 Ne7&tiati&

• The negotiation (as held in ;aling!Gedah on the 9 and < -ec 5


76/136

I:9a%ts &) t(e E:e"7e%y

• Nu"ers of people (ere &illed%

• Properties (ere destroyed and theeconoy (as crippled%

• Ne( #illages (ith pu"lic facilities%


77/136

NEGOTIATION FORINDE0ENDEN+E

M b t 1-!1


78/136

Me:be" yste: 1-!1

• Proposed "y -ato Onn (hen he etSir Henry 1urney in Guala .upur%

• Purposes: – .ocal deand for participation in the

go#t

– To train the local people for self0go#t

• /as ipleented on ,an 5


79/136

• This syste see perfect to reduce thepressure of MCP

• Me"ers: –

< e"ers• 6 local people 4D Malays! 5 Chinese and 5

Indian8

• * ;ritish o+cers

•Appointed "y High Coissioner "y theConsent of Conference of Malay Rulers

• 3nder the High Co% super#ision


80/136

-ato Onn "in ,aafar Hoe AFairs

-ato Mahud Mat .ands! Mines andCounications

-ato E%E%C% Thuraisinga

Education

-r .ee Tiang Geng Health

Teng&u aaco" Agriculture and )orestry

L&%al G&>e":et Ele%ti&s 1-!1!2


81/136

L&%al G&>e":et Ele%ti&s 1-!1!2

• The idea (as 5st entioned "y the ;ritishHigh Coissioner! Sir Henry 1urney in)e" 5


82/136

• Elections to the local councils (ere heldunder the order of the ;ritish HighCoissioner in Penang and Mela&a andthe Malay Rulers0in0Council in the otherstates in the )ederation%

• The Mentri ;esar of the states in (hich thelocal Councils e$isted had the po(er to

appoint up to 5D of the e"ers of theCouncils%

• There (as no $ed ter of o+ce for aCouncil.


83/136

• The election of the Municipal Council ofGuala .upur in )e" 5


84/136

Fi"st Fe'e"al Ele%ti& 1-!!

• The Alliance! (hich (on ost of the seats for the

elections that had "een conducted (as e$pectedto eerge fro the 5


85/136

• The negotiation "et(een the ;ritish go#tand the delegation representing theAlliance and the Rulers "egan in ,an andended in )e" 5


86/136

– The Chief Secretary should only conne hisduties to adinistrati#e (or& and atters ofe$ternal aFairs

– The ;ritish ad#isors to the Rulers in each states

should "e (ithdra(n – A Constitutional Coission should "e

appointed as soon as possi"le to draft aconstitution pro#iding for full self0go#t and

independence (ithin the Coon(ealth "yAug 5


87/136

• The ;ritish go#t used elections as a test ofunity in the country (ith the proise thatindependence (ould "e granted if theciti=ens of the country (ere united%

• Tun&u led a tea to .ondon in )e" 5


88/136

+&stituti& &) Fe'e"ati& &)I'e9e'e%e Malaya 1-!*

• .ord Reid headed the Reid Coission todra( up a constitution for independentMalaya%

• Coprised of the follo(ing e"ers: –

.ord Reid 4;ritain8 – Sir I#or ,ennings 4;ritain8

– Sir /illia Mc&ell 4Australia8

– ;% Mali& 4India8

– Ha&i A"dul Haid 4Pa&istan8

• Su"itted its Constitution -raft on )e" 5


89/136

• Hea' &) G&>e":et

–Shall "e the PM! (ho shall "eappointed "y the Ging fro aong

Me"ers of Parliaent% –PM is to for a Ca"inet! (hich he

shall head and they (ill "e

responsi"le to the Parliaent%

0"i%i9les


90/136

• 0a"lia:et – To "e coposed of Houses: ewan

"akyat and ewan 4egara%

–Me"ers of ewan "akyat (ill "eelected e#ery 6 years in the generalelections%

– Me"ers of ewan 4egara (ill "eappointed "y the Ging! including e"ers (ho (ill "e noinated "yeach state legislature%


91/136

• tate le>el – Sultan56ang di)Pertua 4egeri shall "e

the Head of the State

–

Menteri esar is the Head of the State1o#t – Me"ers of the State 1o#t (ill "e

elected e#ery 6 years in a state general

elections%

There should "e a clear di#ision "et(eenthe po(er to a&e la( "et(een the

State and the )ederal .e#el%


92/136

•

+ities(i9 – All person "orn on or after the Merde&a -ay(ould ac>uire autoatic citi=enship%

– All those aged 59 and a"o#e! "orn in the)ederation and had li#ed 6 years in the)ederation ay also apply for citi=enship ifthey can deonstrate their understanding ofthe Malay language and is (illing to ta&e anoath of allegiance%

– All those "orn outside the )ederation "ut ha#eli#ed in the )ederation for a"out 95 years

ay also apply for citi=enship if they candeonstrate their understanding of the Malaylanguage and is (illing to ta&e an oath ofallegiance%

