1. Introduction

Brain drain refers to a one-way flow of highly skilled and educated people moving from their home country to another in search of better jobs, pay, or living conditions. It is differentiated from brain exchange, which implies a two-way flow of highly skilled individuals between a sending and receiving country, and brain circulation, which refers to the cycle of moving abroad to study or acquire skills in one country and then returning home to work. Brain drain problem in Bangladesh is normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity, political instability, or health risks. Bangladesh must overhaul its research culture, employ homegrown scientists to serve its own causes and stop brain-drain to take the country forward and catch up with the fast-advancing world.

2. Brain Drain and its Definition

Human capital flight, more commonly referred to as "brain drain", is the large-scale emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge. Although the term originally referred to technology workers leaving a nation, the meaning has broadened into: "the departure of educated or professional people from one country, economic sector, or field for another, usually for better pay or living conditions". Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the government or other organizations. It is a parallel of capital flight, which refers to the same movement of financial capital. Brain drain is often associated with de-skilling of emigrants in their country of destination, while their country of emigration experiences the draining of skilled individuals.

The term brain drain was coined by the Royal Society to describe the emigration of "scientists and technologists" to North America from post-war Europe. The converse phenomenon is "brain gain", which occurs when there is a large-scale immigration of technically qualified persons.

Brain drain is common amongst developing nations, such as the former colonies of Africa, the island nations of the Caribbean, Latin America, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and particularly in centralized economies such as former East Germany and the Soviet Union, where marketable skills were not financially rewarded.

According to Walter Adams, brain drain itself is loaded, pejorative and suggestive of loss of a vital resource, without compensation.

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3. Causes of Brain Drain

Identification and analysis of the causes of emigration of highly qualified skilled and trained scientific and technological personnel is essential for reformulating effective national and international policies that would focus on creating host environment in Bangladesh for skilled manpower. The causes are often seen in a bi- polar model of `pulls' exerted by the immigration countries and the `push' exerted factors operating in the emigration countries, in which the differentials between the two determine the decision of the individual who migrates. The push factors are depressing characteristics in the country of the origin which produce emigration. On the other hand, pull factors are the attracting features in the country of destination which induce immigration. Prof. Oteiza (W, Adams, 1963), however, observes that pull-push approach is analytically weak, for it does not precisely take into account the complex, comparative situations which are very crucial in the analysis of brain migration. However, there is no denying that the Push-pull approach can give an important insight into the analysis of brain migration. There are of course some factors which can be included both in push and also in pull categories. The push-Pull factors are sometimes sub-divided into objective and subjective causes. The objective causes are the factors which are to some extent influenced by the decision if the given State, such as lack of realistic manpower policies and relevance of foreign training. The subjective factors are social factors and are usually restricted to the personal motives of the migrants. The objective causes are beyond the reach of Bangladesh but are related to the characteristics of Bangladesh, such as lack of scientific tradition. This is a factor which has to be considered as given at a time and place. Some of the Push and pull factors may be considered as "general" which are independent of the "will" of the individual migrant (The prestige of foreign training, the standard of living etc. Some of the important push and pull factors, involved in brain migration from Bangladesh are given below:

3.1 Push factors

1) Under employment,

2) Economic under development;

3) Low wage/salary,

4) Political instability;

5) Over production and under utilization

6) Lack of research and other facilities;

7) Lack of freedom;

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8) Discrimination in appointment and promotion;

9) Poor working facilities;

10) Lack of scientific tradition and culture;

11) Unsuitable institution;

12) Desire for a better urban life;

13) Desire for higher qualification and recognition;

14) Better career expectation;

15) Lack of satisfactory working conditions.

3.2 Pull factors

1) Better economic prospects;

2) Higher salary and income;

3) Better level of living and way of life;

4) Better research facilities;

5) Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher qualifications;

6) Prestige of foreign training;

7) Intellectual freedom.

8) Better working condition and better employment opportunities;

9) Relative political stability;

10) Presence of a rich, scientific and cultural tradition;

11) Attraction of urban centers;

12) Availability of experience/supporting staff;

13) Frequent chances of a lucky break in life;

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14) Technological gap;

15) Allocation of substantial funds for research.

