5
 THE KAHN TEST F O R SYPHILIS I N T H E PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY C. C. YOUNG. Director o f Laboratories, Michigan State Department o f Health, Lansing, Mich. Read befdfe t he Laboratory Section o f t h e American Public Health Association a t t h e Fifty-first Annual Meeting, Cleveland, October 1 7 , 1922. F E W problems give the public health laboratory director greater concern than t he laboratory diagnosis o f syphilis. O n t h e o n e side, h e deals with a disease which expresses itself i n every .conceivable clinical forni a n d o n th e other, with a diagnostic test which pos- sesses many inherent possibilities f o r error. The Wassermann test i s being utilized more a n d more b y many physi- cians a s a routine examination without regard t o clinical findings. T he labora- tory i s called upon t o pass i t s opin- i o n o n t h e possibility o f syphilitic infec- tion o n blood specimens received through the mails without t h e slightest knowledge o f t h e condition o f t h e patient. I t i s clear tfiat t he laboratory carries a heavy responsibility i n furnishing results o f th e highest accuracy. This applies particu- larly t o t h e public health laboratory be - cause there is little opportunity f r t h e laboratory worker a n d physician t o talk over t h e findings a s i s true, f o r example, i n t h e case o f t h e hospital laboratory. Granting t h e importance o f correct serum diagnosis o f syphilis, i t must b e admitted that t h e Wassermann test does no t entirely supply such a diagnosis. T h e many variable elements o this test give i t numerous sources of error, s o many indeed, that i t i n o t uncommon f o r even dependable workers t o vary n their find- ings o n t h e same specimen of blood.1 2 I n order t o help overcome many o f t he variable factors of th e Wassermann test, public health laboratory workers have attempted a t various times to standardize this test. I n Great Britain t h e Medical Research Committee h a s done excellent work along this line3. I n this country also several attempts have been made to standardize t he test. T h e work o f t h e N ew York City Department o f Health , t h e U . S. Public Health Service5, the Massachusetts State Board o f Health6, a n d more recently o f Kolmer7, a r e con- spicuous examples. I n Michigan also w e have for some time been endeavoring t o help standardize this test. While serving a s chairman of t h e Laboratory section o f t h e Michigan Public Health Association a t t h e 1921 meeting, t h e writer appointed a Wassermann standardization commit- tee, t h e work of which, however, will b e reported in detail i n another place. T h e standardization o f t h e Wasser- mann test will bring about greater uni- formity i n t he procedure a n d wilf u n - doubtedly enhance t h e diagnostic value o f t h e Wassermann test. B ut it i s ques- tionable whether t he mere standardiza- tion will solve t h e problem-at least n o t until we learn more o f t h e laws which underlie t h e Wassermann test. When Meinicke8, a n d Sachs an d Georgi9, published their tests f o r syphilis i t appeared that a t last w e might have a simple test t o check t h e Wassermann a n d i n time perhaps r e - place t h e older a n d more complicated test. Although studied t o a considerable degree i n Germany these t w o tests have n o t given promising results in this coun- try. T h e Sachss a n d Georgi test h a s been favorably mentioned b y several Ameri- c a n workers 1 0 . 1 1 12 . 2 Kilduffe more recently subjected 4 3 0 serums to parallel Wassermann a n d Sach-Georgi tests a n d concluded that t h e reaction i s neither a s delicate n o r a s trustworthy a s t h e Was- sermann test. To o u r knowledge n o laboratory worker i n this country has found i t worth while t o report t h e re- sults of either t h e Meinicke o r Sachs- Georgi tests t o physicians a s a check o n

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THE

KAHN

TEST

FOR SYPHILIS

IN THE

PUBLIC

HEALTH

LABORATORY

C . C .

Y O U N G .

D i r e c t o r o f

L a b o r a t o r i e s ,

M i c h i g a n

S t a t e

D e p a r t m e n t

o f

H e a l t h ,L a n s i n g ,

M i c h .

R e a d b e f d f e

t h e

L a b o r a t o r y

S e c t i o n

o f

t h e A m e r i c a n P u b l i c

H e a l t h

A s s o c i a t i o n

a t t h e

F i f t y - f i r s t

A n n u a l

M e e t i n g , C l e v e l a n d , O c t o b e r

1 7 ,

1 9 2 2 .

FEW p r o b l e m s

g i v e t h e

p u b l i c h e a l t h

l a b o r a t o r y

d i r e c t o r g r e a t e r

c o n c e r n

t h a n t h e

l a b o r a t o r y

d i a g n o s i s

o f

s y p h i l i s . On

t h e

o n e

s i d e ,

h e

d e a l s

w i t h

a

d i s e a s e w h i c h

e x p r e s s e s

i t s e l f

i n

e v e r y

. c o n c e i v a b l e

c l i n i c a l

f o r n i a n d o n

t h e

o t h e r ,

w i t h

a

d i a g n o s t i c

t e s t

w h i c h

p o s -

s e s s e s

many i n h e r e n t

p o s s i b i l i t i e s

f o r

e r r o r .