– -ual citi=enship (as for"idden%

Ot(e" 9"&>isi&s


93/136

Ot(e" 9"&>isi&s

• Special positions and rights of the Malays Bshould "e re#ie(ed "y the .egislatureafter 56 years%

•

Malay shall "e the o+cial language after5


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FORMATION OF MALAYIA


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• The idea (as aired"y Tun&u A"dulRahan "ased onthree iportanttheories B securitytheory! population"alance theory and

the e$pansiontheory%

e%u"ity T(e&"y


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e%u"ity T(e&"y

/as tied up (ith the Singaporepro"le 0 losing its political grip%

PAP candidates (ere thrashed "y theopposition candidates%

Tun&u suggested that Malaya Singapore (ould a&e a "etterposition to co"at counistsacti#ities%

0&9ulati& .ala%e T(e&"y


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0&9ulati& .ala%e T(e&"y

Singapore (as a Chinese doination!(ould aFect the population "alance"et(een the Malays and the non0

Malays in the Peninsula%

In Sa"ah! Sara(a& and ;runei!

constituted the aority of thepopulation Q strong enough tocounter "alance the Chinese in2u$

fro Singapore

E=9asi& T(e&"y


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E=9asi& T(e&"y

Around 5


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Fa%t&"s )&" t(e F&":ati& &) Malaysia

• Independence throughunication%

• 3nderstanding for de#elopent%

• Ethnic "alance and unity%• Collecti#e ght against

counis%

• Econoic cooperation%• 3nited in international relations%

Rea%ti&s T&wa"'s t(e I'ea


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Singapo

re

;runei

Sa"ah Sara(a&

Fe'e"ati& &) Malaya


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Fe'e"ati& &) Malaya

• ;asically the people of Malayasupported the foration of

Malaysia%

i7a9&"e


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• Singapore reacted (ith enthusias to theproposed erger%

• .ee Guan e( et (ith Tun&u in Aug 5


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.ee G capaigned inSingapore to get agreeentfro the people for erger(ith Malaya%

Although arisan Sosialis and other counist0doinated groupscapaigned against oiningMalaysia! the aoritysupported their PrieMinister%

aba( a"awak


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• At rst reluctant to oin Malaysia%

• /HW – Non0 Malays feared that a"sorption into the

Malaya )ederation (ould a&e the Malays inSa"ah and Sara(a& e#en ore doinant%

– Malay leaders (ere e>ually (orried that aerger (ould a&e their states a sall and

uniportant part of the larger federation% – /ould "e "etter to achie#e independence and

then consider the erits of a possi"le erger%

."uei


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• /as at rst in fa#or of oining Malaysia%

• Sultan Ali Saifuddin sa( ;runei coingunder the protection of the uch largerMalaya%

• Parti Ra&yat 4A%M%A=hari8 (anted to seethe D ;orneo territories oin together andfor their o(n oint go#t%

• Started a re#olt against the Sultan in -ec

5


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•;runei did sent o"ser#ers in MSCC"ut Sultan (as not happy (ith theMalaysia proposals%

• Reasons: – -ispute o#er ho( uch of its oil

re#enues ;runei (ould "e allo(ed to&eep if it oined Malaysia%

–

The Sultan thought he (ould ha#e ahigher ran& in the seniority list ofSultans%

– Position of ;runei in Malaysia%

."ueis ;it('"awal


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the nu"er of seats in the .egislature and in Parliaent

the control on oil and other aterials

onetary autonoy

;runeis earlier in#estents

ethod of ta$ation

authority in the area of education and (elfare

atters of religion

citi=enship

the security of ;runei

the position of the sultan and the status of ;runei (ithin Malaysia%


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E=te"al O99&siti&s

I'&esia

T(e 0(ili99ies

I'&esia


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• -id not (elcoe erger "ut /HW – Sa( erger as an attept "y the ;ritish

to aintain its po(er in Southeast Asia

since the ;ritish "ases (ould reain inSingapore after Malaysia (as fored%

– Its territory! Galiantan! shares a "order(ith Sa"ah and Sara(a&%


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• .aunched Confrontation! an anti0Malaysia capaign% – -espite 3N sur#ey! (hich reported that

the people of Sa"ah and Sara(a& (erefor erger%

– Capaign turned #iolent (ith(idespread daage and loss of li#es%


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• Confrontation ended in 5


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• Claied Sa"ah to "e its territory%• ;ro&e oF diploatic reasons (ith

Malaysia on the day it (as o+cially

proclaied%• Relations (ere only restored in ,une

5


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• /hile the Philippines did not engagein (arfare! they did "rea& oFdiploatic relations (ith Malaysia%

•

;oth the Philippines and Indonesiaopposition (atered do(n through aseries of tal&s "et(een "oth countriesand their leaders%

•

In Manila Conference 5


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te9s t&wa"'s "ealii7Malaysia

