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INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PAKISTAN

Muhammad Tahir Qureshi

October 2011

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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................... vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. vi

CHAPTER – 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 1

1. Global and Regional Context: ....................................................................................................... 1

2. The Pakistan Context: ................................................................................................................... 2

3. Current Status of ICZM in Pakistan: .............................................................................................. 2

4. Need of ICZM Plan: ....................................................................................................................... 3

5. Principles of ICZM: ........................................................................................................................ 4

CHAPTER – 2 ............................................................................................................................................... 6

COASTAL RESOURCES .............................................................................................................................. 6

1. Physical Environment: ................................................................................................................... 6

2. Land Use: ...................................................................................................................................... 7

3. Biodiversity (Ecosystem, Habitats and Species diversity): ........................................................... 7

3.1 Micro Organisms: ................................................................................................................ 8

3.2.1 Benthic Community: .................................................................................................... 8

3.2.2 Pelagic Community: .................................................................................................... 8

3.2.3 Supra Tidal Community: ............................................................................................. 8

4. Fisheries and Aquaculture: ............................................................................................................ 8

4.1 Non Conventional Resources: ............................................................................................. 9

4.2 Infra-Structure: ..................................................................................................................... 9

4.3 Measures For Avoiding Over-exploitation of Fisheries Resources: .................................. 10

5.0 Water Resources: ........................................................................................................................ 10

6.0 Non-Living (Non-renewable) Resources: .................................................................................... 11

6.1 Tourism: ............................................................................................................................. 11

6.1.1 Present Status: ......................................................................................................... 11

6.1.2 Pakistan’s Share in World Tourism: .......................................................................... 11

6.1.3 Potential in Coastal Areas: ....................................................................................... 12

6.1.4 Policy Recommendations: ........................................................................................ 12

7.0 Urbanization and Settlement: ...................................................................................................... 12

7.1 Demographic and Social Aspects: .................................................................................... 12

7.2 Migration to Other Parts of Pakistan: ................................................................................ 13

7.3 Status of Women: .............................................................................................................. 13

8.0 Government and Community Facilities: ...................................................................................... 14

8.1 Education: .......................................................................................................................... 14

8.2 Health: ............................................................................................................................... 14

8.3 Water Supply, Sanitation and Electricity: .......................................................................... 14

9.0 Current – Institution and Legislative Arrangements: ................................................................... 14

9.1 Federal Organizations: ...................................................................................................... 14

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9.2 Provincial Departments: .................................................................................................... 15

9.3 Academia: .......................................................................................................................... 15

9.4 Local Government: ............................................................................................................ 16

9.5 Non Government Organization: ......................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER – 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 17

THREATS TO PAKISTAN COASTAL ECOSYSTEM ................................................................................. 17

1. Introduction: ................................................................................................................................. 17

1.1 Population Growth: ............................................................................................................ 17

1.2 Fresh Water Availability and Salinity: ................................................................................ 17

1.3 Over Exploitation of Natural Resources By Coastal Communities: ................................... 18

1.4 Marine and Industrial Pollution Due to Urbanization and Industrialization: ....................... 18

1.5 Lack of Uniform Legislation And Coordination: ................................................................. 18

1.6 Use Of Destructive And Unsustainable Fishing Practices: ............................................... 19

1.7 Lack of Education & Awareness among People, Government & NGO/CBOs: ................. 19

1.8 Unplanned Development Along The Coast: ...................................................................... 19

1.9 Port Operations: ................................................................................................................ 20

1.10 Enforcement Capabilities: .................................................................................................. 20

1.11 Revamping EAs, CDA, Departments of Fisheries and Forestry: ...................................... 20

1.12 Implementation Of Development Programmes, Policies & Plans: .................................... 20

2. Environmental Impact of Development Activities: ....................................................................... 21

2.1 The expansive and modernization of high industry: .......................................................... 21

CHAPTER – 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 22

ICZM PLAN DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................................................... 22

1. Business as Usual: ...................................................................................................................... 22

2. Purpose Of Consultative Meeting: .............................................................................................. 22

3. Issues Identification & Prioritization: ........................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER – 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 24

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY ................................................................. 24

1. Strategic Approach and Guiding Principles ................................................................................. 24

1.1 Goal: .................................................................................................................................. 24

1.2 Objectives: ......................................................................................................................... 24

1.3 Recommended Interventions: ............................................................................................ 25

1.3.1 Policy Level Interventions: ........................................................................................ 25

1.4 Coastal Habitat Restoration / Protection Interventions: .................................................... 26

1.4.1 Mangroves Plantation: .............................................................................................. 26

1.4.2 Coastal Aquaculture and Sustainable Fisheries: ...................................................... 26

1.4.3 Coastal Protection and Flood Control: ...................................................................... 26

1.5 Pollution Prevention Interventions: .................................................................................... 27

1.5.1 Sewage, Drainage and Solid Waste Management: .................................................. 27

1.6 Water Management Interventions: .................................................................................... 27

1.6.1 Establishment of Water Desalination’s Plant: ........................................................... 27

1.7 Coastal Livelihood / Micro-enterprise Development Initiatives: ......................................... 27

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1.7.1 Coastal Ecotourism: .................................................................................................. 27

1.7.2 Extraction of Minerals, Sea Salt (Coastal Salt Pan Industry): .................................. 27

1.7.3 Promote Apiculture and Kitchen Gardens: ............................................................... 28

1.7.4 Setup Micro-Credit Facilities: .................................................................................... 28

1.8 Advocacy and Education Interventions: ............................................................................ 28

1.8.1 Awareness Raising and Capacity Building: .............................................................. 28

CHAPTER – 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 29

FIVE YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ...................................................................................................... 29

1. Management Actions: .................................................................................................................. 29

2. Monitoring and Evaluation: .......................................................................................................... 36

3. Field Activities: ............................................................................................................................ 36

3.1 Crab Culture: ..................................................................................................................... 36

3.2 Sustainable Mangrove Forestry: ....................................................................................... 37

3.3 Apiculture in Mangroves: ................................................................................................... 37

3.4 Participatory Research on Sea Intrusion Problem in Coastal Belt of Sindh: ..................... 37

3.5 Combating poverty through ICZM in Sindh & Balochistan: ............................................... 37

4. Staff Requirements: ..................................................................................................................... 37

4.1 Project Staff: ...................................................................................................................... 37

4.2 External Consultants: ........................................................................................................ 38

4.3 Equipment: ........................................................................................................................ 38

5. Institutional Frame work For ICZM of Coastal Ecosystem: ......................................................... 38

5.1 Overview of Different Institutional Responsibilities: .......................................................... 38

5.2 Coordination: ..................................................................................................................... 39

5.3 Legislative and Contractual Requirement: ........................................................................ 39

5.4 List of Actions Needed For Adoption Of The Plan: ........................................................... 39

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................................... 40

MAPS / SATELLITE IMAGERIES .............................................................................................................. 41

Annexure-I: BPSD ICZMP Development Questionnaire ............................................................................. 46

Annexure -II-A: Combined Data Analysis of Social Issues ........................................................................ 47

Annexure-II-B: Combined Data Analysis of Environmental Issues ............................................................. 48

Annexure-II-C: Combined Data Analysis of Economic Issues .................................................................... 49

Photographs: ............................................................................................................................................... 51

Annexure-III: Proposed Composition of the Steering Committee ............................................................... 63

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INTRODUCTION

The Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) for Pakistan has been prepared through consultations with all stakeholders. Royal Netherland Embassy (RNE) has provided support under the Balochistan Programme for Sustainable Development (BPSD) in the preparation of the plan. The experts, drawn from the different fields of coastal management in IUCN, have made a concerted effort, to integrate through knowledge and experience regarding coastal environment and produced a basic document on ICZMP for Pakistan. The purpose of this plan is to identify and evaluate the contribution of all institutions which are involved in one way or the other in the coastal zone and to propose improvement in the present management so that the development proposals / initiatives, which have been formulated, may be efficiently implemented. There is a multitude of institutions concerned with coastal zone. There are local, provincial or federal institutions, as well as adhoc bodies, research institutions, managemental organizations or private parties. The involvement of all institutions is presented in a comparative form, noting the field of involvement of each, as well as the inter-relationships between institutions. It seems that the task is not to further add to the number of the institutions already operating but rather to identify the most important ones and strengthen their role with respect to coastal zone development and management. The land-sea boundary of Pakistan coast differs distinctly in various parts of the coast and as such the definition of these coast varies. The coast along the Indus delta is marked out by the tidal creeks which penetrate inland to about 30 km. Beyond this limit there is a distinction in crops interalia mangroves forests changes into agricultural lands. On Balochistan coast raised beaches of geological times are taken as the coast limit. Beyond this raised beaches hills and mountains range differentiate the coastal belt from the main-land. The whole Karachi metropolitan areas which is in between Sindh & Balochistan coasts is considered as a coastal city which is 70 km long and has variable width ranging between 30 to 60km. These broadly defined coastal zones comprised Pakistan Coastal Environment for which the Management Plan has been prepared. In the preparation of the Plan, various coastal environmental, ecological and socio-economic problems and major issues involved their-in were identified as a first step. All efforts were made to obtain authentic information through field check, meetings and extensive use of published work given in references. A coastal map of Pakistan and Satellite imageries of Indus delta and Sonmiani has been prepared SUPACO/National Institute of Oceanography which shows major coastal features. At the end of the five year plan a set of initiatives have been identified, for implementation which will lead to appropriate coastal management and development. The ICZMP will provide for continuous monitoring and evaluation of success and failures of the policies and activities which have been adopted. This will allow us for adjustments to compensate for failures in foresight or for changing conditions.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The exercise for conceptualization of this ICZM Plan was undertaken during a IUCN Regional Mission to Pakistan in March 2010. We would like to express our thanks to all the individuals with whom discussions were held during the visit to Pakistan in particular: Ali Raza, Maeve Nightingale, Saima Beg, Zabardast Khan Bangash, Hamid Sarfaraz and Zeever Schiek. My special thanks to Maeve who took time to offer her valuable comments on the draft plan. Finally, we wish to thank all the participants from relevant governmental and non-governmental organizations and local communities of our coastal areas from Jiwani to Sir Creek who participated in our workshops and provided their inputs for this plan. Thanks are also due to Shahid Hussain of Coastal Ecosystem Unit for editing and typing.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Coastal Zone Management Plan for Pakistan has been prepared with the support and consultations of the stakeholders which include the local, provincial and federal institutions as well as adhoc bodies’ management and research institutions and private parties. The plan aims at identifying and evaluating the contributions of all the institutions involved in the improvement of the coastal zone so that initiatives may be taken regarding the effective implementation of the plans. Coastal zones throughout the world are exploited for their resources. With increasing population of migrants from inland areas to coast, these zones suffer from degradation and destruction of the of the natural environment. The ICZMP is a legal framework that ensures effective development and management plans for these zones. The objective of the plan is to maximize the benefits of the coastal areas while minimizing the conflicts and harmful effects of various human activities that may have negative impacts on the environment. The Coastal Zone Management was first adopted by the US government and the Congress in 1972. After its success, the other nations pursued it in the late 1970 and early 1980’s. However, most of the programs tackled issues that dealt with a single sector problem rather than with problems that affected the entire coastal zone. It was soon realized that there were difficulties with using the single sector approach to administer complex issues of coastal zone management therefore; ICZM was developed.CZM differs from ICZM as it takes a more comprehensive approach in managing sectoral activities that impact the resources in the coastal zone dealing with economic, social, environmental and ecological issues. The overarching goal of ICZM is to harmonize their activities so that they are consistent with the national goals aimed to achieve fruitful results for the management of the coastal zones. The Idea to develop an individual integrated coastal zone management came through the United Nations conference on Environment and Development in Rio in 1992. The Agenda 21 also emphasizes the importance of the development of ICZM. The IPCC and the Negotiating committee on Global Climate Change have recently endorsed ICZM to deal with the impacts of climate change on the coastal zones of the world. In Pakistan it is estimated that 160 million people live in the coastal areas. The contaminants found along the coast of Karachi are a result of the human activities and pose to be serious threats to the biodiversity of the area. With unmanaged fish harvesting and grazing in the mangrove forests of Sind, the coast suffers serious environmental destruction as a result of the increase in industrial and human wastes. The Government of Pakistan is signatory to The Millennium Development goals that recognizes the link between sustainable management of environment and poverty to secure economic growth. It addresses social, economic and environmental issues in coastal landscapes through the ICZM program. However, problems with the lack of coordination between departments persist and except for the Sind Forest Department no work has been done on this issue. Another problem is the multiple agencies that are working towards the management of the coastal areas but are actually hindering the process of development due to poor coordination between the government departments and their practices. This has led to encroachments and unsustainable land reclamation by the unauthorized fishing villages, housing and commercial development. Hence, there is a need to develop and manage Pakistan’s marine and coastal resources. In 1987-88, a comprehensive plan was developed by the Karachi Development Authority (KDA) which offered many financial, ecological and recreational benefits however; it has not been implemented so far. Although, Sind and Baluchistan lack the power of resolving conflict between powerful competing interest and effective implementation of projects, they are in fact most suited for development and management of the coastal zones in the country. The following goal has been proposed for the development of Pakistan’s Coastal Zone in the next ten years: “Establish a working system for integrated and participatory development planning and natural resource management in the coastal zone by the year 2020. This system will seek to optimize the net benefit flows from coastal resources to individuals and society by reducing conflicts, mitigating adverse development impacts and enhancing the productivity of coastal ecosystem.” The ICZM focuses on three operational objectives;

• Strengthening sectoral management through training, legislation and staffing • Preserving and protecting the productivity and biodiversity of coastal ecosystems, through

prevention of habitat destruction pollution and overexploitation. • Promoting national development and sustainable utilization of coastal resources.

