Malaysian Studies Week 3

Week 3 : Political Process in Malaysia

Task 1

• Read the power point slides on the following topics:1. Old Malay Kingdoms 2. History of Malacca Kingdom3. Colonization Era in Malaya (Western Powers)

1. The factors2. The impacts

TOPIC 1: OLD MALAY KINGDOMS

OLD MALAY KINGDOMS

• Funan (1st century) – Located in present Kampuchea

• Kedah Tua / Old Kedah (5th century)– Located in Kampung Sungai Emas & Pengkalan

Bujang– Monarchy system– Important entrepot– Influenced by Hinduism & Buddhism

OLD MALAY KINGDOMS

• Langkasuka (2nd century) – Located in Patani– Merong Maha Wangsa History – Important entrepot– Influenced by Hinduism & Buddhism

• Srivijaya (7th century)– Located in Sumatera– Well known trade center– Strong relationship with China & India.

OLD MALAY KINGDOMS

• Majapahit (13th century)– Located in Jawa– Trade centre

OLD MALAY KINGDOMS

TOPIC 2: HISTORY OF MALACCA

HISTORY OF MALACCA

INTRODUCTION• Was founded by Parameswara in 1400 (1403).• Prince from Palembang, Sumatera.• The name of Malacca– Sejarah Melayu (Malay Sources): Pokok Buah Melaka

(Melaka Tree).– Arab source: the word malakat means market.– Hindu source: tree of amalaka.

•Period 1400-1511

HISTORY OF MALACCA

THE GOLDEN AGE OF MALACCA

• POLITICS o Monarchyo Support by the concept of Daulat and Tulah.o Administration: Sistem Pembesar Empat Lipatan

Bendahara : Prime Minister Laksamana : Defense Minister Temenggung : Chief Police Penghulu Bendahari : Finance Minister


• ECONOMY o Maritime o International Habour/Port

strategic protected from Monsoon complete with facilities.

o Centre of Spice trading oUse Currency: “pitis” made of tin.o Tax: reasonable and the rate base on the location.

MALACCA PORT

Spices


• SOCIAL o People

MalayOrang Asal (native people) Chinese Peranakan (Baba Nyonya) Tamil Muslim

o Religion HinduIslam

o Custom Adat Temenggung (Sumatera)


• SOCIALo Language

Bahasa Melayu : Lingua Franca o Law

Hukum Kanun Melaka Undang-undang Laut Melaka influence from custom and Islamic principles.

THE DOWNFALL OF MALACCA

• The Factors:1. no capable leader after the death of Tun Perak.2. corruption and weak administration 3. society are not united 4. economic downturn: higher tax rate 5. attacked from Portuguesa 1511

Topic 3: COLONIZATION IN MALAYA

COLONIZATION ERA• PORTUGUESE 1511-1641 – reasons:

• gold – spice• glory – empire • gospel – religion (Christian)

– influence only limited in Malacca.• DUTCH 1641-1824 – reasons:

• to control spice monopoly in Malacca• tin

– influence only limited in Malacca.

COLONIZATION ERA

• BRITISH 1770-1957– factors: • Internal political conflict • Natural resources (gold, tin etc.)• Potential market for British manufactured goods.

(impact of industrial revolution) • Opening of Suez Canal and telegraph • Competition between western powers

– manage to control all states in Malaya.

THE IMPACT OF BRITISH COLONIZATION

POLITICS 1. Western Bureaucratic system 2. Western law 3. Ruler (Sultan) lose power 4. Local leader (pembesar) lose power, right and influence. 5. Formation of Strait Settlement (NNS), Federal State (NNMB) & Non federated Malay State (NNMTB).


ECONOMICS 1. Exploitation in the production of natural resources, such as tin mining. 2. Control & monopoly in business and industry. 3. Introduce modern economics system (Capitalism) 4.New crop, ex: rubber, palm oil. 5. Higher tax.


SOCIAL 1. New facilities, ex: Hospital, Clinic, Railways, Road, Telephone, Water & Electricity. 2. Urbanization, ex: Ipoh, Seremban, Kuala Lumpur.3. Education – vernacular system (Malay, Indian, Chinese, English school & Religious School).


4. Multi racial community 5. Disunity among the people. Why? 6. Rule & Divide Policy.

Colonization in Malaya

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Task 2

• Read text on Japanese Occupation– Mardiana Nordin & Hasnah Hussin (2011). Malaysian Studies. Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. pg. 48-50

TASK 3

• Click on the link below to watch a documentary on British colonization. You will learn the effects of British colonization on Malaya.

http://youtu.be/nncOcrKpT8E

Task 4

• Complete the tutorial exercise and submit your answer via Times (Submission folder) before 10 March 2013, 7.00 pm.

Task 5

• Read the slides on the topic of Reaction from locals.

REACTION FROM LOCAL • The people oppose British rule in Malaya. It can be divided into

two phase: • The 1st phase

– the factors » The ruler and local leader lose power & control» exploitation in the natural resources » taxation system (too high) » Intervention in local customs and practices (ex: slavery, shifting

cultivation & head hunter) – The method of struggle – armed struggle / radical – result: fail. Why?

» no strategy » poor equipment » no unity. Why? Strong local sentiment among the Malays » individually oriented » no clear mission & objective.

REACTION FROM LOCAL • The 2nd phase is also known as Moderate movement (1930 – 1957). • Characteristics of the struggle:

– Methods: using mind and words, diplomacy, negotiations etc.– Form organization & united– Have strategy – Mass media : printed media

• Factors: Education system Emergence of intellectuals group External influence Japanese Occupation 1941-1945 Mass media

• Result: success Spreading of nationalism sentiment to the people.

THANK YOU.

Documents

Malaysian Studies Week 3