Malaysia &li'a"ity a' +&sultati>e +&::ittee


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Malaysia &li'a"ity a' +&sultati>e +&::ittee

• /as fored in ,uly 5


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O"ser#ations ade:• Soe representati#es of the ;orneo states

opposed Malaysia "ecause of fear of Malaydoination%

•

)a#ored independence rst then considerederger (ith the )ederation%

• ;ritish 1o#ernors for Sa"ah and Sara(a&! and;ritish High Coissioner of ;runei preferred toha#e "etter relations

• Opposition decreased after the 5st Meeting ofMSCC

T(e L&'& Missi&


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• The ;ritish go#t in#ited Tun&u A"dul Rahanto discuss the erger in greater details andalso to prepare the (ay for follo(0upconsultations (ith the ;orneo states%

• Xie(s of the people of ;orneo states ust"e ascertained and it (as alsoac&no(ledged that the #ie(s and opinions ofthe Sultan of ;runei (ere iportant and

ust "e sought%

+&bb&l' +&::issi&


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• /as fored in ,an 5


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“about one third of the population in eachterritory strongly favored0Malaysia withouttoo much concern about terms and conditions.

7nother third, many of them favorable to the

Malaysia pro3ect, ask, with varying degrees ofemphasis, for conditions and safeguardsvarying in nature and e#tent0.-he remainingthird is divided between those who wouldstrongly prefer to see ritish rule continue forsome years to come.

8 "eport of the %ommission of In!uiry to 4orth orneo andSarawak 9

Ite"G&>e":etal +&::ittee


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• I1C (as fored to (or& out thedetails "y (hich Sara(a& and Sa"ah(ere to "ecoe constitutional states

(ithin the )ederation of Malaysia%• Chaired "y .ord .ansdo(ne and

assisted "y Tun A"dul Ra=a&%

•

Had et * ties to loo& at therationale "ehind the erger of Sa"ahand Sara(a& in Malaysia%


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• I1C report (as pu"lished in )e"5


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Fe'e"ati& &) Malaya i7a9&"e A7"ee:et

• Aug 5


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gthe Meorandu called

Singapore /hite Paper (ith soeof the follo(ing ters: – Singapore (ould "ecoe a ne( state

(ithin the )ederation%

– It (ould ha#e 56 seats in the )ederalHouse of Representati#es and seats inthe senate%

– It (ould ha#e (ide state po(er o#er

education and la"or policies% – -ual citi=enships for the Singaporeans

– Singapores Head of State (ill "e called ang di Pertuan Negara and (ill "e

appointed "y -PA

INGA0ORE REFER/ND/M


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Alternati#e A

• ;ased on theters set forthearlier in the/hite PaperNo# 5


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• Alte"ati>e A recei#ed the aority ofthe #ote at D@%

• The pro0counist arisan Sosialis (erestrongly against the idea of referenduand called for "oycott%

• The edia capaign elded "y "othsides (as e$treely heated! any of theleaders on "oth sides "roadcast radiosho(s in se#eral languages% The #oterturnout (as e$tensi#e! around 7*!???had "een eligi"le to #ote! and around675!??? #oters turned up! (hich yieldeda turnout of


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• Maority of the people agreed to erge ascopared to their rst reaction conducted in theCo""old Coission%

• This (as due to the role played "y the Alliance%

• )urtherore! Sa"ah and Sara(a& preferredMalaysia as copared to oining the Philippines orIndonesia%

• -espite all the initial o"stacles! the ne( nation (asproclaied at idnight of 1! e9te:be" 1-$3%

T(e E=9ulsi& &) i7a9&"e.


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• To(ards the nal days of the negotiationprocess! Singapore appeared to sho((ithdra(al syndroe%

• Malaysia did not start oF (ell% Rightfro the "eginning! the P%A%P% and theAlliance Party in Guala .upur did notget along (ell (ith each other%


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• Racial polari=ations "egan to eerge"ecause the Singapore leaders (ereunrestrained unli&e their

counterparts in Malaya (hounderstood the need for racialtolerance and accoodation%


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• .ee G launched'MalaysianMalaysiaKcapaign%

• Singapore for3nited Opposition)ront B to ght for

e>ual rights andMalaysia forMalaysians%


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• In May 5


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• Ra%ial "i&ts B "et(een the Malaysand Chinese erupted in Singapore on

,uly 5! 5


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• On Au7ust * 1-$! Prie Minister Tun&u A"dul Rahan! seeing noalternati#e to a#oid further

"loodshed! ad#ised the Parliaent ofMalaysia that it should #ote to e$pelSingapore fro Malaysia%

n that day a tearful *ee


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n that day, a tearful *ee'uan 6ew announced that

Singapore was a sovereign,independent nation andassumed the role of primeminister of the new nation.

L)or e! it is aoent ofanguish%

All y life! y(hole adult life!

I ha#e "elie#edin erger

and unity of the

Documents

Malaysian Studies CHAPTER 1