Malaysian Studies Lesson 9

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    Colonial EraColumbus discovered America in

    1492,and brought gold and wealth back toSpain,in order to balance Spainish

    supremacy in Europe, Portugal has to finda way..

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    COLONIZATION

    Malaysia was once a colonized land.

    Was subjugated by other powers for total periodof 446 years since 1511 until 1957.

    Portuguese 1511-1641

    Dutch 1641-1824

    British 1824-1942

    Japan 1942-1945

    British 1945-1957

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    COLONIZATION

    Portuguese, Dutch, British, Japanese andBritish had colonized the country before.

    But only British and Japanese colonizedthe whole country and left impact on the

    people

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    COLONIZATION

    Colonists and the Features of Domination

    http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/Colonists%20and%20the%20Features%20of%20Domination%20table.dochttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_3/Colonists%20and%20the%20Features%20of%20Domination%20table.doc
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    PortugueseColonization

    Chronicles that brings to Malaccacolonization by Portuguese

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    Sequent of Events

    1488- Bartholomew Diaz discovered route fromEurope to Cape of Good Hope, Africa.

    1498-Vasco Da Gama sailed to India, and built

    settlement in Calicut. 1509- Alfonso de Albuquerque appointed as Vice

    Roy in India, and sent a trade group to Malaccaled by Lopez de Sequiera.

    1510- Portuguese conquered Goa. 1511- Portuguese attacked and captured

    Malacca.

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    Lukisan menggambarkan kedatangan orang Portugiske NegeriMelaka pada tahun 1509. Bangsa Portugis merupakan orang

    Eropah pertama menjejakkan kaki ke Melaka.

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    Pemandangan Bandar Melaka oleh pelukisPortugis pada tahun 1511

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    Reasons for Portuguese to go East

    Control the spice trade ( spice ingredients ofpreservation)

    Control important trade route to the East, to

    balance the superiority of Arabs traders andSpaniards.

    Discover the sea route to the east through Capeof Good Hope

    Process superior sea power and naval expertise Spread Christianity

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    In 1511, the Vice Roy of India, Alfonso deAlbuquerque, organized an expedition to

    attack Malacca.Albuquerque captured Malacca on 24

    August 1511 with superior artillery.

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    A fortress, A Famosa, was built inNovember 1511 to defend Malacca from

    any attacks.

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    Reasons Malacca fell to Portuguese:-

    1. Administrative inefficiency by Sultan

    Mahmud.2. Conflict between Malays and Tamil

    Muslim

    3. Disloyalty of the traders.4. Establishment of Acheh as a new port.

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    Melakas fall gave Portugal the control over

    the main Asia main trade routes

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    Introduced own system to strengthenpolitical and economic position in the East

    Posts of Bendahara, Temenggung andSyahbandar were remained but limited

    jurisdictions

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    Portuguese mercantile policy displayedextreme greed

    Traders had to pay high tax, sell goods atlow price and obtain special permit before

    conducting business

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    In their greed to control spice tradeMuslims traders were treated poorly they

    later turned to other ports like Johor, Achehand Demak

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    Missionary work began

    Johor and Acheh were main enemies andthere were threatening Malaccas security

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    PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION

    With assistance from Johor, Dutchdefeated Portuguese

    After 130 years of occupation, Portuguesefell to the Dutch

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    Dutch Colonization

    Portugal became the richest country inEurope after Malacca fell, Lisbon became

    important port in spice trade. Dutch established V.O.C in 1602 to

    compete with the Portuguese

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    Dutch Colonization

    Dutch and Johor had relationships since1606, the Dutch granted Johor supremacyand Johor will help the Dutch to oust

    Portuguese from Malacca. Johor at that time was under the rule of

    Sultan Abdul Jalil.

    1641, Portuguese was defeated by theDutch and Johor.

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    Dutch Colonization

    In 1650 Dutch, attempted to monopolize tintrade in Perak failed by opposition fromthe local people, and even to force the

    Sultan of Perak to sign a treaty to sell thetin only to the Dutch.

    Dutch had to give up their desire for tin

    monopoly following an attack by PanglimaKulup Ali in 1650 to the Dutch settlementsin Pulau Pangkor and Hilir Perak.

