INTERNATIONAL

TRENDS IN

OPTICS

Edited by

JOSEPH W. GOODMAN Department of Electrical Engineering

Stanford University Stanford, California

® ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Boston San Diego New York

London Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Contents

Contributors xv Preface xix

Chapter 1 Integrated Optics, OEICs, or PICs? 1 Herwig Kogelnik

1. Early Dreams of Integration 1 2. Practical Applications 2 3. The Name Game 4 4. Two Integrated Optical Circuits 5 5. Two OEICs 7 6. Two PICs 8 7. Outlook 11

References 11

Chapter 2 Quantum Optoelectronics for Optical Processing 13 D. A. B. Miller

References 22

Chapter 3 Optics in Telecommunications: Beyond Transmission 25 Peter W. E. Smith

1. Introduction 25 2. Technology Trends 28

vi

Contents VII

3. The Evolving Role of Optics 32 References 34

Chapter 4 Microoptics 37 Kenichi Iga

1. Introduction 37 2. Classifications of Microoptics 37 3. Basic Microoptics Elements 38 4. Applied Microoptics Systems 43 5. Stacked Planar Optics 50 6. Summary 53

References 54

Chapter 5 Holographie Optical Elements for Use with Semiconductor Lasers 57 H. R Herzig and R. Dändliker

1. Introduction 57 2. Semiconductor Laser Sources and Holographie Materials 58 3. HOE Design 59 4. HOE Fabrication 64 5. Applications 66 6. Interferometric HOE Recording versus Synthetic Fabrication 72 7. Future Perspectives 74

References 74

Chapter 6 Fibre-Optic Signal Processing 77 Brian Culshaw and Ivan Andonovic

1. Introduction 77 2. Principal Features of Fibre-Optic Signal Processing Networks 78 3. Some Practical Examples 81 4. Applications Potential 88 5. Fibre-Optic Signal Processing—Future Prospects 89

Acknowledgments 93 References 93

Chapter 7 Optical Memories 95 "foshito Tsunoda

1. Introduction 95 2. Read/Write Principles and Features 96 3. Fundamental Technologies 97 4. Application Areas 100 5. Developmental Status of Product 100 6. Future Technologies 105

VIII Contents

7. Toward the 21st Century 109 References 110

Chapter 8 How Can Photorefractives Be Used? 111 Henri Rajbenbach and Jean-Pierre Huignard

1. Introduction 111 2. The Photorefractive Effect 111 3. Two-Wave Mixing in Photorefractives 114 4. Four-Wave Mixing and Phase Conjugation 115 5. Applications of Wave-Mixing to Optical Signal Processing 118 6. Prospects for Photorefractives 123

References 124

Chapter 9 Adaptive Interferometry: A New Area of Applications of Photorefractive Crystals 125 S. I. Stepanov

1. Introduction 125 2. Principles of Adaptive Interferometers 127 3. Adaptive Interferometers Using PRCs 128 4. Adaptive Properties of an Interferometer with Bi12SiO20 132 5. Adaptive Photodetectors Operating through Non-Steady-State

Photo-EMF 135 6. Conclusions and Acknowledgments 139

References 139

Chapter 10 Water Wave Optics 141 Jakob J. Stamnes

1. Introduction 141 2. Linearised Water Waves 142 3. Huygens'Principle for Two-Dimensional Waves 144 4. Validity of Geometrical Optics 145 5. Ray Tracing in Water of Variable Depth 147 6. Combined Method of Ray Tracing and Diffraction 148 7. Caustics Created by Devil's Hole 148 8. Zone-Plate Lens for Focusing of Ocean Swells 151 9. Speculations 151

References 153

Chapter 11 About the Philosophies of Diffraction 155 Adolf W Lohmann

1. Introduction 155 2. A New Philosophy of Diffraction, Corner Diffraction — The Context 156

Contents IX

3. The Philosophy of Huygens 160 4. The Philosophy of \bung 160 5. Diffraction Philosophy Beyond \bung 162 6. Corner Diffraction on 2-D Dammann Grätings 163 7. Summary 164