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The European Commission has summarized the basic principals of ICZM initiatives around the world as: • That which will provide an over view of the disparities between interdependence of human

activities with an impact on the coastal ecosystem. • Analysis of the precautionary principal and the needs of the present and future generations. • Adaptive management that will facilitate adjustment to problems. This will also focus on the need

of having sound scientific knowledge concerning the evolution of the coastal areas. • Diversity in the coastal zones of Pakistan that will make it easier to respond to needs with specific

solutions. • Respecting the natural ecosystems and their carrying capacity that will make human activities

more environmentally friendly and economically sound. • Involving local parties to share the responsibility in the management process. • Involve relevant administrative bodies at national, provincial district and local levels through which

appropriate links should be established with the aim of improved coordination of existing policies. • To facilitate coherence between sectoral policy objectives, planning and management.

ICZM also embraces the following principles:

• Precautionary • Polluter pays • Proper resource accounting • Transbounday responsibility and • Intergeneration equity

Chapter 2: COASTAL RESOURCES Pakistan has a land mass of 796,000 sq.km. and a population of 180 million, its coastline stretches to 990 km and covers an area of 240,000 sq. km. The coastal region of Sind is located in the South Eastern part of the country. The Indus River is the most prominent part of the coast of Sind as it has the largest arid climate mangroves in the world. The Liyari and Malir rivers that flow through Karachi are non perennial and drain into the Arabian Sea carrying with them a great amount of sewerage and industrial wastes. The coastal water is highly saline in nature as a result of high evaporation and negligible rainfall. Karachi is a busy industrial port with the naval facility and shipyard and several power plants located along its coast. The Mangrove Forests of Sind and Baluchistan are situated along the coast and are sparsely populated by the fishing communities along the creek. The local inhabitants along the coast of Sind are fisherman, graziers and farmers who cultivate rice during the monsoon season when the Indus River floods and irrigates their lands. The marketable products include timber fuel wood and fodder. Data obtained from these coastal communities shows that there has been migration of the locals to the urban areas after the Indus Water Treaty was signed. The affects of this treaty have brought disastrous results to the community as the shore croppers experienced water logging and salinity and water scarcity in their area that forced them to look for better agricultural lands. Similar results obtained from the coastal areas of Baluchistan suggest that migration out of the area during the sixties occurred when Gawadar became a part of Pakistan. During 2001-2008 there was a shift of people to the Gawadar after the construction of the port that opened immense opportunities for business. The Mangrove Forests in these areas are limited although; with the help of IUCNP new plantations of the mangroves have been established along the coast. With increasing commercial activities to promote development in the area, these coastlines are now facing serious environmental threats due to pollution in the coastal belt. The mangrove forests along the coast of Sind and Baluchistan consist of four species, A. marina being the most common to these coasts. The mangroves forests of Sind cover an area of 90,000 ha whereas in Baluchistan they stretch to an area of 7304ha. The coastal zone supports a diversity of flora and fauna along with migratory birds, waterfowl and marine turtles; some of which are considered endangered. The ecosystem also provides a rich habitat for the wildlife of terrestrial and marine mammals, 200 species of fish, one species of poisonous snake and two species of marine snakes. It also sustains microorganism’s small and large herbivores that form a part of the benthic community. Fisheries constitutes to the main economic activity along the coast of Baluchistan. Although, its contribution to the rest of the economy is insignificant as its input is only 0.5% to the national economy. Despite the low contribution of fisheries to the economy of Pakistan, it still receives a considerable amount of export earnings worth Rs.8.8 billion per year.

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The southern part of the province of Sind and Baluchistan constitutes the coastal region which is overwhelmingly saline with ground water unfit for human consumption. In the province of Sind, the demand for water is increasing however, the lack of rainfall in the province adds to its shortfall. Currently, Sind relies on the water supplied through the River Indus to meet its present requirements. Water is a major integrating force of the coastal resource system and ICZM relates to water in several ways namely: through facilitating marine commerce, mitigating sea intrusion, conserving resources and abating pollution. These coastal resources are rich in mineral deposits of ore such as zinc, copper and sulphide, manganese and cobalt. Pakistan’s coastal zone in the province of Sind and Baluchistan offers considerable potential for tourism and holiday resorts. Tourism in Pakistan grew from 25 million in the 1950’s to 400 million during 1985. In 1998-99 the average growth of tourist arrivals contributed to 10.9% of the foreign exchange earnings. If given the opportunity to develop, the entire coastal zone of Pakistan can become a site for eco tourism. Women, especially in the coastal areas of Baluchistan are segregated from the men outside of their extended family and close relatives. The religious leaders with their orthodox beliefs are the main cause behind inhibiting education and women empowerment in the province. Infrastructure for a sound educational system is lacking in these areas as well as very few primary and secondary schools exist and lack the basic amenities. The health sector in the area suffers from similar problems. There are a few health dispensaries with the absence of the paramedical staff. There is also a dearth of water in the coastal areas of Sind and Baluchistan. The privileged few who can afford it have made underground tanks where they can collect and store water for future use. There is no proper sewerage system in these villages and people use open fields as latrines. A number of agencies and institutions that are responsible for specific activities relating to natural resources and jurisdiction under both the Federal and Provincial Government, Local Government and International NGOs. There exists a need to strengthen the technical and professional capability at all levels that deals with coastal and marine resource management, development, R&D and enforcement of environmental legislation. Chapter 3: THREATS TO PAKISTAN’S COASTAL ECOSYSTEM Pakistan’s coastal zone is relatively wide with estuaries, mangroves, rocky shores, mud flats, sand dunes, sea cliffs and beaches. However, the flora and fauna are poorly understood and documented. The available data on the mangrove forests clearly shows that these forests have been degraded due to the following reasons: lack of fresh water supply, salinity, population growth, over exploitation of natural resources by the coastal communities, marine and Industrial pollution, lack of uniform legislation and Coordination, the use of destructive and unsustainable fishing practices, Lack of Education and awareness among people, government, NGO’s and CBO’s, unplanned development activities along the coast, port operations, enforcement capabilities, and the environmental impact of developmental activities. Chapter 4: ICZM PLAN DEVELOPMENT: The result of the developmental activities in the coastal areas of Sind and Baluchistan is going to have a devastating effect on the Mangrove ecosystem. Therefore, a new model is needed to direct the stakeholders from the multiple uses and system oriented approach to an integrated management in the coastal zone. To further sustainable development in the area IUCNP has initiated a consultative process that drafts ICZM for the entire coastal zone of Pakistan. Five workshops were held with members of the civil society, journalists, environmentalists, representatives of the fishing villages and the concerned government departments. The purpose of the meetings was to bring all the departments together to explore the opportunities that ICZM process could present so that sustainable development could take place in the entire coastal zone of Pakistan. The outcome of the meetings included the list of the stakeholders and all the relative departments in the district, provincial and federal government. Two separate questionnaires were made to incorporate the stakeholder’s, technical experts and policy makers comments into ICZM and the other was targeted towards the general public so that a more focused approach could be obtained in each category. Chapter 5: INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Coastal ecosystems are important assets to the country as most of the socioeconomic activities are also concentrated in the area. However, they are extremely fragile and the developmental activities in the area may pose to be a serious threat to their survival. Therefore, if ICZM is adopted, it will ensure sustainable development as the resources will appreciate in value and will also minimize the risks in the degradation of the natural resources of these zones. ICZM aims to promote national development through the use of

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coastal resources in a sustainable manner. As the fragility of the coastal ecosystem requires a holistic approach to be adopted in their management, cross sectoral approaches are widely used to cope with issues regarding their administration. The ICZM aims at promoting sustainable coastal zone management practices and equitable use of natural resources. The strategy has been developed for 10 years which will be implemented in the entire coastal Zone of Pakistan. It will ensure that integrated policies will be adopted for the management of the coastal zones. It will work towards the prevention and reduction of pollution in the areas while reducing poverty and enhancing economic development that mitigate the negative impacts of economic activity in the area particularly regarding the distribution of water resources for various uses. To achieve these objectives the following interventions are recommended: The implementation of the marine legislation which also includes the monitoring of National Environmental Quality Standards. There is a great need for strengthening the coordination and collaboration between government agencies in the province of Sind and Baluchistan for the effective implementation of ICZM. For the Coastal habitat restoration and protection, the rehabilitation and of the Mangrove Forests in the coastal areas of Sind and Baluchistan must be encouraged, IUCN has begun the replantation with the local communities all along the coast of Pakistan since 1990. This will have beneficial impacts on the mud stabilization, restore the productivity of degraded intertidal zone and contribute to tree buildup in the provinces of Sind and Baluchistan. It will also generate employment opportunities and increase the income of local population. For sustainable management of fisheries it is recommended that stock taking be undertaken for the entire coast. Fish processing plant may also be required to create new income generating opportunities for the locals. A well balanced developmental programme in fisheries needs to be established in areas where agriculture is not possible. To abate the effect of coastal erosion due to rise in the sea level and natural processes, it is essential to rehabilitate the Mangrove forests along the coast of Sind and Baluchistan. However, the indiscriminate cutting and felling of these trees have increased erosion in the areas that have become vulnerable to the tidal inundation and wave activities. This poses to be a threat to the local communities’ industries agricultural lands as the sea water progresses inland. For effective sewerage management, treatment plants need to be installed that treat the industrial and domestic effluents in these coastal zones. Despite the installation of three such treatment plants that are not working to their full capacity and result in inefficient sewerage management that increase in the amount of water pollution in the area. Lack of availability of fresh water in these coastal areas increases the inconvenience to the local communities. There needs to be a desalinization plant so that the local people can benefit from it through increased power and water supply. There exists a great scope for the visiting of the attractions in these coastal zones. The diversity of the flora and fauna as a result of the mangrove forests can be explored to include ecotourism. The revenue generated from this can be reinvested into for the maintenance of the of these sites so that an alternative source of income can be created for the local people. The opportunity for the production of sea salt can also be explored in these areas where salt is naturally abundant. This can also be seen as an opportunity for increased income for the community. Apiculture can be developed to further increase the livelihoods of the locals in the area. Self subsistent agriculture can also be practiced that can be marketed so that additional income may be received by the local communities. Micro credit schemes could also be provided to local fisherman and women in the area for encouraging the development of small scale industries to grow. There remains a great need for raising awareness towards ICZM approaches so that the local communities the NGO’s and CBO’s can become aware of the various problems of and can contribute to the effective management of the coastal resources and the development of the of sustainable livelihoods through the use of traditional ecological knowledge in the area. Chapter 6: FIVE YEAR IMPLEMENTAION PLAN The ICZM has been planned for 10 years but is to be implemented in the next five years and will be updated periodically. An implementing agency will be developed that will ensure coordination between the government and the relative departments so that various initiatives taken under the management plan can

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be successfully executed. A steering committee will also be formed that will have members of the federal, provincial government as well as from NGO’s and research institutions working in the coastal areas of Sind and Baluchistan. The implementing agency will work with the steering committee and the various governmental agencies to help achieve their objectives, which are: 1. To advocate for and facilitate policy level interventions for integrated coastal zone management in

Pakistan’s Coastal areas. This will be achieved through the implementation of the effective legislation which the Management plan seeks to ensure. As there is a lack of proper implementation of laws in the coastal areas along with the poor coordination among the government departments duplications of interventions results in a total lack of mitigating measures in a particular area. Therefore, coordination among the government departments need to be strengthened for this purpose, capacity building of these institutions is extremely important.