T h e W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t

i s

b e i n g

u t i l i z e d

m o r e

a n d

m o r e

b y many

p h y s i -

c i a n s a s

a

r o u t i n e

e x a m i n a t i o n

w i t h o u t

r e g a r d

t o

c l i n i c a l

f i n d i n g s .

T h e l a b o r a -

t o r y

i s

c a l l e d

u p o n

t o

p a s s

i t s

o p i n -

i o n

o n

t h e

p o s s i b i l i t y o f

s y p h i l i t i c

i n f e c -

t i o n

o n b l o o d

s p e c i m e n s

r e c e i v e d

t h r o u g h

t h e m a i l s w i t h o u t

t h e

s l i g h t e s t

k n o w l e d g e

o f

t h e

c o n d i t i o n o f

t h e p a t i e n t .

I t

i s

c l e a r

t f i a t

t h e

l a b o r a t o r y

c a r r i e s a

h e a v y

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

i n

f u r n i s h i n g

r e s u l t s o f t h e

h i g h e s t

a c c u r a c y .

T h i s

a p p l i e s

p a r t i c u -

l a r l y

t o

t h e

p u b l i c

h e a l t h

l a b o r a t o r y

b e -

c a u s e t h e r e i s l i t t l e

o p p o r t u n i t y f o r

t h e

l a b o r a t o r y w o r k e r a n d

p h y s i c i a n t o t a l k

o v e r

t h e

f i n d i n g s

a s i s

t r u e ,

f o r

e x a m p l e ,

i n

t h e c a s e

o f

t h e

h o s p i t a l

l a b o r a t o r y .

G r a n t i n g

t h e

i m p o r t a n c e o f c o r r e c t

s e r u m

d i a g n o s i s

o f

s y p h i l i s ,

i t

m u s t

b e

a d m i t t e d t h a t

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t

d o e s

n o t

e n t i r e l y s u p p l y s u c h

a

d i a g n o s i s .

T h e

many v a r i a b l e

e l e m e n t s

o f

t h i s

t e s t g i v e

i t

n u m e r o u s

s o u r c e s o f

e r r o r ,

s o many

i n d e e d ,

t h a t i t

i s n o t

u n c o m m o n

f o r

e v e n

d e p e n d a b l e

w o r k e r s

t o

v a r y

i n

t h e i r

f i n d -

i n g s

o n

t h e

s a m e

s p e c i m e n

o f b l o o d . 1

2

I n

o r d e r

t o h e l p

o v e r c o m e

many

o f

t h e

v a r i a b l e

f a c t o r s

o f

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n t e s t ,

p u b l i c h e a l t h

l a b o r a t o r y

w o r k e r s h a v e

a t t e m p t e d

a t

v a r i o u s

t i m e s t o

s t a n d a r d i z e

t h i s

t e s t .

I n

G r e a t

B r i t a i n

t h e M e d i c a l

R e s e a r c h

C o m m i t t e e

h a s d o n e

e x c e l l e n t

w o r k

a l o n g

t h i s

l i n e 3 . I n

t h i s

c o u n t r y

a l s o s e v e r a l

a t t e m p t s h a v e

b e e n

m a d e t o

s t a n d a r d i z e

t h e

t e s t . T h e

w o r k o f

t h e

N ew Y o r k

C i t y D e p a r t m e n t

o f

H e a l t h ,

t h e

U .

S .

P u b l i c

H e a l t h

S e r v i c e 5 ,

t h e

M a s s a c h u s e t t s

S t a t e B o a r d

o f

H e a l t h 6 ,

a n d

more

r e c e n t l y

o f

K o l m e r 7 , a r e

c o n -

s p i c u o u s

e x a m p l e s . I n

M i c h i g a n

a l s o we

h a v e

f o r

s o m e

t i m e

b e e n

e n d e a v o r i n g

t o

h e l p s t a n d a r d i z e

t h i s

t e s t .

W h i l e

s e r v i n g

a s

c h a i r m a n

o f

t h e L a b o r a t o r y s e c t i o n o f

t h e M i c h i g a n P u b l i c

H e a l t h

A s s o c i a t i o n

a t t h e

1 9 2 1

m e e t i n g ,

t h e

w r i t e r

a p p o i n t e d

a

W a s s e r m a n n

s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n

c o m m i t -

t e e ,

t h e

w o r k o f

w h i c h ,

h o w e v e r ,

w i l l b e

r e p o r t e d

i n d e t a i l

i n

a n o t h e r

p l a c e .