Chapter12 The Essential Journals of Optics 167 John N. Howard

1. Introduction 167 2. The Science Citation Index 168 3. Establishing a Set of Closely Related Journals 175 4. Comments on Individual Journals 176 5. Index by Citing Journal 177 6. Marginal and Peripheral Journals of Optics 177 7. Summary 182

References 184

Chapter 13 Optics in China: Ancient and Modern Accomplishments 185 Zhi-Ming Zhang

1. Introduction 185 2. Accomplishments in Optics in Ancient China 186 3. Recent Progress of Optical Science in China 190 4. Conclusion and Acknowledgments 193

References 193

Chapter 14 Unusual Optics: Optical Interconnects as Leamed from the Eyes of Noctumal Insects, Cray fish, Shellfish, and Similar Creatures 195 Päl Greguss

1. Introduction 195 2. Signal-Collecting Optics 196 3. Strange Biological SCOs 197 4. The PAL Optics 200 5. From PAL Imaging to PAL Interconnects 202 6. Conclusions 204

Acknowledgments 205 References 205

Chapter 15 The Opposition Effect in Volume and Surface Scattering 207 J. C. Dainty

1. Introduction 207 2. Scattering by Dense Volume Media 209 3. Scattering by Randomly Rough Surfaces 210

X Contents

4. Double Passage through a Random Screen 215 5. Discussion 216

Acknowledgments 218 References 218

Chapter 16 Influence of Source Correlations on Spectra of Radiated Fields 221 Emil Wolf

Acknowledgement 231 References 231

Chapter 17 Quantum Statistics and Coherence of Nonlinear Optical Processes 233 Jan Pefina

1. Introduction 233 2. Quantum Coherence and Photocount Statistics 234 3. Coherent-State Technique 236 4. Nonlinear Dynamics 239 5. Experiments with Nonclassical Light 243

References 245

Chapter 18 One-Photon Light Pulses versus Attenuated Classical Light Pulses 247 Alain Aspect and Philippe Grangier

1. An Old Question in a New Light: One-Photon Interferences 247 2. Theoretical Description 249 3. Anticorrelation on a Beamsplitter 255 4. Anticorrelation on a Beamsplitter: Expenmental Measurements 259 5. Conclusion 263

References 265

Chapter 19 Optical Propagation through the Atmosphere 267 Anna Consortini

1. Introduction 267 2. Description of Atmospheric Turbulence and Models 269 3. Second-Order Coherence 271 4. Higher-Order Coherence and Scintillation 273 5. Probability Distribution oflntensity 275 6. Ofher Turbulence Effects and Conclusions 276

References 277

Chapter 20 Are the Fundamental Principles of Holography Sufficient for the Creation of New Types of 3-D Cinematography and Artificial Intelligence? 2 79 Yury N. Denisyuk

Contents XI

1. Principles 279 2. Perspectives 287

References 294

Chapter 21 Medical Applications of Holographie 3-D Display 297 Jumpei Tsujiuchi

1. Introduction 297 2. Multiple-Exposure Holograms for Medical Use 298 3. Holographie Stereograms 300 4. Medical Applications of Multiplex Holograms 304 5. Conclusion and Acknowledgments 310

References 310

Chapter 22 Moire Fringes and Their Applications 313 OlofBryngdahl

1. Introduction 313 2. Moire — Physical Parameters 314 3. Superposition of Periodic Structures 314 4. Flexible Fringe Variables 315 5. Parameters for Fringe Selection 317 6. Presentation and Processing of Optical Information 320 7. Moire Techniques in Metrology 321 8. From Perception to Art 322 9. Trends and Expectations 322

References 323

Chapter 23 Breaking the Boundaries of Optical System Design and Construction 325 Christiaan H. E Velzel

1. Introduction 325 2. The Perfect Optical Instrument 326 3. Initial Design and Optimization 329 4. Sensitivity Analysis and Assembling 332 5. Looking to the Future 334