Further more, NEQS, IEE and EIA need to be undertaken in all the areas so that the harmful affects of developmental activates can be successfully mitigated. Oil spills which are a common phenomenon of commercial fishing and have detrimental effects may be mitigated through the development of a contingency plan by the Maritime Security Agency (MSA). Most importantly, proper monitoring of the imposition of the ban on using fine mesh nets along with the ban on fishing during the off season needs to be effectively enforced. In order to achieve this objective the various government agencies will have to work in coordination with the various departments to ensure the proper implementation of the legislation. 2. To set up sewerage treatment plant and provide sanitation drainage and solid waste management

facilities in the area for safe disposal of waste. This will be achieved through the cooperation of the local communities CBO’s and VO’s. The communities will also be trained to manage the safe disposal of solid waste. There is also a need to develop and repair the existing storm drains in the area so that torrential run offs can be drained into the sea. The implementing agency will work with the water and sewerage boards, the provincial public health departments EPA and other governmental agencies and departments for the designing and construction of the sewerage plant. The cooperation of the local community is also required to provide manpower for construction and maintenance.

3. To undertake the replantation of the mangrove in the coastal areas of Pakistan. This would be environmentally beneficial to the area and will also increase the productivity of the marine fauna which will generate employment and income opportunities for the local communities. The mangroves will be planted over an area of 8000-1000ha, for this purpose the local communities along with the CBO’s and VO’s will be involved for the replantation and management of the Mangrove Forests.

4. To carry out stock taking and economic valuation of the fisheries resources in the coast of Pakistan, this will be done through implementation of the management plan in both the provinces. The Marine Fisheries Department of Sind and Baluchistan, NIO and the Center of excellence in Marine Biology Karachi University, would be the main institutes to undertake the stocking. A consultant and an environmental economist would also be appointed by the implementing agency to undertake stocking with the help of these institutes.

5. To set up the fish processing plants in Karachi and Pasni Fish Harbors to alleviate poverty in the area and to provide sustainable development for the local communities. For taking this initiative the Federal Port and Shipping Department, the District coordination officers and Marine Fisheries Department of Sind and Baluchistan along with the cooperative societies and civil engineers will work together to design and supervise the construction and processing of the plant.

6. To establish aquaculture as a source of income generation for the local communities. The implementing agency would employ consultants to establish aquaculture in suitable locations of the coastal areas.

7. To set up apiculture to supplement the livelihoods of the local communities this will be helpful in generating additional source of income for the local communities. An apiculturalist would be hired for the purpose the local communities will be involved for managing these colonies IUCN, NARC and the Sind Forest department for apiculture will provide their expertise and lesson learnt in this regard.

8. To promote Eco tourism as an additional source of income to the local community. There are many historical and archeological sites that may attract many foreigners to the area. The Mangrove forests can also be used to encourage bird watching which will be beneficial to the locals during the season when fishing activities are suspended. The TDCP along with the governments of Sind and Baluchistan will be responsible for organizing trips to these locations.

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9. To construct embankments around the coastal belt near the villages to combat the devastating effects of high tides that inundates the villages and encourages erosion. For this purpose, the Public Works Department along with the local communities and the District Coordination Offices will work together. A contractor will be hired who will supervise the construction of the embankments.

10. To facilitate the Micro-credit schemes in the coastal areas of Pakistan, with special attention given to women so that the growth of small scales cottage industries can be encouraged. The implementing agency will work with various departments to set up this facility in the coastal marine areas of Pakistan.

11. To advocate the provision of the civic amenities to the local communities. Natural gas has been provided to the locals in these coastal communities, this has been helpful in reducing the dependence on the communities on these mangrove forests. Apart form this there is a need to provide piped water and electricity to these villages. This will be undertaken by WAPDA and KESC. Public health facilities will also be provided to these communities to ensure their good health. Lady health workers and doctors will be provided who will assist in accomplishment of the objective. For proper planning of the villages and towns architects and planners need to be employed to ensure that the houses are equipped with proper sanitation and sewerage. For this purpose the concerned departments will collaborate their work with NGO and CBO’s to ensure a successful outcome.

12. The implementing agencies will be working towards raising awareness and build capacity of the stakeholders. ICZM courses would be provided to the staff of relevant organizations. The local communities will be made aware of the issues related to the degradation of the natural resources, pollution and other environmental problems. Schools will be set up in these communities where by education will be provided to all the children in the communities. An adult literacy campaign will be organized that will encourage education in the adults of these communities. A separate campaign will target educating women on issues regarding literacy, maternity and household issues. Other campaigns that will focus on creating opportunities for women to develop their skills in making handicrafts which will be done in collaboration with the Women’s Organization. Indigenous knowledge will be documented so that the NGO’s and CBO’s working in the areas ensure an integrated approach towards local community development. A website will be developed and maintained with the help of IUCN which can later be developed into a national database on the coastal and marine resources.

For the successful implementation of the management plan careful monitoring and evaluation is required so that the success or failure of the work can be recorded. This is also critical to the management of the ecosystems so that there is some degree of preparedness to mitigate or prevent the degradation of these natural resources.

During the implementation of the ICZM plan the following field activities will be undertaken to pilot test some of the approaches.

One of the recommended approaches to promote sustainable fisheries is to adopt coastal aquaculture. The goal of this project is to investigate the possibility of developing crab culture which is not only environmentally friendly but also benefits the local communities as an additional source of livelihood.

For practicing sustainable mangrove forestry, field training program will be conducted.

Under the ICZM program, IUCN will run training programs for the local communities’ to develop apiculture in these coastal areas.

There will be a participatory research on the sea intrusion in the coastal belt of Sind to reduce the local community’s vulnerability to water.

Research will also be done on increasing the opportunities of properly managing Pakistan’s Coastal Zone so that there can be an increase in the livelihoods of the local communities.

The successful implementation of ICZM is through coordinated actions and fulfillment of the roles and responsibilities of the planning and control and the concerned departments involved in maintaining the coastal eco systems of the area. This is a challenge as many institutions are defensive about their responsibilities and do not wish to share information with the other departments. ICZM may help in bringing these organizations together so that they can all work together with the concerned departments. A series of consultative workshops was undertaken during 2009 as a pre requisite of ICZM strategy and Management plan where a large number of stakeholders from Government and civil society participated and provided their inputs into the development of this strategy. After the Management Plan is finalized the

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focal persons in the provincial and federal governmnmets will be given copies of it for their inputs. The plan will then be revised and shared with stakeholders at the workshop in Quetta and Islamabad, where the focal people from the provincial and federal government will be invited so that the Management plan can be endorsed by the government and shared at the regional level. The time line for endorsement of the plan is as follows: Completion of the plan 31st October, 2011; sharing and feedback from shareholders 30th

November 2011; Workshop in Quetta and Islamabad 15 December 2011.

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CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND 1. Global and Regional Context:

Coastal zones throughout the world have historically been among the most heavily exploited areas because of their rich resources. In coastal countries today as estimated half of the total populations live in coastal zones and migration from inland areas to the coast is increasing. Not surprising there is a sharp conflict between the needs for immediate consumption or use of coastal resources and the needs to ensure the long-term supply of those resources. In many countries this conflict has already reached a critical stage, with large parts of coastal zone polluted from local or upland sources, fisheries severely degraded or destroyed, wetlands drained, coral reef dynamited and beaches long since ruined for human enjoyment. If these coastal resources are to be maintained and restored, effective action is urgently needed. To ensure this need a management system has been designed Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). ICZM is a process of governance and consists of the legal and institutional framework necessary to ensure that development and management plans for coastal zones are integrated with environmental (including social) goals and are made with the participation of those affected. The purpose of ICZM is to maximize the benefits provided by the coastal zone and minimize the conflicts and harmful effects of activities upon each other on resources and on the environment. It starts with an analytical process to set objectives for the development and management of the coastal zone. ICZM should ensure that the process of setting objectives, planning and implementation involves as broad spectrum of interest group as possible, that the best possible compromise between the different interest is found and that a balance is achieved in the overall use of the country’s coastal zones. Coastal zone management as a formal governmental activity was first undertaken in the United States in 1972 with the enactment by the US Congress of the Coastal Zone Management Act. Results of the US efforts are generally thought to be positive. A number of other nations initiated coastal zone management efforts of one type or another in late 1970s and early 1980s. Infact, terms such as coastal zone management, coastal resource management and coastal area management have been used virtually interchangeably to describe such efforts. Many of these programmes, however, dealt with a single sector such as coastal erosion or shore land use. Most did not attempt to deal comprehensively with the entire coastal zone and its full range of resources. Beginning in the mid 1980, as the difficulties inherent in using a single sector approach in attempting to manage something as complex as the coastal zone because more apparent, the concept of Integrated Coastal Zone Management come into being. ICZM differs from the earlier form of CZM in that it attempts to more comprehensive approach taking into account of sectoral activities that affect the coastal zone and its resources and dealing with economic and social issues as well as environmental/ecological concerns. The goal ofcourse, is to harmonise these activities in such a way that all of them are consistent with and support a broaden set of overarching national goals for the coastal zone. Encouragement for coastal nations to develop their own integrated coastal zone management infrastructure emerged during the preparation for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) that culminated in the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992. The Agenda 21 Action Plan adopted at Rio by all nations assigns a prominent role to ICZM in the ocean part of the document (Chapter 17). The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change and the Inter-governmental Negotiating Committee on Global Climate Change have also recently endorsed ICZM and urged that it began as early as possible to increase preparedness to deal with the potentially for reaching impact of climate change upon the coastal zones of the world.

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2. The Pakistan Context: Pakistan has a long coastline extending to 1026km bordering the Arabian Sea in the Sindh and Balochistan provinces. The coast is essentially a subtropical desert with an average annual rainfall of 10-20cm per year. It can be divided into four geographical areas; the Indus delta, the Karachi coast, the Lasbela Coast and the Makran Coast. The Indus delta covers 600,000 hectares consisting of 17 major creeks and extensive mudflats and is one of the largest expanses of mangroves in the world. The system supports fisheries, provides mangroves wood and fodder, is nesting ground for wildlife such as green turtles, dolphins and migratory and resident birds and is a potential source of earning from tourism and recreation. According to estimates 1.5 million of Pakistan’s estimated 160 million people live in the coastal areas. Its 1026km coastline remains virtually undocumented and unmanaged yet is an important nesting ground for the globally endangered green turtles (Chelonia mydas), Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys Olivacear) and possibly logger headed turtle. A smaller natural and artificial mangrove pockets at ten geographic locations along the coast of Balochistan province are the stopover for migratory birds on the Central Asian – Indian Flyway. The biodiversity of Balochistan’s diverse coastal features with its beaches, sand dunes, sea cliffs, rocky headlands, intertidal mudflats, deltas, estuaries, tidal lagoons, bays, islands and shelf areas remains undocumented. The Indus River is part of a major flyway for birds between Siberia and warmer lands to the south. The Indus delta is the most prominent feature of the Sindh Coast. Its sea-ward coastline is about 150km long. The land forms are remarkably uniform and the region consists of a network small and large tidal channels which meander up to 10-50 km towards land from the open sea. Many of the tidal channels are remnant courses of the Indus River. At the coast, the fine silts and clays are carried offshore and coarser sand is left to form a series of barrier bars. Behind the barriers bars are mudflats covered with mangroves. Contaminants found in coastal and marine life pose health hazards for the coastal communities, especially around the Karachi area. Add to this is an unmanaged shrimp and fisheries harvest, uncounted grazing of mangrove forests, industrial effluents from 90% of Pakistan Industry from Karachi and the human waste and sewage from Karachi estimated 16 million people alone, and it can easily be seen the coastal ecosystems of Sindh and Balochistan are under serious threats of irreversible destruction. While the biodiversity of Pakistan terrestrial component is relatively well known, the flora and fauna of the marine and coastal water have been poorly documented. As a result, it remains very poorly understood. Policy makers, decision makers, politicians and public would all benefit from better information about the biodiversity of the coastal and marine areas. However, a considerable volume of gray literature seems exist on Pakistan’s mangrove ecosystems, especially in the Indus delta where most of the research and rehabilitation work have taken place. Available data clearly show that much of the original mangroves area have been degraded, primarily due to freshwater diversion, over exploitation ( wood, fodder and grazing) as well as land-based pollution. The coastal areas of Pakistan are threatened by over exploitation of natural resources, population growth, unchecked development and lack of education and awareness sustainability issues both on the part of the coastal communities who use them and the government and outside agencies that approve and implement development activities.