T h e

s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n

o f t h e

W a s s e r -

mann

t e s t

w i l l

b r i n g

a b o u t

g r e a t e r u n i -

f o r m i t y i n t h e

p r o c e d u r e a n d

w i l f u n -

d o u b t e d l y e n h a n c e

t h e d i a g n o s t i c

v a l u e

o f t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t .

B u t i t

i s

q u e s -

t i o n a b l e w h e t h e r

t h e m e r e

s t a n d a r d i z a -

t i o n w i l l

s o l v e

t h e p r o b l e m - a t

l e a s t

n o t

u n t i l

we

l e a r n

more

o f

t h e

l a w s w h i c h

u n d e r l i e

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t .

When

M e i n i c k e 8 ,

a n d

S a c h s

a n d

G e o r g i 9 ,

p u b l i s h e d

t h e i r

p r e c i p i t a t i o n

t e s t s

f o r

s y p h i l i s i t

a p p e a r e d

t h a t

a t

l a s t

we

m i g h t h a v e a

s i m p l e

t e s t t o

c h e c k

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

a n d

i n

t i m e

p e r h a p s

r e -

p l a c e

t h e o l d e r

a n d

m o r e

c o m p l i c a t e d

t e s t .

A l t h o u g h s t u d i e d

t o

a

c o n s i d e r a b l e

d e g r e e i n

G e r m a n y t h e s e

t w o

t e s t s

h a v e

n o t

g i v e n

p r o m i s i n g r e s u l t s

i n

t h i s

c o u n -

t r y . T h e

S a c h s s a n d

G e o r g i t e s t

h a s

b e e n

f a v o r a b l y

m e n t i o n e d

b y

s e v e r a l

A m e r i -

c a n

w o r k e r s

1 0 .

1 1

1 2 .

2

K i l d u f f e

m o r e

r e c e n t l y s u b j e c t e d

4 3 0

s e r u m s

t o

p a r a l l e l

W a s s e r m a n n

a n d

S a c h - G e o r g i

t e s t s a n d

c o n c l u d e d

t h a t

t h e

r e a c t i o n

i s

n e i t h e r

a s

d e l i c a t e

n o r

a s

t r u s t w o r t h y a s

t h e

W a s -

s e r m a n n

t e s t .

To o u r

k n o w l e d g e n o

l a b o r a t o r y

w o r k e r

i n

t h i s

c o u n t r y

h a s

f o u n d

i t w o r t h

w h i l e

t o r e p o r t

t h e r e -

s u l t s

o f

e i t h e r

t h e

M e i n i c k e

o r

S a c h s -

G e o r g i t e s t s t o

p h y s i c i a n s a s

a c h e c k o n

9 6

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KAHN

T E S T

FOR

S Y P H I L I S

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n .

P r o b a b l y

t h e g r e a t e s t

d r a w b a c k

f o r

t h e

l a b o r a t o r y

w o r k e r

i s

t h e

l o n g

i n c u b a t i o n

p e r i o d

( 4 8 h o u r s 1 5 )

r e q u i r e d

f o r t h e s e

two

t e s t s ,

p e r m i t t i n g

o r g a n i s m s

t o

d e v e l o p

w h i c h

i n t e r f e r e

w i t h t h e

d e t e r m i n a t i o n

o f

c o r r e c t r e s u l t s .

THE

KAHN

P REC I P ITATIO N

TEST

T h i s l e a d s

us t o

t h e

p r e c i p i t a t i o n

t e s t

f o r

s y p h i l i s

w h i c h

f o r m s t h e

b a s i s

o f t h i s

paper.

T h i s

t e s t was

e v o l v e d a b o u t

a

y e a r

ago

b y

K a h n '

i n t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s

o f

t h e

M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t

o f

H e a l t h ,

a n d

h a s

f r o m

t h e very

b e g i n n i n g

g i v e n

p r o m i s i n g

r e s u l t s .

T h e

m a i n

f e a t u r e s

are:

( 1 )

The s p o n t a n e o u s

r e a c t i o n

i n

t h e

case o f

s t r o n g l y

p o s i t i v e

serums.

A b o u t

8 0 per

c e n t

o f t h e serums

g i v i n g

a

f o u r

p l u s

r e a c t i o n

w i t h

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t ,

s h o w

s p o n t a n e o u s

p r e c i p i t a t i o n

a f t e r

m i x i n g

serum

w i t h a n t i g e n .

( 2 )

The c l u m p i n g

o f

t h e

p r e c i p i t a t e s

a f t e r

i n c u b a t i o n .