3.3 Political Instability

Political instability is a situation where by a country is currently going through political turmoil. It may also involve the death of people within that country and in many cases the country is a situation where in a certain society is in a chaotic situation.

Political turmoil is linked to the failure of economic development of a country. As pressures of poverty, rapid population growth, disease and illiteracy and environmental degradation mount, they produce a volatile cocktail of insecurity. In Bangladesh rapid population growth, disease and illiteracy and environmental degradation are responsible for a volatile cocktail of insecurity. Resulting war, civil strife, state – sponsored terrorism, riots and other forms of political violence can lead to the displacement of large numbers of people as migrants, refugees, or asylums. Regional conflicts, often based on religion and ethnicity, are precipitating unprecedented high levels of International migration.

In Bangladesh there is no security of life. Hortal, road strike, conflict between different political parties frequently happen in Bangladesh. As a result general public has to face a lot of problem in everyday life. Figure1 is a consequent of grenade attack on an Awami League rally on 21 August in 2004. The grisly grenade attack on AL rally killed at least 24 people.

Figure1: 21 August, 2004 Grenade attack

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Bangladesh has already been grappling with political instability due to the prevailing confrontational politics in the country. The situation was made worse when the country’s major industry and its main foreign exchange earner Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry got embroiled in labor unrest. The industry owners and political leaders initially tried to sweep the grievances of labor under the carpet by floating various conspiracy theories. But the problem has refused to die down as its roots lie within the industry and in the exploitation of labor.

For this type of instability Bangladesh faces a lot of problems in every sector. Educated persons want to build up their carriers in developed countries like USA, England, Canada, Australia and other European countries.

3.4 Discrimination in appointment and promotion

Discrimination in appointment and promotion is a regular phenomenon in Bangladesh. If you have a good political background / link you will get a job and quick promotion though you are not feet for the job or post. That’s why; a person who is feet for that job or promotion is deprived of the job or the post. There is no place in Bangladesh where corruption does not occur. So young generations go developed countries for having their higher education and never come back.

3.5 Lack of research and other facilities

Students of pure subjects like pure physics, chemistry, mathematics and biology of different universities of Bangladesh have no facility to perform modern experiments and researches. Even in Dhaka University has no modern laboratory for performing new researches. The instruments and machineries used in the universities of Bangladesh are too old to perform complex experiments. It is quiet impossible for our government to set up new modern laboratories for our universities. That’s why, brain drain takes place.

Having under graduation most of the engineers have to go other countries for higher studies. In Bangladesh they get very little opportunity for higher studies, research, experiments and data collection.

Statistics show that 65 per cent of the newly graduated doctors in Bangladesh attempt to practice abroad. While in the country, there are millions of children suffering from malnutrition and childhood diseases. One can only imagine what improvements the newly graduates could have made in the country if they were to practice there. Moreover, every year thousands of people die due to untreated diseases. Even though there are free treatment plans available, the doctors that are available are usually inexperienced. The public is well aware of this fact and, therefore, whenever a complicated operation is to be performed, the patient, if he happens to be from wealthy family, is rushed to Singapore, America or Great Britain. The fate of the poor patient, on the other hand, lies in the hands of the inexperienced doctor. 

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3.6 Technological Gap

In the field technology Bangladesh is at least 25 years backward than developed countries. In our hospitals old machineries are used. In farming old method are used for cultivation and take care of crops. Most of the farmers of Bangladesh are not aware of modern technology and their application in the field. So production rate is very low.

Standard of living depends on the application of new technology, new thought and new method. Life standard in Bangladesh is very low because of shortage of IT knowledge. For a better life style many educated family shift in developed countries.

3.7 Lack of freedom

Bangladesh is an independent country and people are the source of power. This is theoretically true but in practical, political person and their supporters have power. They can do anything and general people have to tolerate their misdoings. Political parties and their supporters are busy to make their own future by corruptions. 90% corruptions of Bangladesh are done by the political leaders and their supporters. General people have to flow their orders and have to keep them pleased. Otherwise you have to suffer in the long run. People have no freedom and security. For this lack of freedom and security people like developed countries and if they get opportunity, use it perfectly and leave Bangladesh forever.