3. Current Status of ICZM in Pakistan: The Government of Pakistan is committed to addressing the Millennium Development Goals and has developed PRSP. The PRSP reorganize the linkage between the sustainable management of the environment and natural resources and efforts to reduce level of poverty and secure economic growth. It recognize that the poor and often dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods and are the most affected by environmental degradation. The PRSP specifically recognize the links between the environment and livelihood, health and vulnerability all directly relevant in the coastal environment. The government of Pakistan is a signatory of the several Multilateral environmental Agreement, most notably the Ramsar Convention. Hence, Pakistan is committed to

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addressing social, economic and environmental issues in the coastal landscape. And the one innovative approach to addressing issues in coastal landscape, based on International experience of good practices, is through the development and implementations of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Programme. There is a lack of coordination among various governmental departments responsible for the development and management of coastal areas. Four government departments control the Indus delta mangroves. Except for the Sindh Forest Department, no one of them has done any legislation for the protection of coastal resources. Coordination of the controlling agencies is sketchy and needs to be strengthened. Institutions involved include national, provincial and local government agencies such as the Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development, Wildlife, Fisheries, Environment Protection Agencies and Sindh and Balochistan Coastal Development Agencies. Others include research organizations such as the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), the Zoological Survey of Pakistan, Coastal and Marine Fisheries Departments, Universities and Coastal Communities. The presence of a multiplicity of agencies, institutions and organizations involved in management of our coastal areas, particularly the critical Karachi Coast/surrounding area, hinders the development of coordinated policies and plans for the coastal region. An administrative framework dealing with coastal and marine resource management has not been established. Similar is the state of relevant legislation and regulation. Lack of awareness prevails in all segments of the society. The policy and administrative jurisdiction of these agencies controlled by all tiers of governance, namely Federal, Provincial and Local ( including Pakistan Navy) clash and overlap and competing interest often lead to confusion and inefficient decision making with regards the priorities and requirements of coastal zone management. As such no coordinated plan for our coastal region has ever been proposed or discussed. Limited scope of activities are taking place in isolation as an “Ad-hoc” approach towards problem solving. The lack of coherent policies, plans and procedures regulating the development activities among the coastal zone has led to unplanned development, encroachments and unsustainable land reclamation practices. The problem is particularly evident along the coast of Karachi when unauthorized fishing villages have mushroomed and land has been reclaimed to make way for housing and commercial development. While unplanned land reclamation may have caused irreversible damage to the coast, removal of encroachment is a decision having political implications. It is feared that these activities could continue in the absence of requisite policies, plans and implementation procedures and lack of political will.

4. Need of ICZM Plan: A number of credible resource management programmes and initiatives are ongoing all along the coast of Pakistan for ecological conscious socio-economic uplift of the society. It would, therefore, be highly unfair not to acknowledge the efforts of the government organizations and coastal communities aimed towards protecting and preserving the coastal environment and natural resources. However, a number of issues and problems severely restrict the scope and effectiveness of these endeavors, fundamental among these issues being the lack of coordination between the various concerned organizations, government, private and public and an absence of an integrated vision and approach for long-term planning and conflict resolution. It is desirable that logical and practicable institutional mechanisms for developing, administering and managing Pakistan’s marine and coastal resources are established. The overlap and clash of policy, jurisdiction and administrative authorities creates chaos, as the multiplicity of agencies represent different priorities, desires and needs. In the absence of an effective mechanism or institution for conflict resolution, competing and at times divergent interests clash with the result that no meaningful or coordinated plan of action can be agreed upon let along reach an implementation stage. A case in point is the comprehensive “Karachi Coastal Zone Management and Planning”. Prepared in 1987 – 88 by the Karachi

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Development Authority (KDA) in coordination with UNDP, which has not been implemented to date, despite the significant financial, recreational and ecological benefits it offered. The Sindh and Balochistan coastal Development Authorities presently lack the requisite “authority” to resolve conflict between powerful competing interests and effective plan and implement projects. However, these Authorities offer the most suitable institutional entities capable of assuming the central and driving role in the future coastal zone development and management initiatives in the country. It would therefore, seem appropriate and logical to strengthen their institutionally by clearly defining their role and responsibilities, framing the requisite policies and procedures and providing them the necessary manpower and financial resources. The coastal zone is an interactive and dynamic complex of subsystem where the land meets the sea. The human activities in one subsystem may adversely affect other subsystems. For this reason, the various parts of the coastal zone cannot be considered for isolation and must be managed as complete subsystems. The challenges of good management resides precisely in the integration. Investors, developers, farmers, tourists, nature conservationists, policy makers all need to coordinate towards a joint management strategy for these valuable resources. It is now widely recognized that coastal processes are closely inter-connected and that interventions in the system should be made with care and with a sufficient knowledge of the dynamic forces and linkages that exist. There are numerous examples worldwide that clearly demonstrate that sectoral management approaches do not produce long-term solution. Only integrated approaches taking into consideration all the characteristics and processes that typify and change the coastal zone have any chance of securing a suitable future. To provide this direction, a plan for integrated coastal zone managements proposed – emphasizing the coordination of policies, management concerns, development objectives and stakeholder interests across the different landscapes of the coastal zone. Although an ICZM Plan must be tailored to the particular needs of each country, the favorable result in Asia, Europe, Ecuador and the Middle East Indicate its broad applicability as a planning tool for development. The following goal is therefore proposed to guide development in Pakistan Coastal Zone over the next ten years. “Establish a working system for integrated and participatory development planning and natural resource management in the coastal zone by the year 2020. This system will seek to optimize the net benefit flows from coastal resources to individuals and society by reducing user conflicts, mitigating adverse development impacts and enhancing the productivity of coastal ecosystems.” Progress towards this goal would encourage a transition from the status quo to sustainable development environmentally sustainable development in the coastal zone would embrace (a) a supportive framework for ICZM in Pakistan Coastal Areas (b) improved land use planning and multiple use zoning; (c) improved forestry, fisheries and aquaculture practices and management of coastal rural and urban areas to address downstream affects, and (d) improved management of living coastal and marine ecosystem.

5. Principles of ICZM: Coastal nations should be in the position to develop an ICZM structure that is uniquely suited to that nation, to the nature of its coastal areas, its institutional and governmental arrangements, its traditions, cultures and economic conditions. Nonetheless, some currently accepted principles and characteristics associated with the ICZM concept are useful to describe. ICZM focuses on three operational objectives;

• Strengthening sectoral management, for instance through training, legislation and staffing.

• Preserving and protecting the productivity and biological diversity of coastal ecosystems, mainly through prevention of habitat destruction, pollution and overexploitation.

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• Promoting national development and sustainable utilization of coastal resources.

ICZM’s distinguishing characteristics are that it: • Move beyond national approaches, which tend to be sectorally oriented (each dealing

with a single factor) and fragmented in character and seeks to manage the coastal zone as a whole using ecosystem approach where possible.

• Is an analytical process that advises governments on priorities, trade-offs, problems and solutions?

• Is a dynamic and continuous process of administering the use, development and protection of the coastal zone and its sources towards democratically agreed objectives.

Generally there is no definite frame work or definite guiding principles for ICZM Plan development. But the European Commission summarized the basic principles of ICZM which are discussed briefly below, and all other ICZM initiatives around the world have been following these principles as sole guiding documents. These principles of ICZM are: Principle 1: A broad overall perspective (thematic and geographic) which will take into account the interdependence and disparity of natural systems and human activities with an impact on coastal areas. Principle 2: A long-term perspective which will take into account the precautionary principle and the needs of present and future generations. Principle 3: Adaptive management during a gradual process which will facilitate adjustment as problems and knowledge develop. This implies the need for a sound scientific basis concerning the evolution of the coastal zone. Principle 4: Local specificity and the great diversity of Pakistani coastal zones, which will make it possible to respond to their practical needs with specific solutions and flexible measures. Principle 5: Working with natural processes and respecting the carrying capacity of ecosystems, this will make human activities more environmentally friendly, socially responsible and economically sound in the long run. Principle 6: Involving all the parties concerned (economic and social partners, the organizations representing coastal zone residents, governmental, non-governmental organizations and the business sector etc) in the management process, for example by means of agreements and based on shared responsibility. Principle 7: Support and involvement of relevant administrative bodies at national, provincial and district or local level between which appropriate links should be established or maintained with the aim of improved coordination of the various existing policies. Partnership with and between federal, provincial and district authorities should apply when appropriate. Principle 8: Use of a combination of instruments designed to facilitate coherence between sectoral policy objectives and coherence between planning and management. ICZM also embraces certain general principles in course of developing the programme by a given nation. Note that most of the principles listed here are among the recommendations contained in UNCED”s Agenda 21 action programme. These includes the following principles

• Precautionary • Polluter pays • Proper resource accounting • Transboundary responsibility • Intergeneration equity

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CHAPTER – 2

COASTAL RESOURCES

1. Physical Environment:

Pakistan has a land area of about 796,000 sq. km. and a population of 180 million and is situated in the North-west part of the South Asian sub-continent. Pakistan’s coastline is about 1026 km long and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of about 240,000 sq. km. the maritime zone of Pakistan, including the continental shelf extends up to 350 nautical miles from the coastline. The shelf of the coast is dominated by Indus (Major river of Pakistan) canyon in the coast. The continental shelf varies in size distinctly along the Sindh and the Balochistan Coasts. The sea ward coastal zone up to 12 Nautical Mile (NM) from the coastline is basically within the jurisdiction of the two provinces (Sindh & Balochistan). The coastal zone beyond the 12 NM up to 24 NM is the contiguous zone and beyond the 12 NM up to 200 NM is under the jurisdiction of federal governments. However, the protection and conservation of the coastal resources is the responsibility of the federal government, which also has the authority for legislation and its enforcement within 3 mile limit of the ports and within the 12 to 200 NM of the EEZ, several federal and provincial agencies are relevant to the coastal management (See Map 1). The Sindh coastal region is located in the south-eastern part of the country between the Indian border along Sir creek on the east to Hub River along the Balochistan coast on the west. Approximately 300,000 sq. km. of the Indus water-shed of which 50% is located outside Pakistan (India, China and Afghanistan) is drained by the Indus River. Indus delta is the most prominent ecological feature of the Sindh coast, the coastal morphology of which is characterized by a network of tidal creeks formed as a result of changes in river beds and a large number of small and large islands with scattered mangrove vegetation. The Indus delta has the largest arid climate mangroves in the world. The Karachi coast constitutes a coastal belt of about 100 km length situated between the Indus delta on the South-east and Hub river on the west. Most of the coast, with the exception of scattered patches of mangroves, is devoid of any other kind of vegetation. The Liyari and Malir rivers flowing through the Karachi city are non-perennial in nature and drain into the Arabian Sea. They carry substantial quantities of untreated urban, municipal and industrial effluents. Karachi city is the commercial and Industrial hub of Pakistan along with being a busy port. The Balochistan coast extends from the mouth of Hub river in the east of middle of Gwater Bay (Bordering Iran) in the west and stretches over a distance of about 700 km. There are few indentations in the coastline, which can be classified as follows (a) embayed coast; (b) tidal lagoons; (c) mouth of small coastal rivers. The Balochistan coast is hyper-arid to arid (sub) tropical and includes piedmont plains and low hill ranges. The small and ephemeral rivers hardly influence salinity and / or turbidity of the coastal waters. The coastline consists of a sequence of peninsular and crescentric bays, the latter with a lagoon type of environment. Locally, small tidal mangroves forests natural and artificial are present on the mouth of seasonal rivers. The extent and diversity of turbidity in these bays is considerable, potentially influencing fish productivity either negatively by reducing light reaching the food plants of the fish adding nutrients to the water. The coastal water has a high salinity (< 3.6%) due to highly evaporation combined with negligible rainfall and the saline water originating from the Persian Gulf. Oxygen poor water layers sometimes rise the near-surface along the coast leading to fish mortality. The wildlife along the Pakistan coast consists of both marine and terrestrial species. The climate of Pakistan is tropical and is dominated by the monsoon regime. The average rainfall on the coast of Sindh amounts to about 200 mm and that on the coast of Balochistan about 100 m.m. per year. The south-west monsoon season lasts from May to September and the North-east from November to March, with April and October being the transition months. Wind speed during SW monsoons are about 25-30 Knots and those during NE 5-10 Knots. Atmospheric and oceanic circulation during the South-West monsoon is therefore more vigorous than during North-East monsoon. The SW monsoon circulation appears to penetrate deeper affecting the movements of water masses below the thermocline where as the drift during the NE monsoon is rather shallow.

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The tides are the mixed semidiurnal type with two highs and two lows everyday. The tidal range is about 3.5 m with a slightly higher range on the coast of Sindh. At low spring tides the mudflats and rocky beaches become exposed to about 1.5km on an occasional spot, particularly on the coast of Sindh. The surface temperature has range between 23.8C and 28.7C for Indus delta, 23.5C and 29.1C for off Karachi and 23.5C and 29.3C off Balochistan coast. There is an increasing trend in the frequency cyclonic disturbances with fluctuations. No definite trend has been observed incase of cyclonic storms and severe cyclonic storms. Moreover the short periods of fluctuation of 2-6 yeasrs are predominant. The historical data analysis shows that both coasts are equally vulnerable. June is the most vulnerable month for both coasts with 62.5% crossing the coast and then May with 25% and September 12.5%.