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    Dutch Colonization

    Johor-Dutch friendship was severely testedby commercial rivalry between the two

    parties

    Situation reached its peak in 1782 Dutch

    laid siege to Riau Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie

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    Dutch Colonization

    Meanwhile in Selangor, Sultan Ibrahimwhom the Dutch accused for not wanting to

    sell the tin and for favoring the English EastIndia Company.

    Sultan Ibrahim (with help from Rembau andRajaHaji) attacked the Dutch

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    Dutch Colonization

    Attack failed conflict between Selangorand Dutch dragged on to 1786

    Dutch tried its best to stifle Johors power 1784 agreement Sultan Mahmud III was

    forced to surrender Riau ( Riau Indonesia

    was once under the Johor Sultanate)

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    Dutch Colonization

    The Sultans disenchantment was

    intensified when the Dutch sent a Resident

    to Riau. 1787 Johor launched a military attack on

    Dutch in Riau later Dutch recaptured Riauin the same year

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    Objectives of the Dutch Colonization

    To dominate the spice trade ( MalukuIsland)

    To dominate tin industry in the Malay states To chase out Portuguese from the Malay

    archipelago.

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    BRITISH COLONIZATIONOF PENANG, SINGAPORE

    AND MELAKA

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    Britains colonization of Penang was

    achieved through deception and

    aggressiveness by Francis Light

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Penang was considered strategicallylocated to serve as a military as well as

    commercial base.

    Penang was part of the territory of Kedah.

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    Back then

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Kedah was facing threats from Siam andBurma

    Sultan Muhammad Jiwa offered British toset up settlements for protectionin case

    of an attack

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Offer was not taken reoffered by SultanAbdullah (due to threats in the palace and

    external factors)

    SultanMuhammad Jiwa laid out several

    conditions:

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    British would protect the waters of Kedah

    Enemies of Kedah considered enemies of Britishtoo

    Expenses incurred in war would be borne by

    East India company

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Ships could trade freely in Kedah or Penang

    Compensation of $30 000 peso paid to Sultan

    British would protect Kedah from enemy attack

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Francis Light signed the agreement withoutobtaining permission form his superiors in India.

    Later, East India Company turned down Kedahs

    conditions to safeguard their interests with Siamand Selangor

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Sultan Abdullah ordered British to leave Penang

    The situation become tense when British refused toleave.

    British attacked Seberang Perai before Kedah

    could take any action

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    serious defeat on Kedah

    Sultan was forced to accept Britishs conditions

    imposed by the British in 1791

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Britishs conditions:

    acknowledging Britishs right to occupy Penang with

    annual payment of $6000 peso as compensation

    With this agreement, British colonial rule of Penang

    began

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    British in Penang had difficulty in obtaining foodsupplies as Penang depended for the supply offood.

    Kedah tried to obstruct the supply of food toPenang

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Being weak Kedah was in no position to resistBritish pressure.

    handing over Seberang Perai in 1800.

    Under this agreement, Sultan will receive Annualcompensation of $10 000 peso paid

    No indication of protection given for Kedah

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    BRITISH IN SINGAPORE

    British realized that Penangs geographical position

    was too far to the north.

    Began to look for new base elsewhere in the region

    close to the Straits of Malacca Task was given to Stamford Raffles

    Stamford Raffles found Singapore and considered itsuitable

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    Raffles found out that there was a successiondispute between two sons of the Johor ruler SultanMahmud III

    Raffles recognized Tengku Husin (the elder son) asthe Sultan of Johor

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    In gratitude of Raffles support, Tengku Husinallowed British to set up a settlement in Singaporethrough an agreement signed in 1819

    Conditions of the agreement:

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    BRITISH COLONIZATION

    British would protect Tengku Husin

    Annual compensation of $3000 paid

    Stipulated not to have relationship with any otherEuropean power

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    Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824

    Was signed on 17 March 1824 with the main aim ofending all rivalry between the British and the Dutch.

    A number of terms had been agreed :

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    Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824

    Territories to the North and east of Straits ofMalacca were given to British

    Those to the west and south of the Straits came

    under Dutch influence Dutch handed over Malacca to the British in

    exchange for Bencoolen (Bangkahulu)

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    Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824

    With this exchange, three important ports in theMalay Peninsula-Penang, Singapore and Malacca-were now under control of the British.

    In 1826 three territories become known as theStraits Settlement

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    Questions

    List the lessons that we learnt fromcolonization.

    State mistakes made by our people thatresulted in foreign colonization.