3.8 Size of Population

Size of population of the country has impact on brain drain. Regarding size groups, the share in

the OECD (Economic Co-operation and Development) stock is obviously increasing with the country size. It is noteworthy that the share of lower-middle-size countries exceeds the share of upper-middle-size countries. In relative terms, a decreasing relationship between emigration rates and country population sizes is found. The average rate in small countries is seven times larger than the average rate in large countries. Smaller countries simply tend to be more open to migration. Hence, differences in skilled migration are more or less proportional to differences in total migration rates. This explains why small island developing countries exhibit particularly high migration rates while landlocked countries exhibit lower rates.

Bangladesh has a large number of populations. Land crisis is crucial in Bangladesh. Standard of living is gradually decreasing. so size of population influence the fact of brain drain.

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3.9 Student Politics

Student politics is one of the causes of brain drain of Bangladesh. Student politics unfortunately has gone into grips of hooligans, thugs and professional criminals. In Bangladesh, the top-rated culprit in student politics can only attain a better position in any party’s student wing. Some of the leaders of the political party’s consider such elements as a kind of ‘might’ in facing political opponents. There are even allegations that, leaders of large political parties in the country regularly use such ‘mighty forces’ within their student wings in various forms of political violence, especially during anti government movements. Broadcasters also air talk shows each day discussing endless problems, but focusing especially on students fighting deadly battles to grab business, occupy dormitories or control the campuses. Much of the fighting has involved members of rival student factions in the party of government. The students battle for control of everything from admission to universities to toll collection at fish markets."Surely such things leave an impact on both local and foreign investments," said Mohammad Saiful Islam, an investor and president of Bangladesh-German Chamber of Commerce and Industry."Teachers often salute their students, not to show honor but to secure their own lives," said a teacher of Dhaka University.

Figure: Political violence at Chittagong University

Statistics shows that last ten years 480 politician students had been murdered.

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Figure: A final-year student and activist of Bangladesh Chhatra League was hacked to death by cadres of Islami Chhatra Shibir at Rajshahi University.

For this kind of violence, students are losing their interest on the Universities of Bangladesh and try to go developed countries for graduation, higher studies and for a secured life.

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4. Consequences of BRAIN DRAIN

Human capital, as a strategic resource, is flowing out of the economy of Bangladesh where it can make the greatest contribution to human welfare, and into economies already well supplied with trained, capable, scientific and administrative personnel.A nation is considered to be modern and advanced by surveying the extents of its technological developments in the field of science and industry. The main sources of the knowledge and know-how for these technologies are the educated and motivated individuals who include scientists, doctors, engineers, teachers, business pioneers, etc. But in a country like Bangladesh where most of the people are illiterate, advancement in development is at stake. On the other hand, the ones who are educated and capable of contributing towards the growth of the nation prefer to live abroad. There are a significant number of highly educated Bangladeshis abroad who contribute to the welfare of foreign countries. Statistics show that 65 per cent of the newly graduated doctors in Bangladesh attempt to practice abroad. While in the country, there are millions of children suffering from malnutrition and childhood diseases. One can only imagine what improvements the newly graduates could have made in the country if they were to practice in their own country. So, brain drain has a severe consequence in the context of Bangladesh these are described below-

4.1 Effect of Brain Drain on Health Sector:

The migration of health professionals from developing countries to the developed world has been debated for more than three decades, but the magnitude of the problem and its implications have changed due to the rapid pace of globalization. The movement of doctors began in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s as a post-colonial phenomenon common to India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan and later extended to Bangladesh and Nepal. Nursing professionals began their journey mostly to the Middle East, but have currently shifted attention to the United Kingdom of Great Britain, United States of America and Australia. The problem is quite complex and multifaceted. Though the freedom of movement is considered a fundamental right of every citizen, its practice in the health field poses a potential threat of jeopardizing the basic standards of health care to the population. Nevertheless, the remittances made to the exchequer, and various strategies for compensating the loss appear to have beneficial effect on the economy.Countries of South Asia are victims of both internal migration (from rural, backward areas to the cities) as well as external migration (from country of origin to the Western countries in search of opportunities).The migration of doctors can be attributed to both external ‘pull’ and internal ‘push’. The external ‘pull’ comes from globalization, free market economy and international flow of doctors from relatively deprived nations to greener pastures. This has been described as a “global conveyor belt of health personnel moving from bottom to the top”. This also explains the international

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movement of doctors from the Bangladesh, India and Pakistan to the Gulf countries, the United Kingdom and the United States.