2. Land Use: The Indus deltaic coast is sparsely populated with small predominantly fishing communities living along the creek system of the coast. No major infrastructure development has taken place and no significant commercial industrial activities occur. The most prominent ecological feature is the mangroves forests. Karachi city on the other hand is a major hub of activity being the main commercial and industrial centre of Pakistan. A naval facility and a shipyard are also located along the Karachi coast. Several power plants are also situated along the coast. The Balochistan coast is again sparsely populated with scattered fishing communities. Natural mangrove vegetation is limited to few areas but IUCNP has created new mangrove areas along the coast of Balochistan. A deep sea part has been constructed in Gwadar. A Pakistan Navy facility exists at Ormara. Fish harbours are developed at Pasni, Gwadar and Dam. A coastal highway is linking Karachi with all the coastal towns of Balochistan. The coastal area is therefore, expected to witness such greater commercial activity and infra-structure development with a strong potential of providing a link to the Central Asian trade and oil/gas pipelines with warm waters of the Arabian sea. Increase in human settlements and commercial/industrial activities, if not properly planned, could lead to further depletion of natural resources such as water and increase in the pollution load in the coastal belt.

3. Biodiversity (Ecosystem, Habitats and Species diversity): Black and grey partridges are found along the rocky terrain of the coast. The main habitats for migratory birds and other water fowl are wetlands, estuaries and lagoons. Three species of endangered marine turtles are reported from Balochistan coast, which include the Green Turtle (Cheldonia mydas) and Olive Ridley Turtles (Lepidochelys Olivacea) and Leather Back Turtles. The most important beaches that are used as nesting grounds are Ormara (Tak), Astola island and Jiwani. In 1980, the Lasbela wildlife sanctuary was created and comprises an area of 1,687,579 hectares. Later it was reduced in size to 165,024 hectares and redesignated into as Hingol National Park. In late nineties, the estuarine area has also been included in the National Park. Today it is considered one of the largest national park in the world. It stretches over three districts Uthal, Awaran and Gwader. The wildlife of the park which borders coast, includes Ibex, Urial, Leopard, Gazelle and marsh crocodiles. The mangroves forests along the Balochistan coast cover an area of about 7304ha. Eight species of mangroves have been reported only three are surviving at present and the A. marina being the most common. The distribution of natural mangrove forests is mainly restricted to the site of Miani Hor and Kalmat Hor (intertidal lagoons) and Gwater Bay. IUCN has established mangroves plantations at seven geographic locations along the Balochistan coast successfully. The vegetation along the Sindh coast is dominated by mangroves forest. Again eight species have been documented with A. marina being the most abundant (95%). The forest covers an area of 90,000 ha stretching about 200km south of Karachi, beyond Indo Pakistan border. The dense mangroves forests are present on the fringes of Korangi, Phitti, Khudi, Khari,

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Patiani and Daboo creeks in the northern block and Khanjhar, Pakhar and Sir creeks in the southern block. This ecosystem provides a rich habitat for wildlife of terrestrial and marine origin. The mammals of mangrove forests in the Indus delta include jackals, wild boar, tropical dolphins, porpoises and occasional visitors such as tooth whales. Little information available on the reptiles, however, three species of lizards, one species of poisonous snake and two species of marine snake have been reported. In addition, about 200 species of fishes have been reported from the delta. The Indus delta with its coastal wetlands attracts a number of migratory birds, particularly water fowl. In all 56 species of birds belonging to 6 orders and 14 families are found in the Sindh coastal waters. Some of these birds are resident and others are migratory in nature. The green and Olive Ridley turtles frequently visit the beaches of Karachi coast for nesting purpose. The coast of Pakistan sustains sea weed resources. The maximum abundance of sea weed occurs in the post south west monsoon period. (The coastal water are particularly rich in Sardines and Anchovies). The inter-tidal fauna of Pakistan is quite diverse and has been regarded as a thinned out tropical fauna. The intertidal habitats of all protected muddy and sandy beaches of salt water creeks/back waters swarm with mud skipper. On exposed rocky shores, gastropods mussels dominate followed by decayed crustaceans. The shrimp, crabs and lobster fauna consists of about 25 species of penacid shrimps, 3 species of spring lobsters and 3 species of edible crabs including mud crab. Shrimps are the most important commercial food source in Delta and shallow benthic coastal waters.

3.1 Micro Organisms: Bacteria, Algae, Fungi and Protozoa comprise a well known group of micro-organisms. Ten species of bacteria, 25 species of fungi, 65 species of algae and 18 species of protoza have been recognized in the Indo-pacific region. So far the actual number of species from Pakistan coast is not known.

3.2.1 Benthic Community: This community includes the microbes, detritus feeders small and large harbivores and small and large carnivores. Environmental conditions gradually change with increase in the depth. In the mangrove ecosystem, the benthic community of the adjacent shallow water is a subject of interest. Here, the microbes decompose the plant litter into organic detritus. This detrital matter is picked up by the detritus feeders over the bottom such as some fishes, shrimps and shell fish and then carried to the littoral zone by the wave action, shared by the intertidal fauna such as crabs, shrimps, mudskippers and fishes.

3.2.2 Pelagic Community: This community includes powerful swimmers which are exclusively carnivore in nature like predaceous fishes, croakers, snipers, barracudas, sharks, mackerels, sea snake etc. In the mangroves ecosystem the predacious forms are often small in size and easily wander among the mangroves.

3.2.3 Supra Tidal Community: Part of the coastal belt beyond tidal influence is dry and deserted and includes characteristic xerophytic plantation. Through this part, land fauna enters the system for food and some times for shelter also. Land vertebrates constitute most part of the community. Rodents, squirrels, wild boar etc. are the harbivores, whereas snake, lizards and jackals are the carnivores. Water and land birds are also found here which are to some extents omnivores.

4. Fisheries and Aquaculture: Economy of Pakistan is predominantly based upon agriculture. This sector contributes about 26% of the GDP and provides employment to about 52% of the labour force of the country. Fisheries, which forms a part of the agriculture sector contributes only 0.5% of the GDP of Pakistan and 1% of the labour force is employed in this sector. However, marine fisheries is the main economic activity along Balochistan coast and in general an important economic activity in coastal Pakistan. Despite low contribution of fisheries in GDP and employment, export earning from this sector are substantial. Export of fish and fishery product have yielded on an average a sum of Rs.8.8 billion per year. These exports are critically dependent upon environmental sustainability, and that sustainability is threatened.

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Coastal and offshore areas of Pakistan support a large fisheries. Although major part of the fishing fleet of Pakistan is mechanized, vessels are ill-equipped and as such fisheries are considered as small scale. Fisheries activities in Pakistan are concentrated in shallow coastal waters, the estuarine system of Indus and associated creeks and to a lesser extent, in the deeper part of the ocean. Owing to lack of navigational aids and small size of the fishing boats, major part of the fishing fleet of Pakistan confines its activity to coastal waters up to 25-30 kms from the coast. Shrimp trawling, which is the mainstay of the fisheries in Pakistan is mainly carried out in shallow waters up to an isobaths of 20-30 meters. Shrimp trawling grounds are located in Sindh and in backwater of Sonmiani and Kalmat Bay, Ormara, Pasni, Gwadar and Jiwani. The Sindh coast facing Indus deltaic creeks, especially at the mouth of the inlets (creeks), backwater Kalmat and Sonmiani bay and famous Shamal Bunder in Balochistan is exceptionally rich in shrimp stock. Shrimping activity along Sonmiani coast is carried out in shallow water near Gadani, Phor and Sapat. Although, under Balochistan Sea Fisheires (Amendment) Act, 1986, there is a ban on trawling in the territorial waters of Balochistan, appreciable quantities of shrimp are harvested (although illegally) from Balochistan waters especially from Ormara to Jiwani area. Species like mullets, silver whitening and other. Small sized demersal fishes, especially juveniles of large commercially important estuarine fish, are harvested from shallow waters in the creek area of Indus and other small rivers and also in enclosed and semi-end closed bays throughout the coastline. It may be mentioned here that although potential of fish in Pakistan water is about 2.5 million metric-tons, technology for harvesting of enormous mesopelagic resources is not yet developed. Therefore, it will be a while before harvesting of mesopelagic resources will start in the country. Small pelagic resources are also estimated to be quite large and commercial harvesting is being done at present on large scale especially in the creek areas using Katra boats but is ban on the exploitation of this resource on an industrial scale in Balochistan. Therefore it will be difficult to achieve the target to possible landings till the small scale fish industry of Balochistan is not converted into a large scale fish industry.

4.1 Non Conventional Resources: Fisheries in Sindh are based on fish, shrimp and lobster only and other resources are hardly utilized. The resources of mullusca, crustacean and sea weed are well diversified in the coastal and offshore waters of Sindh. Commercially important species of mulusca include Oysters, Mussels, Clams Cookles, Windowpane Oyster, Blood calms, Fan shells, Pearl Oysters and Razor calms. Like Sindh, fish, shrimp and lobster form the major part of the landings of non-conventional resources along the Balochistan coast. The coast of Balochistan lacks a major river and is predominantly rocky and rocky cum sandy whereas muddy shores and natural mangroves are restricted to few semi-enclosed bays. A well diversified mullascan and crustacean fauna is known from the Balochistan, sea weed is also represented by a number of species but so far these have not been exploited on commercial scale.

4.2 Infra-Structure: Except in the towns of Karachi and Korangi, all roads, electricity, freshwater supply, health and educational facilities and landing jetties are lacking in most parts of coastline of Sindh. Karachi, the largest fishing centre of Pakistan, used to have enough infrastructure for the fisheries sector but the tremendous growth of fisheries has made these facilities inadequate. Karachi fish harbour is the focal point of fisheries activities in Pakistan. Korangi fish harbour was constructed to handle 40,650 tons of fish, 26,700 m. tons of shrimp annually about 200 gillnetters, 100 trawlers and large number of artisanal boats. However, the harbour for deep sea fishes could not worked to its full capacity till today due to its designing fault or some good reason best known to the harbour authorities. One of the constraints that limits the growth of fisheries along the coast of Balochistan is considered to be the lack of infrastructural facilities. In the past the area has been kept isolated from the rest of the country with communication, telephone roads and coastal fishing.

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Recently the construction of Coastal Highway, Gwadar port and the network of link roads, the development have been started in almost all sectors. The landing facilities have been improved now with the construction of Pasni, Gwadar, Jiwani and Sonmiani fish harbours. These harbours are providing services to about 3000 fishing boats from nearby towns and Karachi. The storage facilities have also been improved after the construction of the ice plants in these areas. However, the two newly constructed small harbours with capacity of 50 fishing boats each at Jiwani and Sonmiani have stopped working due to poor designing and construction works. Since the fishing establishments are sitting right over the fishing grounds all potential yields are economically viable. However, the overhead due to its distant location from its major market of Karachi, reduces the margins of profit considerably.

4.3 Measures For Avoiding Over-exploitation of Fisheries Resources: Marine fisheries resources in Pakistan are now being exploited in-discriminately, leading to over fishing of some lucrative species. Oyster is probably the first which has depleted because of overfishing. Owing to overfishing this industry had practically died out in the beginning of this century. Lobster and shrimp are the resources that being exploited to the land that their fisheries have started to decline. If exploitation is not controlled now their fisheries will also collapse. There is need to develop a management plan for shrimp and lobster fisheries and to keep a vigilant eye on the stocks of other species so that their stock is not depleted. For the management of fisheries stocks that are hitherto exploited the following steps needs to be under taken:

4.3.1 Shrimp and Lobster fisheries may be made limited access fisheries and steps be taken to reduce the efforts considerably. New entry into these fisheries should be stopped by putting a ban on the construction of new shrimp trawlers. A major part of the shrimp trawling fleet may be diverted to other types of fisheries including gillnetting, long-lining and jigging. Closed season may be observed. Two month closed season was imposed since 1984/85 but was not properly implemented so far. This ban may be imposed and enforced properly and further study may be made for taking a final acceptable decision on the period of ban.

4.3.2 Fishing for juveniles of shrimp, lobster and selected fish shall be banned. Use of nets with

small mesh such as those used in creek areas for catching shrimp juveniles should be stopped forth with, similarly catching of small sized mullets and sardines should also be discouraged.