The f o u r

p l u s

a n d

t h r e e

p l u s

r e a c t i o n s

show

c l u m p s

i n s t e a d

o f

p r e c i p i t a t e s .

T h i s

c o a g u l a t i o n

o f

t h e

p r e -

c i p i t a t e s

m a k e s

t h e

s t r o n g e r

r e a c t i o n s

u n m i s t a k a b l e .

( 3 )

The s i m p l i c i t y

o f

t h e

p r o c e d u r e .

We

h a v e

n o t f o u n d

i t

necessary

t o

i n -

crease

t h e

l a b o r a t o r y p e r s o n n e l

i n

a d d i n g

t h i s t e s t

t o

o ur

r o u t i n e

p r o c e d u r e s

b e -

cause

i t

r e q u i r e s

c o m p a r a t i v e l y

l i t t l e

t i m e

a n d

e f f o r t

i n

i t s

m a n i p u l a t i o n .

We

were

p a r t i c u l a r l y

e n c o u r a g e d

b y

t h e

f a v o r a b l e

c l i n i c a l

r e s u l t s

o b t a i n e d

w i t h

t h i s t e s t

b y

Keim

a n d

W i l e ' 7 a t

t h e

D e r m a t o l o g i c a l

C l i n i c

o f

t h e

U n i v e r s i t y

o f M i c h i g a n .

The

f i n d i n g s

o f

t h e s e

w o r k e r s e n t i r e l y

c o r r o b o r a t e d

our

own

i n c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h

e x a m i n a t i o n s

made

o f

s y p h i l i t i c

i n m a t e s

o f t h e

M i c h i g a n

p e n a l

i n s t i t u t i o n s

w h e r e

t h e r e

a r e 5 6 0

cases

u n d e r

t r e a t m e n t .

Our

f i n d i n g s

a l s o

s h o w e d

t h a t

t h e

c o m b i n e d r e s u l t s

o f

t h e

Wassermann

and

Kahn

P r e c i p i t a t i o n

t e s t s

a p p r o a c h e d

a

h i g h e r

d e g r e e

o f

c o r -

r e c t d i a g n o s i s

a s

w e l l

as

a

b e t t e r

c h e c k

o n

t r e a t m e n t

t h a n t h e

Wassermann

t e s t

a l o n e .

On

J u l y

1 s t ,

1 9 2 2 ,

a f t e r

1 5 , 4 0 0

Kahn

t e s t s

h a d b e e n

c a r r i e d

o u t

i n

t h i s

l a b o r a -

t o r y

i n c o n j u n c t i o n

w i t h

t h e

Wassermann

t e s t , i t was

d e c i d e d

t o a d d

t h i s

t e s t

t o

o ur

r o u t i n e

p r o c e d u r e s .

S i n c e t h a t

d a t e .

over

8 , 0 0 0

p r e c i p i t a t i o n

t e s t s

h a v e

b e e n

r e p o r t e d

p a r a l l e l

w i t h

t h e

Wassermann

t e s t t o

p h y s i c i a n s ,

w i t h e n t i r e l y

s a t i s f a c -

t o r y r e s u l t s

PROCEDURE

OF

THE KAHN

TEST

I n

c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n

t o

t h e

p r e c i p i t a -

t i o n

t e s t s

p r o p o s e d

b y M e i n i c k e 8 ,

S a c h s

a n d G e o r g i 9 ,

D r e y e r a n d

W a r d ( S i g m a

R e a c t i o n ) ' 8

a n d

Wang 9

w h e r e i n a con

s i d e r a b l e

a m ount

o f

s a l t

s o l u t i o n

i s

em

p l o y e d

f o r

t h e d i l u t i o n

o f t h e

reagents,

t h e

Kahn

p r e c i p i t a t i o n

t e s t

i s c a r r i e d

out

i n g r e a t e r

c o n c e n t r a t i o n

a n d

i s p r a c t i c a l l y

f r e e f r o m

s a l t

s o l u t i o n .

The

serum

i s

e m p l o y e d

u n d i l u t e d .

The

a n t i g e n

i s

p r e -

p a r e d

f r o m d r i e d

h e a r t

m u s c l e

a n d

b e -

f o r e e x t r a c t i n g w i t h

a l c o h o l

i s

f i r s t f r e e d

f r o m f a t

a n d

o t h e r

n o n s p e c i f i c

e l e m e n t s

b y

s e v e r a l e x t r a c t i o n s

w i t h

e t h e r .

The

a l c o h o l i c

e x t r a c t

i s

c h o l e s t e r i n i z e d

b y

a d d i n g

4

mgm

o f

c h o l e s t e r i n

per c u b i c

c e n t i m e t e r .