References 337

Chapter 24 Interferometry: What's New Since Michelson? 339 P Hariharan

1. Introduction 339 2. Interferometric Metrology 339 3. Optical Testing 341 4. Fiber Interferometers 342 5. Laser-Doppler Interferometry 343

XII Contents

6. High-Resolution Spectroscopy 344 7. Stellar Interferometry 345 8. Relativity and Gravitational Waves 346 9. Nonlinear Interferometers 347

10. Future Directions 348 References 349

Chapter 25 Current Trends in Optical Testing 351 Daniel Malacara

1. Introduction 351 2. Qualitative Tests 352 3. Null Tests 354 4. Quantitative Tests 358 5. The Future of Optical Testing 372

References 372

Chapter 26 Adaptive Optics 375 Fritz Merkle

1. Introduction 375 2. The Principleof Adaptive Optics 375 3. The Needs for Adaptive Optics in Astronomy 377 4. The Design Parameters for an Adaptive Optical System 378 5. Strategy for Seeing Optimization 380 6. Elements of an Adaptive Optical System 380 7. Accuracy ofthe Adaptive Optics Correction 386 8. First Results wifh Adaptive Optics 386 9. The Reference Source Problem 386

10. What Comes Next? 388 References 390

Chapter 27 Triple Correlations and Bispectra in High-Resolution Astronomical Imaging 391 Gerd Weigelt

1. Introduction 391 2. Speckle Masking: Bispectrum or Triple-Correlation Processing 392 3. Objective-Prism Speckle Spectroscopy 397 4. Wideband Projection Speckle Spectroscopy 401 5. Optical Long-Baseline Interferometry and Aperture Synthesis 403

Acknowledgment 404 References 404

Chapter 28 Phase-Retrieval Imaging Problems 407 J. R. Fienup

Contents XIII

1. Introduction 407 2. Imaging Applications of Phase Retrieval 408 3. Phase-Retrieval Algorithms 413 4. Uniquenessof Phase Retrieval 419 5. Conclusion 420

References 421

Chapter 29 Blind Deconvolution — Recovering the Seemingly Irrecoverable! 423 R. H. T. Bates and Hong Jiang

1. Introduction 423 2. Clear-Sighted Deconvolution 424 3. Structureof Convolution 425 4. Blind Deconvolution and Phase Retrieval 427 5. Illustrative Example 430 6. Can the Blindfold Really Be Removed? 434 7. Towards Clear-Sighted Blindness 435

References 436

Chapter 30 Pattern Recognition, Similarity, Neural Nets, and Optics 439 Henri H. Arsenault and Yunlong Sheng

1. Introduction 439 2. Invariance Is Arbitrary 441 3. How Is Similarity Measured? 442 4. Invariance and Normalization 444 5. Achieving Arbitrary Classification 447 6. Conclusion 448

References 449

Chapter 31 Towards Nonlinear Optical Processing 451 Tomasz Szoplik and Katarzyna Chalasinska-Macukow

1. Introduction 451 2. Nonlinear Angular Magnif ication of Anamorphic Fourier Spectra 452 3. Nonlinear Correlators 454 4. Morphological Image Processing 459 5. Conclusions 462

References 463

Chapter 32 New Aspects of Optics for Optical Computing 465 Valentin Morozov

1. Introduction 465 2. Thermodynamics of Light-Beam Transformation 466

XIV Contents

3. What Maximal Amount of Binary Information Can Be Stored in a Hologram? 469

4. Is It Possible to Integrate Holograms with Integrated Optical Circuits? 474 5. Conclusion 480

References 480

Chapter 33 Digital Optical Computing 481 S. D. Smith and E. W. Martin

1. Introduction 481 2. Architecture 484 3. Key Devices, Components, and Functional Units 487 4. Implementation of Demonstrations 491 5. Conclusion 496

Acknowledgments 496 References 496

Chapter 34 Computing: A Joint Venture for Light and Electricity? 499 Pierre Chavel

1. Introduction 499 2. The Processing Functions of Light 500 3. Components for Optical Computing 507 4. Computing with Light 511 5. Conclusion 517

References 518

Index 521