4.3.3 Fisheries organizations are responsible for the implementation of fisheries regulations

especially in closed season. Closed area and gear selectivity may be strengthened and equipment and manpower capabilities may be improved so that effective implementation of fisheries regulations may be ensured for management of the resources. At present, Marine Fisheries Department is responsible for implementation of the fisheries regulation in Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) whereas provincial Fisheries Departments of Sindh and Balochistan are responsible for implementation for such regulations in their respective provinces. These organizations should be strengthened for the purpose.

4.3.4 For planning and judicious management of fisheries resources it is required to collect reliable

information system for resources estimation, fish landings and utilization and disposal of the catch. The information that is available at present is not properly disseminated to fisheries managers, other users and fishermen. To strengthen the fisheries information system the first thing which should be undertaken is the survey of dimersal, pelagic and mesopelagic resources. This survey should be carried out atleast one complete year so that a reliable estimate of the resources is obtained. Based on this information further expansion of fisheries should be planned.

5.0 Water Resources: The whole of the southern part of the province of Balochistan and a part of Sindh constitute

the coastal region as it borders the Arabian sea in the South. The areas where some hydro-geologic investigations have been carried out by WAPDA are lasbela, Hingol river basin, Dasht river basin, Piryoli river basin and Ormara and Malir river basin. Some dams and check dams have also been built.

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Evidences are available that many coastal and deltaic plains are uncertain by technically subsidizing basins. Such basins and the sites of heavy accumulation of sediments which is demonstrated by the thickness of sometimes several hundred feet of sediments: the position of the shoreline in these basins depends on the rate of subsidence and the rate of influx of sediments. These two factors have varied in geological time and caused alternating periods of regression and transgression. These different deposits shows various lithologies, in general marine deposits are fine grained in contrast to alleviate deposits which are more coarse grained. The water in marine deposits is originally saline or brackish. The occurrence of saline ground water in the area is related to the nearness of Arabian sea, arid climate, the readily available soluble material in the silty clay that predominates in the area and slow ground water circulation. The slow circulation of ground water occurs in silt and clay deposits because of their low permeability.

Barring the sources of water supply to Pasni and Ormara, the rest of the region is overwhelmingly in the saline range from where the sea has withdrawn recently or in the recent past. According to our estimate, the sea receded only a century ago from this area. Consequently, the available ground water is brackish and unfit for human consumption. In Sindh province the demand for drinking and water supply for irrigation, agriculture and industry is rapidly increasing especially in three coastal districts of province. Due to limited rainfall, none of these needs are being met to their full capacity, making these districts one of the most water scarce in the Sindh province. Currently, Sindh rely almost entirely on the water of Indus river owning to limited ground water supplies. As per water Accord 1992, Sindh is supposed to receive 49 MAF of water from all sources, but the availability of water from the Indus is normally less than this amount with conditions worsen during the period of drought. It is believed that a considerable amount of water resource potential exists in the coastal parts of Balochistan and Sindh. This resource can be harnessed through a scientific planning and design. The development depends on the characteristics of various river basins and Indus delta. These characteristics vary from location to location. Detailed study of these characteristics through the existing record is necessary for reaching on optimal plan appropriate to the requirement. Water is the major integrating force of coastal resources systems. Because it operates at the land-water interface, ICZM relates to water in several ways, whether facilitating marine commerce, mitigating the sevage of sea intrusion, conserving resources, or abating pollution. The water influence not only establishes special conditions but also dictates unusual and complex institutional arrangements. The rational for sufficient freshwater allocation for the coastal belt of Sindh and Balochistan lies in the special character of oceans and coast.

6.0 Non-Living (Non-renewable) Resources:

Murray Ridge, the under sea geological structure which extends from South West of Makran coast are known to harbor both mineral deposits, with strong possibility of ore deposits such as zinc, copper rich sulphide. The sediment cover over the submerged sea mounts are also promising areas for the accumulation both manganese and cobalt. Currently, the potential deposits of economically important minerals and are have not been quantified as yet. For national exploration and exploitation of these resources, concerted efforts are needed for prospecting sea bottom mineral within and beyond Pakistan’s EEZ.

6.1 Tourism: 6.1.1 Present Status:

Tourism in Pakistan has been declared as an industry in the late eighties. All that is being caused by way of tourism in substantial terms for revenue, promotion and management is without a well defined policy and therefore without results. This is evident from the accredited projections of the government of Pakistan and is reconfirmed by world statics (W.T.O) which rate the tourism Industry in Pakistan as almost nonexistent.

6.1.2 Pakistan’s Share in World Tourism: International tourism has grown from 25 million in 1950 to 400 million in 1985. As this growth rate continues by end of last century the tourism has grown to at least one billion tourisant of

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which at least 40% had fly past our territory unless reason is available for them to stop. The greatest mass, presently of the international tourist come from about a dozen prosperous countries. These countries are termed as (T.C.C) the general growth in the world tourism is about 20% a year and European region has the highest expenditure on tourism over the half of the world’s total. The share of Pakistan in world arrivals came down from 1986. Decline in tourist arrivals occurred because of low increase in travel in this region and from abroad due to social and political situation in some of the countries. Nevertheless, the average growth of tourist arrivals to Pakistan during 1988-99 was 10.9 percent against 4.6 percent increase in world tourist arrivals foreign exchange earnings from tourism were US dollar 255 million during 1998 – 99 (financial year).

6.1.3 Potential in Coastal Areas:

Pakistan has a considerable large coastal zone in Sindh and Balochistan Provinces. Most of the coast line is beset with rocky and sandy beaches except the Indus deltaic coast which has numerous islands and harbours as well as one of the world largest mangroves forests. There are spectacular coastal cliffs, mountains, terrains with living mud volcano’s and archeological sites. There are offshore islands and innumerable small and large beautiful islands with network of creeks for great potential for holyday resorts and a variety of water sports, boating, sport fishing and developing Holiday resorts. The beautiful and clean beaches with brown sand and abundant along Pakistan coast and offer the potential of best secretion. The rocky beaches offers sites for jetties, marinas, and sport fishing. The deep sea fishing is possible almost all along the coastal belt. There are some interesting features such green turtle beaches, beautiful marine life, shark landings etc. The archeological sites of interest are Bhunbore and old forts used by the forces of Mohammad Bin Qasim. The coastal areas of Pakistan have the distinction of being the return road for the forces of Alexander the Great.

6.1.4 Policy Recommendations: The entire coastal zone of Pakistan can become as a site for ecotourism. There are beautiful and clean beaches, sport fishing, sun bathing and potential for water sports. There are also hundreds of small and large islands with or without mangroves forests in Indus delta which have a great potential for the development into private or public holiday resorts. There are also some mud volcanoes and interesting archeological and migratory birds landing sites. It would be necessary to give the tourist site a status of commercial importance. In the super structure of industry it is therefore suggested that a term of “Commercially Import Tourist Sites” (CITS) be adopted and identified areas should be commissioned by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism as CITS. The site should be commissioned by Ministry of Tourism irrespective of their ownership control and managements as CITS. This charter of commission needs legal definition and would become obligated to code of maintenance, mass accessibility, security and preservation. Legislative support must be made available for all structuring, super structuring and federal / provincial / district shares, private/public shares and cohesion for smooth operation and for achievement of standards acceptable the world over. In this demarcation the Ministry should use a special cell for standards made up of a special body of inspectoral consisting of hired technocrats. The economic objective principles have to be geared on a self financing methodology, this infact means that the private sector must take the lead and with more degree of assistance from preferably non repatriable foreign collaboration investments.

7.0 Urbanization and Settlement: 7.1 Demographic and Social Aspects:

The coastal belt is almost uninhabited with the exception of Karachi and few fishing towns and villages. The total population living along Sindh Coast (up to 2.5 KM land use) is estimated to be less than 1,000,000. Similarly, the total population living along Balochistan coast is less than 250,000. Accordingly, the average population density in densely populated area is

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1785/Sq.Km, while the average population density in scarcely populated area is about 87/Sq. Km. The Karachi coastal belt has a population of about half a million. The local inhabitants are mostly fishermen, professional grazers and agriculturists who cultivate rice during monsoon season, when the Indus is in floods, and sweeps over their land, make cultivable – During this period, mangroves timber and firewood demand is for house construction material and for cooking fuel respectively. Fisherman are mostly busy from October to May when many of them move out with their families from their villages and camp in temporary huts on suitable sites along coastal creeks to fish and catch prawn. Temporary villages thus crop-up during fishing season especially in Indus delta. Many isolated huts can also be found in localized areas, belonging to Bengalis and Burmese, which provide good places for fishing and prawn catching. The hutting material is collected from mangroves adjoining such sites. Fishermen also require fishing poles of Avicennia of about 3 meter long to hold the fishing nets in small creeks. This demand for poles has now decreased with the introduction of fishing trawlers and boats filled with marine diesel engines. Due to high price of shrimps, which earn plenty of foreign exchange as export there is now growing practice to bring fish, shrimps to Karachi from all easily accessible areas in fast moving boats. Professional graziers own large number of camels both in Sindh and Balochistan which graze on coastal lands mainly during the monsoon season. They came from interior of Sindh and from the nearby coastal villages in Balochistan. These camels have adjusted themselves to live on the coastal islands surrounded by the creeks and can even swim and stand in knew deep water during high tide. Usually camping sites are more or less same each year. However, some camel owners keep some limited stock in suitable places in the mangroves all year round for breeding purpose. The chief marketable products are timber in the form of poles, fuel wood and fodder. Fuel wood is taken mostly to Karachi and other small towns along the coast of Pakistan. The removal of the wood and leaf fodder is invariably done through country boats and launches which are cheapest methods of transport in the sea.

7.2 Migration to Other Parts of Pakistan: The late fifties report shows that migration has taken place from the coastal areas of Sindh after the Indus Water treaty. The agriculture lands in the coastal areas have been badly affected due to water logging salinity and water scarcity. Shore croppers on these lands have moved to other districts or areas of the district in search of better agricultural land. In the Ketibunder subdivision, residents feels that about 75 percent of subdivision population have migrated from 1959. Members of agricultural and fishing communities have migrated to Karachi and other parts of Sindh in search of better incomes. They now work in the fisheries in Karachi/Korangi fish harbours. Those who have migrated to interior of Sindh are working as a labourer and are facing social problems. In Gwader, Balochistan, the migration of local population has taken place in late sixties to Muscat and Iran after the administrative control of Gwadar was given to Pakistan and it became part of Pakistan. On a very large scale migration from Balochistan has not taken place except few educated people have move to other district for employment and business. But from early 2001 to 2008 the people from all parts of Pakistan have shifted Gwadar / Pasni after the construction of port and coastal highway. But this trend has now stopped and people are moving to their original places in Sindh and Punjab provinces.

7.3 Status of Women: Women in the coastal areas are segregated from men outside the extended family or close relatives. This determines their position in society. They look after house, children and animals and wash and stitch clothes. They gather firewood and water, in cases where it does not mean going too far from their settlements or to areas inhabited by other tribes. Both these activities have declined especially in Sindh as after the drying up of Indus river, water is not readily available and tamarix forests have decreased considerably or have been destroyed to walkway for agriculture. Previously, a major activity of women was making fishing nets. This is

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no longer necessary as almost all nets in use now are ready made nylon one. In spite of this women have very little spare time to themselves and almost no social life or outing. The old privileged classes and the religious leaders are a major deterrent to women’s education and emancipation. Thus, attitude of women remain feudal in nature and a change for the better is a long way off, unless economic conditions can be improved.

8.0 Government and Community Facilities: 8.1 Education:

In the settlement there are few primary and secondary schools for boys and girls in all the small town and villages along Pakistan Coastal areas. These schools are lacking in building, furniture, play grounds and even teaching staffs.

8.2 Health: All the coastal towns and few villages have health facility in the shape of government dispensary/primary health unit without doctor and paramedical staff. 8.3 Water Supply, Sanitation and Electricity:

There is a water pipeline in Ketibunder, Jati in Sindh and Winder, Ormara, Pasni and Gwadar in Balochistan. The richer people few in number have been connections and collect water in underground tanks. Water supply is erratic and failed at least 8-10 days in each month. The people at such time collect water about 4-6 kilometer. There is no waste disposal system in any coastal village or town due to sandy soil in same case. But in most of the case the drainage system is not in place as a result people use open field as latrines. The pools of stagnant water become the breeding ground of the mosquitoes and other flies. All towns and few villages on Pakistan coast have electricity for 10-12 hours a day. People living near Jiwani, Gwadar and Karachi are using generators. The rest of the population use Kerosene Lanterns which cost heavily to the poor people.