I n

d i l u t i n g

t h e

c h o l e s t e r i n -

i z e d

a n t i g e n

f o r

t h e t e s t s ,

a p p r o x i m a t e l y

t h e s m a l l e s t

a m ount

o f s a l t

s o l u t i o n

i s

e m p l o y e d

w h i c h w i l l

k e e p

t h e

l i p o i d s

i n

s o l u t i o n .

T h i s

r e n d e r s

t h e d i l u t e d

m i x -

t u r e q u i t e

u n s t a b l e

a n d

when

m i x e d

w i t h

p o s i t i v e

serums, s h o w s

m a r k e d

p r e c i p i -

t a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s .

P r e p a r a t i o n

o f A n t i g e n :

B e e f

h e a r t i s

f r e e d

f r o m

f a t ,

f i b e r

a n d

b l o o d

v e s s e l s

i n t h e u s u a l

manner

a n d

p a s s e d

sev-

e r a l

t i m e s

t h r o u g h

a meat

g r i n d e r .

I t

i s

t h e n

s p r e a d

on   p l a t t e r

a n d

d r i e d

l y

means

o f a r e v o l v i n g

f a n .

The d r i e d

p l a t e s

a r e b r o k e n

up i n t o s m a l l

p a r t i c l e s

a n d

e i t h e r

g r o u n d

i n a m o r t a r o r p a s s e d

s e v e r a l

t i m e s t h r o u g h

a c o f f e e g r i n d e r

u n t i l

i t

i s m e a l y

a n d b u t

s l i g h t l y

g r i t t y .

T h e

g r o u n d

m u s c l e

i s t h e n e x t r a c t e d

w i t h e t h e r

a t

i c e b o x

t e m p e r a t u r e

u n t i l

s u p e r n a t a n t

e t h e r

i s

f r e e

f r o m

c o l o r i n g

m a t t e r . B e t w e e n

3

a n d

4 e t h e r

e x t r a c -

t i o n s

w i t h

f r e s h

q u a n t i t i e s

a t

2 4 - h o u r

i n t e r v a l s

a r e necessary

t o

b r i n g

t h i s

a b o u t .

The

e t h e r

o f

t h e

f i n a l

e x t r a c t i o n

9 7

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THE

A M E R I C A N J O U R N A L

OF

P U B L I C

H E A L T E

i s

f i l t e r e d o f f

a n d t h e g r o u n d

m u s c l e

d r i e d f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s a t

room

t e m p e r -

a t u r e

u n t i l

f r e e

f r o m

e t h e r o d o r .

To 5 0 gms. o f

d r i e d

m a t e r i a l p l a c e d

i n

5 0 0

c c .

E r l e n m y e r

f l a s k

i s a d d e d 2 5 0

c c .

o f

9 5

per c e n t

a l c o h o l a n d

e x t r a c t e d

f o r

n i n e

d a y s

i n

t h e

i c e b o x

a n d o ne

d a y

a t

room

t e m p e r a t u r e

w i t h

o c c a s i o n a l s h a k -

i n g .

A f t e r t h i s p e r i o d ,

t h e

a l c o h o l i c

ex-

t r a c t

i s

f i l t e r e d o f f a n d a

given

amount

c h o l e s t e r i n i z e d

b y

a d d i n g

4

mgm.

o f

c h o l e s t e r i n per

1

c c .

T h i s c h o l e s t e r i n i z e d

a n t i g e n

i s

d i l u t e d

f o r

t h e

t e s t s

as

f o l l o w s :

P i p e t t e

f r o m

0 . 5

t o

1 . 0

c c .

o f

e x t r a c t ,

d e p e n d i n g

on

t h e amount

n e e d e d

f o r

t h e

t e s t s ,

i n t o  n

a g g l u t i n a t i o n t u b e

h a v i n g

a n

i n n e r d i a m -

- e t e r

o f

a b o u t

t h r e e - e i g h t h s

i n c h .

P o u r

t h r e e t i m e s t h e amount

o f s a l t s o l u t i o n

i n t o

t h i s

t u b e

f r o m a c y l i n d e r

a n d

r a p i d -

l y

i n v e r t

b a c k

a n d

f o r t h .

The

f i n a l

m i x -

t u r e i s

o p a l e s c e n t

a n d c l e a r

a n d i s

r e a d y

f o r u s e .

The

e m p l o y m e n t

o f

two

c h o -

l e s t e r i n i z e d

a n t i g e n s a s

a

c h e c k

o n

o n e

a n o t h e r

i s r e c o m m e n d e d .