While opportunities for professional training, higher salaries and perks and better living conditions act as “pull” factors, surplus production of health personnel, resultant unemployment, less attractive salary,Stagnation or underemployment coupled with lack of infrastructure act as “push” factors for the youth to migrate. Ironically, both medical and nursing schools face shortage of qualified teachers, besides lack of good infrastructure. The term “brain waste” is used to describe potential migrants. These factors are often aggravated by political instability, bureaucratic hurdles and insecurity in the home country.Soon after independence, Bangladesh witnessed phenomenal increase in the number of medical colleges. Bangladesh established medical schools mostly in the government sector, at highly subsidized fees, but gradually witnessed the growth of the private sector also.The Governments found it difficult to absorb them and utilize their services for improving the rural health care, which resulted in migration.

4.1.1 Internal Migration

Excessive migration of doctors from rural areas to urban pockets is another disturbing trend noticed in Bangladesh. This is because tertiary care hospitals are situated in cities which have better facilities and living conditions. Even the talented youth coming from remote areas are reluctant to go back and settle down in the cities, thus falling in the trap of rich getting richer and poor getting poorer. Internal migration is propelled by factors such as difficult geographical terrain, ethnic problems, political instability and insecurity economic prosperity in the cities.

4.1.2 Migration DataMigration data are difficult to obtain as information pertaining to production and requirements of personnel from both the sources and destination countries is required. Sometimes the movement from rural to urban areas also affects the data.Statistics show that 65% of the newly graduated doctors attempt to get jobs abroad. On an average 200 doctors from the government sector go abroad every year. At present around 1000 Bangladeshi doctors are working in different countries of the world.

4.1.3 Negative and Positive Aspects of MigrationThe effects of migration of physicians are difficult to assess in view of several factors operating for and against this phenomenon. While the amount of remittances made by the migrant population is the main driving force, other considerations are whether the home country has adequate quantity and quality of health professionals to take care of its own health systems. The consequences also depend on whether the migration is short term or permanent. Short-term migration is thought to be helpful to the country by way of transfer of technology. In the country of origin, the Ministry of Health is concerned with the loss of health personnel, hence

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disruption of health services, whereas the Ministry of Finance is interested in remittances. In the receiving countries, the Ministry of Health might welcome migration as it caters to its immediate health needs, whereas the Ministry of Foreign Aid might feel uncomfortable.As far as the South Asia Region is concerned, though the production of doctors is in excess, the health scenario is not encouraging, as the rural and the weaker sections of the society are deprived of access to health care. India for instance has an unacceptable rate of infant mortality, maternal deaths, besides deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases, vaccine-preventable diseases, tuberculosis and malaria. There is gross inequity in health indices based on socioeconomic status, gender and the urban rural bias. The scarcity of qualified health personnel including nurses has been cited as the biggest obstacle to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Other implications of migration include health hazard to the population as the migrant health workers invariably bring with them the genetic material, and their socioeconomic, environmental backgrounds that shape their health. Thus they carry with them higher risks of infectious and other diseases, which can impact the host public health system. The status of migrant health workers is at stake as they are non-nationals. Many of them are vulnerable to exploitation, fraudulent contracts, racism, gender bias, xenophobia, discrimination and social exclusion. Instances have come to notice in which migrant doctors in the United Kingdom remain unemployed, or pick up some sundry jobs lest they become destitute in the foreign land.

4.2 Effect on Technological Side:

4.2.1 No research work: As talents are moving into the developed countries for better future, the research work of the native countries are becoming slower than ever. In Bangladesh it is true that research facility is poor but there is no such talent in the country to force Government that we need more research work the facility should be increased as soon as possible. It seems everyone is satisfied with the condition like the talents are ready to go abroad and Government is ready to take it and after all that at the end of the day the economic progress of Bangladesh is getting enervated.

4.2.2 Shortage of good teachers: Good students of the country are willing to go abroad for their better higher studies they are taking it and are not returning to home country. They are doing good results there and becoming good teachers but what about the native one still here there is a shortage of qualified teacher in technological side or even in the medical side.