9.0 Current – Institution and Legislative Arrangements: Pakistan has a number of agencies and institution that are responsible for specific activities relating to natural resources and jurisdiction under both the Federal and Provincial Government, Local Government and International NGOs. There exists a need to strengthen the technical and professional capability at all levels that deal with coastal and marine resource management, development, R&D and enforcement of environmental legislation. There is also need for institutional capacity building related to existing structure and linkages continued substantial investment in modern equipment and physical structure is required on urgent basis. The various agencies and institution concerned with coastal area management, planning, research and development are listed below:-

9.1 Federal Organizations: Sr. No.

Organization Management Task

1 Ministry of Environment & Urban Affairs Making new policies on Environment and Enforcing legislation

2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA)

Legislation, Conservation

3 Zoological Survey of Pakistan

Survey of Fauna and Flora

4 Pakistan Maritime Security Agency (MSA)

Enforcement and Implementation of Maritime Policy

5 Marine Fisheries Department

R&D and Management of Fisheries

6 National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) R&D on Ocean resources

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7 Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology

Education in Marine Biology

8 Pakistan Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR)

Commercialization of R&D

9 Karachi Port Trust (KPT)

Conservation, Port & Harbour area of KPT

10 Port Qasim Authority (PQA)

Conservation, Port & Harbour area of PQA

11 Gwader Deep Sea Port

O Conservation, Port and Harbour area of Gwader Port

12 Pakistan Navy

Hydrography, etc

13 Pakistan Coast Guard

Monitoring, Policing, Enforcement of Law

9.2 Provincial Departments:

1 Sindh Fisheries Department Policy, Legislation, Statistics

2 Balochistan Fisheries Department Policy, Legislation, Statistics

3 Balochistan Coastal Development Authority Coordination, making new environmental policies and plans for development

4 Sindh Coastal Development Authority Coordination, making new environmental policies and plans for development plans

5 Sindh Environmental Protection Agency Conservation of Environment, enforcing legislation

6 Balochistan Environmental Protection Agency Conservation of Environment, enforcing legislation

7 Pasni Fish Harbour Authority Regulation and Fishery management

8 Karachi and Korangi Fish Harbour Regulation and Fishery management

9 Sindh Forests and Wildlife Department Conservation of Forests and Wildlife, enforcing legislation

10 Balochistan Forests and Wildlife Department Conservation of Forests and Wildlife, enforcing legislation

11 Sindh Board of Revenue Land utilization, enforcing legislation

11 Karachi Water and Sewage Board Sewage disposal and water treatment

9.3 Academia:

1 University of Karachi (Marine Reference Collection, Department of Zoology and Botany)

Education, Training and Research on Marine Biodiversity

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2 Sindh University (Department of Zoology and Botany)

Education, Training and Research on Marine Sciences

3 Lasbella University of Agriculture and Marine Sciences

Education, Training and Research in Marine Sciences and agriculture

9.4 Local Government:

1 Karachi, Thatta & Badin District Coordination Office (DCO)

Upkeep of beaches and waste management Community participation

2 Gwader and Uthal District Coordination Office Upkeep of beaches and waste management Community participation

3 City Councils of Various Coastal Districts Community participation 9.5 Non Government Organization:

1 Community based Organizations (CBOs) Such as Rural Community Development Council (RCDC), Fisherfolk Forum (FFF)

Advocacy and Awareness raising

2 IUCN Pakistan

Conservation, Advocacy and awareness raising

2 WWF-Pakistan

Conservation, Advocacy and awareness raising

3 Shirkat Gah

Advocacy and awareness raising among women.

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CHAPTER – 3

THREATS TO PAKISTAN COASTAL ECOSYSTEM

1. Introduction: The coastal zone of Pakistan has a relatively wide continental shelf with numerous estuaries, mangroves belts, mud flats, rocky shores, sea cliffs, beaches and sand dunes. Considering the diversity of marine and coastal ecosystems, it is surprising that much of 1026 km of coastline, particularly Balochistan is largely under explored and not managed. While the biodiversity of Pakistan’s terrestrial component is relatively well known, the flora and fauna of the marine and coastal have been poorly documented. As a result, it remains very poorly understood. Policy makers, decision makers, politicians and the public would all benefit from better information about the biodiversity of the coastal and marine areas. However, a considerable volume of gray literature seems to exist on Pakistan’s mangroves ecosystems, especially in the Indus delta where most of the research has taken place. Available data clearly show that much of the original mangroves areas have been degraded, primarily due to freshwater diversion, over exploitation (wood, fodder) as well as pollution. The coastal areas of Pakistan are threatened by over-exploitation of natural resources, population growth, unchecked development and lack of education and awareness of sustainability issues both on the part of coastal communities who use them and the government and outside agencies that approve and implement development activities. The following reasons are the main cause of much of the degradation of the country’s coastal and marine resources.

1.1 Population Growth: Between 1972 to 1992 the population of the coastal areas increased by 18.6 percent as opposed to a national average of 28.8 percent. The reason for this lower growth rate could not be ascertained. The growth in the coastal subdivision of Thatta and Badin in Sindh was much higher as compared to the non coastal subdivisions of Sindh province. This higher growth rate is mainly due to either lower infant mortality or a higher birth-rate in the coastal areas. Almost half of the Sindh’s coastal population of 1.5 million lives in the urban areas of the province. The urban populations is increasing at a faster pace (3.5 percent per year) than the rural population (2.2 percent per year) due to migration and few economic opportunities and facilities in the rural areas. The rural-urban divide is particularly pronounced and socio-economic development indicates are much higher in the urban areas as opposed to the rural areas. The urban infra-structure, however, is still unable to handle the current population pressures with the insufficient housing, transport, education, and health facilities. The rising population is adding to environmental pressures in the form of over-exploitation of mangroves and fisheries resources, pollution and solid and liquid waste, creating dangers living conditions for humans and wildlife.

1.2 Fresh Water Availability and Salinity: The water supply in the coastal areas of Pakistan vary according to the geographical location, nature, type and size of the settlement and available water supply source. One of the main concerns for the Indus delta is the reduction in the freshwater and silt coming down the Indus river. Evidence shows that other deltas which have suffered in this way throughout world, have undergone significant geographical and ecological changes with important loss of economic activity for the coastal people. The mangroves of the Indus delta are almost entirely dependent upon the freshwater discharge from the Indus river. The average rainfall is very low, and sometimes there is virtually no rainfall at all. It is suspected that most severe hazard that the mangroves ecosystems are facing is due to the decrease in the load of silt and nutrients as a result of the reduced flow of freshwater down the Indus river.

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This decrease in the flow of freshwater is due to human intervention for the purpose of irrigation and construction of dams and barrages. The slow strangulation of the freshwater inflow from the Indus river by these dams is threatening the Indus delta’s existence just as the more obvious pressures of over grazing over harvesting and contamination by industrial agricultural pollutions. The drinking water supply for the settlements on the Balochistan coast, west of Karachi is provided by the surface and groundwater sources. The Hub River provides water for settlement of Bunderwari, Gadani and Sonmiani/Dam. Ormara receive its water from Basol River. Rasmi lan and Kund Malir receives its water from Hingol River. Pasni gets its supply of water from Shadi Khor and Ankara River provides water for Sur and Gwader, Jiwani gets its supply both from wells and bunds filled during rains, as well as from pipeline from Ankara Dam. Other than these almost all of the coastal settlements receive their supply of water from 18 – 20 feet deep shallow wells, dug, within a radius of 1 to 2 km from the shore. The water varies in quality from sweet to highly brackish which fluctuates with the time of the year. During the rainy season the brackish water quality improves too slightly. No water treatment facilities are available for fishermen villages. Most of the wells have polluted due to improper sanitary practices studies have been carried out for desalination of sea water for domestic use. The distillation process using the solar energy has been suggested as most economically feasible solution. The management of Pearl Continental Hotel has established a desalination plant in Gwadar to convert water into sweet water.

1.3 Over Exploitation of Natural Resources By Coastal Communities: Mangrove wood is the main source of the fuel wood for coastal communities. One estimate shows that the cutting of mangroves for firewood was equivalent to clear cutting of 650 acres of dense mangroves forests each year; an unsustainable practice by any standard. In addition, the looping of the mangroves leaves for animal fodder is a much more localized activity and some 680 tons of mangroves leaves and shoots are collected in the coastal villages each year. Perhaps the most damaging effects is from camel herding in the mangroves areas. According to estimates around 16000 camels visit the mangroves each year for grazing out of which about 6000 are permanent residents.

1.4 Marine and Industrial Pollution Due to Urbanization and Industrialization: Karachi is one of Pakistan’s major cities with a population of about 16 million people. It is an industrial city and as such is a source of various pressures on the coastal areas of the country. Apart from untreated domestic sewage, which flows into the rivers and streams and then in to creek systems, there is significant industrial discharge from major industries such as steel mill, refineries, power stations, pharmaceutical factories etc. as well as textile mills and tanneries. Tanneries perhaps discharge the most harmful pollutants, since the waste has a high heavy metal contents and comes from a number of small sources which are less easy to control than larger industries. Hub industrial estate and Gadani Ship breaking yard along the Balochistan coast has also led considerable air and marine pollution in the Lasbela district. As an example of the effect of pollution, people point to the ease of Hub power plants and the chemical manufacturing factories of industrial estate. Chronic gas emissions from the factory have completely destroyed fruit gardens and plants. Local population had to move from its vicinity as there was no grass for their animals as well. Oil pollution from ships, fishing boats, merchant vessels and oil tankers already threatens the whole coast. There is little capacity to handle emergencies, develop contingency plans, appropriate legislation and foster an enabling environment to implement sustainable management policies.

1.5 Lack of Uniform Legislation And Coordination: There is a lack of coordination among the various government departments responsible for the development and management of coastal areas. Four government departments control the Indus delta mangroves whereas two government department control mangroves along Balochistan coast. Except Sindh and Balochistan forests departments none of them has done any legislation for protection of coastal resources. Coordination between the controlling agencies is sketchy and needs to be strengthened.

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Institutions involved include national, provincial and local government agencies, such as the Ministry of Environment, Local government and Rural Department, Fisheries, Forests and Wildlife departments, Maritime Security Agency, Sindh and Balochistan Environment Protection Agencies and Sindh and Balochistan Coastal Development Authorities. Others include research organizations such as the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), the Zoological Survey of Pakistan, Coastal and Marine Fisheries departments, universities and coastal communities.

1.6 Use Of Destructive And Unsustainable Fishing Practices: While marine fishing is one of the major sources of foreign exchange for the country, very little planning has been done for its sustainable use. Although there has been an increase in the volume and value of the catch, this is due to over exploitation rather than an increase in productivity. Suspected turtle catches due to the use of mechanized trawlers have further threatened exports. There are gaps in the regulatory mechanisms, difficulties in enforcement, lack of public awareness and absence of any research on related issues. On the other hand, coastal communities are almost entirely dependent on fishing for their livelihoods and any change in their stock has major socio-economic impacts. Any depletion in the stock is further compounded by the reliance of fisher folk on the system of informal borrowing (middlemen) due to which the middle men pocket the bulk of the profit, fisher folk therefore remain poor and deprived of access to their sights. Moreover, the deep sea fishing policy of the government has given licenses to foreign trawlers for deep sea fishing.

1.7 Lack of Education & Awareness among People, Government & NGO/CBOs: There is overall lack of information and awareness of the significance of the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is not only limited to the poor communities whose livelihood depends directly on these resources but also exists among policy makers, opinion leaders, media research institutions and the public in general. So far steps have not been taken to create general awareness about the fisheries, environment and pollution among the general public. Extension services need to be strengthened in Pakistan coastal areas. Extension service for fishing process in marketing and aquaculture has not been made available to the private sector. A study should be conducted to determine the requirement of trained manpower. Because there is no institution that conducts training and education in marine environment and fisheries, a training centre should be established in coastal villages. Development has not been linked with increasing awareness education and basic modern technologies for skilled education. Vocational training centers should be established for local communities so that new skills can be learned. To maintain law and order and to check smuggling in some of the coastal towns, the law enforcement agencies needs to be strengthened.

1.8 Unplanned Development Along The Coast: Unplanned and uncoordinated development along the coast may have major environmental implications for sustainable management of marine and coastal resources. With development imperatives more pressing than ever, there is greater need to create an environment of coordination, develop new legislation that meets the requirements of sustainable use and strengthen institutions capable of coordinated management. Within the next ten years it is expected that some major new development in the tourism sector will have opened up in the areas adjacent to and include the mangroves areas. Such developments will change the relationship of the people with the mangroves, with additional stresses to the development. Such income generation and development schemes needs to be developed and implemented with due consideration to the principles of sustainability and conservation. Recently, economic policy reforms made by Pakistan government have opened up concessions for off-shore oil and gas exploration. Sensitive coastal areas such as the corals

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around Churna and Astola offshore islands might be damaged simply from the initial exploration, regardless of whether deposits are found or not. Development initiatives such as a coastal highway and Gwader port has accelerated the pace of development along the Balochistan coast.