P e r f o r m n c e

o f

T e s t :

M e a s u r e

0 . 3

c c .

o f

c l e a r i n a c t i v a t e d

( o n e - h a l f

h o u r

a t

5 6 0

C . )

serum i n t o

an

a g g l u t i n a t i o n

t u b e a n d

a d d 0 . 0 5

c c . o f

t h e

d i l u t e d a n t i -

g en m i x t u r e . S h a k e

v i g o r o u s l y

f r o m

o ne

t o

two m i n u t e s .

The

s t r o n g l y

p o s i -

t i v e

serums

w i l l

s h o w

i n

most

c a s e s ,

s p o n t a n e o u s

p r e c i p i t a t i o n ,

b u t

t h e w e a k e r

serums

n e e d

o v e r n i g h t

i n c u b a t i o n

a t

3 7 . 5 °

C .

t o

b r i n g

f o r t h

t h e

p r e c i p i t a t e s .

A f t e r i n c u b a t i o n t h e

s t r o n g l y p o s i t i v e

serums

s h o w

p r e c i p i t a t i o n

c l u m p s ,

m a k -

  i n g

i t

c o m p a r a t i v e l y

easy

t o

r e a d

t h e

e n d

r e s u l t s .

The

t e s t s a r e

r e a d

i n

a c c o r d a n c e w i t h

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

s c a l e :

1.

A

p r e c i p i t a t e ,

c o n s i s t i n g o f

o n e

o r more

l a r g e

c l u m p s

=

2 .

A

l a r g e f l o c c u l e n t

p r e c i p i t a t e

 

+ .

3 .

M o d e r a t e - s i z e

f l o c

o r

g r a n u l e s

 

+ .

4 .

S m a l l - s i z e f l o c o r

g r a n u l e s

 

5 . F i n e f l o c

o r

g r a n u l e s

 

+ .

6 .

N e g a t i v e

p r e c i p i t a t i o n - - .

A

n o n c h o l e s t e r i n i z e d

a n t i g e n

may a l s o

b e

e m p l o y e d

f o r t h i s

t e s t . I t i s

c o n s i d -

e r e d

o f

v a l u e

as a

c h e c k on

t h e

c h o l e s -

t e r i n i z e d

a n t i g e n .

S i n c e we r un

W a s s e r -

mann

t e s t s o n

a l l

serums,

we

d o n o t

d e e m

i t

necessary

t o f u r t h e r

c h e c k

t h e c h o l e s -

t e r i n i z e d

a n t i g e n

t e s t

w i t h a

n o n c h o l e s -

t e r i n i z e d

o n e .

T h e

r i n g

o r l a y e r m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e

K a h n

t e s t ,

f i r s t r e p o r t e d

b y

Keim

a n d

W i l e 7

a n d

l a t e r

b y

H e r r o l d 2 0 ,

i s n o t

q u i t e

s a t i s f a c t o r y . We a re

d e a l i n g , as

K e i m a n d

W i l e p o i n t e d

o u t , w i t h

a t e s t

o f

l e s s e r

s e n s i t i v e n e s s .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e

r i n g

t e s t

l a c k s t h e

d e f i n i t e n e s s o f

t h e

r e g u l a r t e s t .

W i t h any g i v e n

source

o f

l i g h t

o n e

may see

f r o m

o ne a n g l e w h a t

a p pe a rs

t o b e

a r i n g

p r e c i p i t a t e ,

b u t

v i e w e d f r o m

a n o t h e r a n g l e

n o t h i n g

i s

v i s i b l e .

N o

t e s t f o r

s y p h i l i s

ca n

h a v e

permanent v a l u e

i f b a s e d

o n

v a r i a b l e

r e a d i n g s ;

t h e e n d r e s u l t

m u s t b e

o b v i o u s .

I n d e e d ,

i f t h e Kahn

t e s t

m e r e l y

s h o w e d

f i n e

p r e c i p i t a t e s a s

i s

t r u e

i n

t h e case o f

t h e

p r e c i p i t a t i o n

t e s t s

r e f e r r e d t o

a b o v e

w h e r e

a g g l u t i n o s c o p e s h a v e t o

b e em

p l o y e d

f o r

r e a d i n g

t h e

r e s u l t s ,

we

w o u l d

n o t h a v e

m a d e i t

a

r o u t i n e

t e s t i n

t h e

l a b o r a t o r i e s

o f

t h e

M i c h i g a n

D e p a r t m e n t

o f

H e a l t h .

I t i s

b e c a u s e

t h e e n d

r e s u l t s

o f

t h e Kahn

t e s t a r e

u n m i s t a k a b l e t h a t

t h i s

t e s t

i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l u a b l e .