The present condition shows that:

1) The migration of high-skilled agents is beneficial for the destination country in the long run. As the research technology depends on positive externalities created by the stock of human capital the brain drain increases the growth rate of technological progress.

2) The total effect of the brain drain on the source economy is ambiguous. As the skilled workers can be essential for the adoption of foreign technologies, the brain drain can cause the slowdown of the technological progress of the sending country. Though, the emigration of high-

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skilled agents triggers the capital flows but in the long run the native country gets deeper and deeper in case of scientific and technological work and the dream of becoming a developed country falls asleep.

To conclude- The phenomenon of brain drain seems to have a positive impact on the performance of the developed countries as they are becoming abundant by taking the cream of the developing one. Its effect on the developing economies like Bangladesh is very much ambiguous and certainly is negative as the growth of economy get slower with the passage of time, foreign remittance flow gets increased but a small amount of good cannot hunt down a big amount of evil.

5. SOLUTION FOR BRAIN DRAIN PROBLEM

“Brain Drain” problem has become one of the menacing problems for a developing country like

ours. As from the statistics and report it is seen that the problem is hindering the growth of the

country and the consequences are as described lacking in every sector of knowledge, science,

technology and as a whole giving birth of another poor country in the face of the earth. So, for

our betterment the problem must be solved and we should not really endure a growth of this sort

of problems that demolish our hopes. The steps can be take are-

5.1 New incentive plans

Government should design a new incentive plans like as people are moving into developed

countries for better salaries and wages. So, the government should think about introducing new

incentive plans that can meet up the thirst of people.

5.2 Ensure taxation

As, salaries are to be increased and people’s incentive to be bigger then Government must

generate extra amount of income but how, the only way is to ensure people’s taxation. In

Bangladesh the business person are often renowned for their cheating over the taxes like they

don’t pay but nobody is there to say them anything. So, in this case only government is the

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institution that can ensure people’s tax and generate the extra amount of income that may be

used in increasing salaries of the job holder and also in the increment of research work.

5.3 Introduce new Projects

The “Brain Drain” problem has been seen in most of the countries of the world even in

Europe, Canada and severely disastrous Africa. But for the remedy this nations have taken

initiatives or projects. As an example: A group of Canada's high-tech companies and

universities have come up with a bold solution to Canada's brain drain: Invest in Canada's

universities to expand their capacity to generate people skilled in enabling that drive the

knowledge economy. The group, known as eMPOWR Canada, is lobbying the federal

government for targeted funding of up to $500 million over five years to support university

research in specific technology areas. eMPOWR Canada represents the foundation

technologies that support the knowledge-based sector, including software, aerospace,

automotive, medical devices and biotechnology. Yet another can be shown that is for AFRICA-

"Piloting solutions for Alleviating Brain Drain in South Eastern Europe" (begun in 2003), HP

launched a new project with UNESCO to counteract the "brain drain" in Africa in 2006.  HP and

UNESCO chose five universities for their ability to connect with their Diasporas in order to carry

out advanced scientific research.  The project will provide grid computing technology to

universities in Algeria, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and Zimbabwe to help re-establish links

between researchers who have stayed in their native countries and those that have left.   It will

also help connect African scientists to international colleagues, research networks and funding

opportunities. So, these were some of the steps taken by the Government to remove brain drain

or may not Govt. has taken it but at least govt. has given shelter to these projects. So,

Bangladeshi business persons should also come forward and do this sort of thing which will be

better for everyone.

5.4 Introduction of BRAIN GAIN

An opposite situation, in which many trained and talented individuals seek entrance into a

country, is called a brain gain; this may create a brain drain in the nations that the individuals

are leaving. A Canadian symposium in the late Nineties gave circulation to the new term, in

response to Canada alluring more skilled professionals to the country than it actually lost. This

phenomenon is sometimes referred to as a 'brain transplant'. In 2000, the US Congress

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announced it was raising the annual cap on the number from 115,000 to 195,000 per year,

effective through 2003. That suggests a rough figure for the influx of talent into the United

States at that time. A significant portion of this program was initiated by lobbyists from the

computer industry, including Bill Gates. In the same year the UK government, in cooperation

with the Wolfson Foundation a research charity, launched a £20 million, five-year research

award scheme aimed at drawing the return of the UK's leading expatriate scientists and

sparking the migration of top young researchers to the United Kingdom. So, these are also

some sorts of steps that can be taken by the Government to introduce the “Brain Gain” concept.