COMPARATIVE

RESU LTS

OF

WASSERMANN

AND

KAHN

TESTS

A b o u t

9 3 p er

c e n t o f serums g i v e

t h e

s a m e

r e s u l t s

w i t h

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

a n d

Kahn

t e s t s .

C l o s e t o s i x

per c e n t

o f

serums

g i v e ,

w h a t

we

c o n s i d e r a

r e l a t i v e

c h e c k .

T h e s e

serums g i v e

d o u b t f u l re-

a c t i o n s

w i t h

t h e W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t

a n d

e i t h e r

n e g a t i v e

o r

p o s i t i v e r e a c t i o n s

w i t h

t h e Kahn

t e s t , o r

d o u b t f u l

r e a c t i o n s w i t h

t h e

l a t t e r t e s t a n d

n e g a t i v e o r

p o s i t i v e

r e a c t i o n s

w i t h t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t .

C l o s e

t o o n e

per c e n t o f

serums

d o

n o t

c h e c k ,

g i v i n g

a

n e g a t i v e

r e a c t i o n

w i t h

o ne

t e s t a n d

p o s i t i v e w i t h

t h e

o t h e r or

v i c e

versa.

T h e r e s u l t s

o b t a i n e d w i t h

t h e

W a s s e r -

mann

a n d

Kahn t e s t s

f r o m

J u l y t o

O c t o -

b e r ,

c o v e r i n g

8 , 0 7 0

e x a m i n a t i o n s ,

a r e

re-

c o r d e d

i n

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

t a b l e :

9 8

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KAHN T E S T FOR S Y P H I L I S

9 9

T A B L E

1 - C O M P A R I S O N

O F

R E S U L T S OF WASSERMANN

AND

KAHN

R E A C T I O N S

ON 8070

S E R U M S .

W a s s e r m a n n R e a c t i o n

Kahn R e a c t i o n

P o s i t i v e

D o u b t f u l N e g a t i v e

1 7 2 7

p o s i t i v e *

t e s t s

g a v e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 6 7 2

3 3 2 2

4 9 5

d o u b t f u l t e s t s g a v e . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

6 2 3 3 2 1 0 1

5 8 4 8

n e g a t i v e

t e s t s g a v e

.....

 

5 0 2 3 6

5 5 6 2

* P o s i t i v e

i n c l u d e s

 

a n d   ; D o u b t f u l i n c l u d e s

  a n d

+ .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s

t a b l e , o f 8 0 7 0 s e r u m s e x a m i n e d

( 1 ) 1 6 7 2 w e r e p o s i t i v e

b y b o t h m e t h o d s

3 3 2

w e r e d o u b t f u l b y

b o t h m e t h o d s

5 5 6 2

w e r e

n e g a t i v e

b y

b o t h

m e t h o d s

7 5 6 6 s h o w e d

c o m p l e t e

a g r e e m e n t

.................................

9 3 . 7 5 4

( 2 )

3 3

p o s i t i v e W a s s e r m a n n

r e a c t i o n s

g a v e

d o u b t f u l

Kahn

r e a c t i o n s

6 2 d o u b t f u l W a s s e r m a n n r e a c t i o n

g a v e p o s i t i v e

Kahn

r e a c t i o n s

1 0 1 d o u b t f u l Wassermann

r e a c t i o n s g a v e n e g a t i v e

Kahn r e a c t i o n s

2 3 6

n e g a t i v e

Wassermann

r e a c t i o n s

g a v e

d o u b t f u l Kahn r e a c t i o n s

4 3 2 serums

s h o w e d

r e l a t i v e

a g r e e m e n t

 

5 . 3 5 3 S

( 3 )

5 0

n e g a t i v e

Wassermann r e a c t i o n s g a v e

p o s i t i v e

Kahn

r e a c t i o n s

2 2

p o s i t i v e W a s s e r m a n n

r e a c t i o n s

g a v e n e g a t i v e

K a h n

r e a c t i o n s

7 2

serums

s h o w e d no

a g r e e m e n t . . . . . . .

 

0 , 8 9 2 o

RESUME

E x p e r i e n c e

g a i n e d w i t h over

2 3 , 0 0 0

Kahn

t e s t s ,

8 , 0 0 0 o f

w h i c h h a v e

b e e n

r e p o r t e d

t o p h y s i c i a n s

p a r a l l e l w i t h

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t , l e a d s

us t o t h e f o l l o w -

ing

c o n c l u s i o n s :

1 .

The l a b o r a t o r y d i a g n o s i s

o f

s y p h i l i s

b a s e d

on

t h e

c o m b i n e d

r e s u l t s o f

t h e

\ W a s s e r m a n n a n d Kahn t e s t s possesses

a

h i g h e r

d e g r e e

o f accu r ac y

t h a n t h a t o f

t h e

W a s s e r m a n n

t e s t a l o n e .