So, again in this case the investor should come forward to do this.

5.5 Introduction of Reverse Brain Drain

“Reverse brain drain” refers to the process whereby human capital moves in reverse from a

more developed country to a less developed country that is developing rapidly. Reverse brain

drain can occur when scientists or engineers migrate to a less developed country to learn in its

universities, perform research, and/or gain working experience in areas where education and/or

employment opportunities are limited in their home country, then returning to their home country

after several years of experience to start a related business, teach in a university, or work for a

multi-national in their home country. Likewise, reverse brain drain can occur when foreign-born

scientists or engineers migrate to a more developed county and then actively promote the

practice of off shoring of high-tech service jobs and technology and knowledge transfers to their

home countries as beneficial to their host country. India and China have adopted the policy now

their talents are coming to home and engaging in different developmental activities and they are

now getting better prospect, better standards of living and as a whole the country’s GDP has

increased. So, we should try to take a chance like it and it can be proved very much beneficent

for us.

5.6 Reduction of PUSH and PULL factor

There is no certain thing that we can do to reduce the pull force as it does not depend on the

native country but we can do about push force. The reduction of the push force can be included

by increasing political stability, by creating situation of technical education, by increasing

research facility, by providing civil rights, by enfranchising the people, even by decentralization,

by assuring security of the general people push force can be reduced and this is very much

necessary for us to do it.

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5.7 Increase of Political Stability

The political leader should get conscious in this matter ad they can do it by applying their

common sense or by sense of self righteousness. Political party should close the propaganda of

violence activities as their some mistake can make the country instable and the result is a huge

amount of brain drain. So, political party should do it for the sake of the country.

5.8 Decline of Student Politics

One way of increasing political stability is the decline of “Student Politics”. Student Politics

is a common scene in our country which is very necessary indeed as the history suggests

behind every revolution of Bangladesh there were students. But the recent scenario is saying us

something else, public varsities are facing session jam BUET itself is a classic example of

Session jam. Again, the political students are getting engaged into killing or harming another

common or political student which should not really go on. In this report the datas has been

shown of the harm of student politics. Government should handle the matter of its own as

increasing these sorts of devastating work can harm the country as a whole. There should be

“student politics” but it must be in a controlled way.

5.9 Introduction to Family Planning

Again this is a matter of people’s consciousness. The people should be taught the bad effects

of excess population. “China” has adopted “One Children for One Family” approach and they

are working on it. In Bangladesh this type of approach has been started but it seems it isn’t

working. In a square Kilometer almost 1150 people are living in Bangladesh, this is bigger than

any of the countries of the world. This problem is also menacing because giving birth to “Brain

Drain” as the highly educated people do not want to live in such a country where rights are not

carried out for them.

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6. Conclusion and Recommendations

“Brain Drain” one of the threatening problems that Bangladesh is coming across. As it has become one of the major areas where the country’s progress is obstructed so we can’t really shut our eyes and let this happen. The problem must be solved. Both the common people and the Government have to work altogether in preventing the problem. Some recommendations can be-

1. Advertising and publicity can be done on the dark side of student politics and the demerits of an over populated country.

2. Electronic media can work on this by showing how our neighboring countries like China, India are gaining success by involving their own people even the war destructed Pakistan has been quite successful on removing Brain Drain.

3. Political People must be aware of that violent condition can never bring success and that on the contrary pushes the talents to leave the home. In this case, all have to work together.

4. Highly educated individual must be known the resource of our own country. Government should sit with the business gurus of the country and make new policy that can involve the educated professionals along with safety. Again, Government should convince the investors to invest in the country as it can act as a tool to remove Brain Drain.

5. All should understand that passing out of the talents are about passing out of huge amount of earning and passing out of economic stability. In all cases Government has things to do. It should always be cared.

“Brain Drain” is quite a curse for our country as skilled workers are always needed in the factory, skilled doctorate teachers are always needed in educational institution, skilled professionals in different spheres are essential to improve the condition of the country. The problem is still standing in front of us. All should notice what are others doing to solve the problem otherwise we are in deep and will go into deeper but we surly don’t want to see those days.

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