2 . The

c l i n i c a l

a p p l i c a t i o n

o f

t h e

Kahn

t e s t b o t h

i n

t h e d i a g n o s i s

a n d

t r e a t m e n t

o f

s y p h i l i s

c o m p a r e s

f a v o r a b l y

w i t h

t h e

Wassermann

t e s t .

3 .

The

s i m p l i c i t y

o f t h e

p r o c e d u r e

o f

t h e

Kahn

t e s t m a k e s i t r e a d i l y a p p l i c a b l e

as

a

r o u t i n e

p r o c e d u r e

i n

a

p u b l i c

h e a l t h

l a b o r a t o r y .

4 .

The e m p l o y m e n t o f t h e Kahn

t e s t

as

a

c h e c k

on

t h e

Wassermann t e s t

w i l l

h e l p r e d u c e

t h e e l e m e n t

o f s k e p t i c i s m

a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h

t h e o l d e r t e s t .

REFERENCES.

1 . S o l o m o n , H .

C . :

A g r e e m e n t

i n R e s u l t s

o f

t h e

Wassermann R e a c t i o n ;

A

S t u d y

o f T e s t s

P e r f o r m e d

i n 2

L a b o r a t o r i e s

i n

3 , 0 0 0

S u c c e s s i v e

H o s p i t a l

Ad-

m i s s i o n s .

J o u r .

Am er . Med .

A s s n . , 7 4 : 7 8 8 ,

March

2 0 ,

1 9 2 0 .

2 .

P a l m e r ,

L .

J . :

Wassermann

V a r i a t i o n s ;

A

S t u d y

o f

t h e

Serums

o f

S e v e n t y - f i v e

P a t i e n t s

b y E i g h t

L a b o r a t o r i e s .

I b i d ,

7 9 : 7 2 4 ,

A u g u s t 2 6 ,

1 9 2 2 .

3 . Th e W a sse rm a n n

T e s t :

S p e c i a l R e p o r t

S e r i e s

N o .

1 4 o f t h e

M e d i c a l

Research

C o m m i t t e e .

H.

M.

S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e ,

L o n d o n ,

1 9 1 8 .

4 . Koopman, J . :

Th e W asser m an n

R e a c t i o n

a s

C a r r i e d Out

b y

t h e

D e p a r t m e n t

o f

H e a l t h , M o n t h l y

B u l l e t i n ,

D e p a r t m e n t

o f

H e a l t h , C i t y

o f New

Y o r k ,

8 : 8 7 ,

1 9 1 7 .

D i s c u s s e d

a l s o

i n

t h e

paper

by O t t e n b e r g ,

R . :

On

R e l i a b i l i t y

o f Wasser mann

R e a c t i o n .

Arch.

I n t .

Med.

1 9 :

4 5 7 ,

1 9 1 7 .

5 . N e i l ,

H . H . : The C o m p l e m e n t F i x a t i o n

T e s t

f o r

S y p h i l i s .

U . S . P u b l i c H e a l t h

R e p o r t s ,

3 3 : 1 3 8 7 ,

1 9 1 8 .

6 .

H i n t o n ,

W.

A . :

A

S t a n d a r d i z e d M e t h o d o f P e r -

f o r m i n g

t h e

Wassermann R e a c t i o n .

Amer. J .

S y p h . ,

4 : 5 9 8 ,

1 9 2 0 .

7 .

K o l m e r , J . A . : S t u d i e s i n

t h e

S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n

o f

W a s s e r m a n n R e a c t i o n .

XXX. A N ew

C o m p l e -

m e n t - F i x a t i o n T e s t

f o r

S y p h i l i s

B a s e d Upon

t h e R e -

s u l t s

o f

S t u d i e s

i n

t h e S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n o f

T e c h n i c .

A m e r . J .

S y p h . ,

6 : 8 2 ,

1 9 2 2 .

8 .

M e i n i c k e E . : U e b e r

e i n e n e u e

M e t h o d

d e r

s e r o l o g i s c h e n

L u e s d i a g n o s e .

  e r l

K l i n . W c h n s c h r . ,

5 4 : 6 1 3 ,

1 9 1 7 ; U e b e r

d i e d r i t t e M o d i f i k a t i o n m e i n e r

L u e s r e a k t i o n . M u e n c h . M e d . W c h n s c h r . ,

N o . 8 8 ,

p .

9 3 2 ,

1 9 1 9 .

9 .

S a c h s , H . ,

a n d

G e o r g i ,

W. :

Z u r

S e r o d i a g -

n o s t i k

d e r

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a n d W a s s e r m a n n

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