1.9 Port Operations: The coastal current regime along with sediment transport process may alter the ecological characteristics of the coast. Significant pollution risks are associated with port construction and operations. Dredging is a major activity involving sediments transport, which is carried out constantly along the harbour / port area in Karachi. It is employed either for capital dredging during development of new harbours and ports for their extensions or for maintaining depth of channels, dock entrances and estuaries. The annual dredging is required to remove 500,000 m3 of silt and sand which gets deposited in the navigational channel during the monsoons. At present developed material is either disposed off in the open sea or used as land fill material for land reclamation within the harbour area. A significant area of the Karachi and Gwadar Ports is the result of reclamation dredging. Debris and material removed by dredging operations are also dumped about 50 nautical miles south of Manora breakwater wall. Dredging activities also take place in Port Qasim.

1.10 Enforcement Capabilities: The capabilities of the enforcement of laws and Rules and Regulations made there under is one of the most significant handicap of all the organizations setup for the management of coastal zone and coastal resources. The provincial governments are poorly equipped to protect the mangroves and regulate effectively the fishing along the coast. Pollution from Karachi coastal areas, requires an independent study and set of actions programmes because of magnitude of the problem and the heavy investments if requires. The organizations charged with different responsibilities lack data collection and research facilities. They are inadequately equipped to enforce the laws and take preventative measures. The environmental protection agencies at federal and provincial levels have no capabilities as yet to enforce the provisions of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.

1.11 Revamping EAs, CDA, Departments of Fisheries and Forestry: There exist a need to strengthen the technical and professional capability at all levels that deal with coastal marine resource development such as Forestry, Fisheries, Environmental Protection Agency (EPAs), Coastal Development Authority (CDA). There is need for institutional capacity building related to existing structure and linkage – a continued substantial initial investment in modern equipment, physical structure and manpower development is required on urgent basis. Federal and provincial department for coastal development and marine fisheries have a limited capacity due to inadequate staff to monitor physical activities, law enforcement and planning and development. Facilities like well equipped laboratories are lacking. These departments need to be adequately revamped and provided with requisite information, setup fishery database, have proper equipment to discharge their legal responsibility, undertake research and development programme in sectors of improved marine resource management.

1.12 Implementation Of Development Programmes, Policies & Plans: Implementation may have to be carried out incremental. The coastal development policies, programmes and plans are likely to challenge the existing situation and this should proceed in such a way that adjustment can be made in parallel rather acting as a block to progress. This approach is necessary because the creation of new institutions or the significance of modification of existing ones, may be challenged or take time to adjust to. A similar situation will also exist in the case of new legislation, which may radically change existing laws, environmental standards or guidelines. This would involve the development of mechanisms, for dealing with such conflicting resolution. A concept central to the formation of sustainable coastal and marine resource development plan is integration. This involves reconciling issues and conflicting interests and determining and adopting the optimal mix of alternative approaches. This involves a continued process of information dissemination, consultation and consensus building amongst all parties with a stake in the coastal zone. It must also include regular feed back between the components.

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The selection of an appropriate coordination and oversight mechanism is one of the more important tasks of the plan development phase. Effective coastal area management plan requires that all significant governmental and private sector actions affecting the coastal zone, its resources and its environmental condition be consistent with the coastal policies that the nation adopts as a part of the ICZM process. Options for a mechanism to oversee this harmonization process includes the creation of a new inter-ministerial coastal council (including representatives of the two provincial governments sharing the nation’s coastal zone), use of an existing inter-ministerial coordination mechanism at the national planning commission level or the designation of legislation of a lead ministry to perform these important functions.

2. Environmental Impact of Development Activities: 2.1 The expansive and modernization of high industry:

The introduction of mechanized boats, nylon nets and credit facilities for the fish industry since 1960, coupled with a local demand for poultry feed and an international demand for Pakistani catch, has profound impact on the environment. As a result of these actions populations in the coastal settlements increased considerably as a large number of people turned to fishing. In 1960, 15785 persons were involved in fishing on the Balochistan coast. By 2000, this figure had increased to 150,000. Apart from raising income, this expansion established closer links with Karachi. Migration, seasonal and permanent, related to work in the fisheries started to take place. Boat building industry has also expanded and with it diesel oil requirements which have resulted in the beginnings of marine pollution. The industrial units in Karachi, Hub, Winder increased the industrial pollutions. Agriculture and forestry have declined especially in Sindh, although people are consuming larger quantities of grain, and firewood as compared to sixties and seventies. This is leading to deforestation and a growing dependence on Karachi for food supply. Physical changes in the settlement have also taken place. The houses are now seldom made of lai or temarix wood with mud plaster and thatch roof. Plastic bags, PVC crates and containers, nylon nets, rubber tyres, litter the beaches. There is however, no solid waste management anywhere along the coast. The operations of trawlers, from Karachi, off the Lasbela and Makran coast, are a source of anxiety to fishermen. On top of it the foreign trawlers have also played their part in descending the fisheries resources mainly due to government policies.

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CHAPTER – 4

ICZM PLAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Business as Usual: Continuing business as usual over the next twenty years is likely to result in declining human welfare throughout the coastal zone. By 2030 the main features of such development can be expected to include:

• Degradation of coastal and marine ecosystem and deforestation of 70% of the mangroves forests in Pakistan

• Coastal water that are so polluted they pose severe human health risks to surrounding populations.

• Coastal biological productivity decimated by the down stream impacts of poor land use and unregulated industry.

• Important fisheries collapsing due to over exploitation and degradation of critical habitats.

A new model is needed to guide all stakeholders away from a sectoral approach toward a multiple use, systems-oriented mode of management in the coastal zone. To provide this direction, a plan for integrated coastal zone management is proposed – emphasizing the coordination of policies, management concerns, development objectives and stakeholders interest across the different landscapes of the coastal zone. Although an ICZM Plan must be tailored to the particular needs of each country, the favourable results in Asia and Middle East indicate its broad applicability as a planning tool for coastal development.

2. Purpose Of Consultative Meeting:

IUCN in Pakistan under Balochistan Partnership for Sustainable Development initiated a consultative process to develops the draft of the ICZM Plan for entire coast of Pakistan. In this connection five consultative workshops were organized with civil societies organizations, journalists, environmentalists and representatives of fishermen villages and concerned government department. The purpose of the consultative meetings was to bring together policy makers, planners, politicians, researcher and the representative of the relevant civil society organizations to acquaint them with ICZM process and explore possibilities of engaging them promoting sustainable coastal zone management practices keeping in view the global and national policy imperatives. Government of Pakistan has declared 2011 “The National Year of Forests” and this initiative should seek to build on this momentum, as well as base itself firmly on the outputs and recommendations of the numerous analyses that have been already carried out. The process itself was one that involved broad consultations with stake holders to reach a consensus on the scope and focus of the ICZM plan, but the creation of the plan should not be the only focus of the process. Equal attention must be given to the creation of an implementing body with the power and authority to exercise the plan and the process should not lose sight of this crucial aim. The outcome of the consultative meetings was the preparation of list of all stakeholders which included all the relevant line departments at district, provincial and federal lands. For the better understanding and incorporating the stakeholders’ views and comments, a questionnaire was also prepared (Annexure-I). The questionnaire was simple and was designed to cover all the relevant aspects of the ICZM Plan to be incorporated in the final version. The questionnaires were designed for two types of stakeholders, one for the general public and another for the policy makers and technical experts. The reason for preparing two separate questionnaire areas was to have more focused approach for each category of stakeholders. The questionnaire started with the listing down main issues of the coastal belt of Pakistan, like socio-economic issues and environmental/ecological issues, followed by the description of potential of natural resources (Annexure–II). Question regarding existing coordination mechanisms and their usefulness and possible coordination mechanism were also made the

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part of the questionnaire. Possible strategies for addressing issues of coastal areas and willing to extend the individual and institutional support and nature of that support were also the main points of extensive discussions during the interactive sessions.

3. Issues Identification & Prioritization: For the preparation of ICZM Plan the following essential actions was/is being followed: Table No: 01: Essential Actions Associated with the Steps of ICZM Plan

Steps Priority Actions

Step 1. Issue Identification and Assessment

• Assess the principal environmental, social and institutional issues and their implications.

• Identify the major stakeholders and their interests. • Invite review and response to the assessment. • Select the issues upon which the management initiative will focus its

efforts. • Define the goals of the management initiative.

Step 2. Preparation of the Plan

• Conduct scientific research targeted at selected management questions. • Document baseline conditions. • Conduct a public education program and involve stakeholders in the

planning process. • Develop the management plan and the institutional framework by which

it will be implemented. • Create staff and institutional capacity for implementation. • Test implementation strategies at a pilot scale.

Step 3: Formal Adoption and Funding

• Obtain governmental mandate for a planning and policy formulation process.

• Obtain formal endorsement of policies/plan and the authorities necessary for their implementation.

• Obtain the funding required for program implementation

Step 4: Implementation

• Modify the strategies of the program as needed. • Promote compliance with program policies. • Strengthen institutional frameworks and legal authority for management. • Implement mechanisms for interagency coordination. • Strengthen program staffs’ technical and administrative capacity. • Catalyze the construction and maintenance of necessary physical

infrastructure. • Sustain participation of major stakeholder groups. • Implement conflict resolution procedures. • Maintain the program’s priority on the public agenda. • Monitor performance and societal/ecosystem trends.

Step 5: Evaluation

• Assess the program’s impacts on the management issues being addressed.

• Adapt the program to its own experience and to changing social and environmental conditions.

• Conduct external evaluations at major junctures in the program’s evolution.

Source: Adapted from GESAMP, 1996 and Olsen et al. 1997.

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CHAPTER – 5

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

1. Strategic Approach and Guiding Principles For ICZM Approaches in Coastal Areas: The coastal zone is one of the most important assets of a country where socio-economic activities are highly concentrated. They are fragile and therefore any attempt to deplete them for alternative uses may result in irreparable loss of natural systems with serious consequences to the productive potential and economic uses of associated natural systems. Once a coastal ecosystem is damaged, it will have far reaching impacts on many uses of coastal amenities. Coastal zones are capable of producing rich fisheries, mineral and oil and gas resources. Marine resources have an increase potential in contributing towards national economic growth and development. The present value of various coastal resources will continue to decline if coastal degradation particularly from land-based activities proceeds unchecked. If sustainable development plans are adopted under the aegis of an integrated coastal zone management approach, the resources will not only appreciate in value but will also have minimized risks and degradation rate. It is estimated that over a development scenario of 10 years through appropriate protection and conservation measures, it will be possible to recover losses to Pakistan’s coastal resources and to keep the safe custody of coastal resources for future generations. These options undoubtedly outweigh the costs involved in the restoration and maintenance of the coastal resources and in the upliftment of the socio-economic conditions of the coastal communities. Integrated coastal zone management aims to promote national development through the national use of coastal resources and environments of Pakistan in a manner that balance economic, social and environmental goals. The fragility of the coastal ecosystems and their inter-connectedness (e.g. inter dependence of mangrove ecosystems, coastal productivity of mangroves ecosystems, coastal productivity, estuarine ecosystems) require that a holistic approach be adopted to manage the complex ecosystems. In the past isolated and fragmentary approaches (mono-sectoral and single resource based) were adopted and have failed. Instead cross sectoral approaches are now more widely accepted as the only way to cope with the special nature of the coastal system. The economic losses to future generations from degradation of coastal environment and natural systems will be immeasurable. This will be reflected in loss of agricultural lands close to the coast, loss of biodiversity, dislocation of the coastal communities, loss of livelihoods, loss of fisheries, pollution of beaches and recreational facilities and decline in coastal ecotourism for the development of the coastal zone to be sustainable, it must meet multiple objectives i.e. economic, environmental and social which require well coordinated and integrated approaches at all levels. The ICZM strategy developed for the whole coast of Pakistan is for a period of 10 years and has the following goal and objectives.

1.1 Goal:

To foster integrated and sustainable coastal zone management practices and equitable use of natural resources of Pakistan Coastal Areas.

1.2 Objectives:

• To work at the policy level to ensure that integrated approaches to coastal management are adopted;

• To work towards prevention, reduction and control of marine pollution, • To facilitate sustainable management of coastal resources; • To promote the equitable sharing and use of coastal resources; • To facilitate sustainable development and poverty alleviation in coastal areas; • To mitigate the negative impact of economic activity in hinter lands in particular the

distribution of water resources for various uses.

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1.3 Recommended Interventions: To achieve the objectives of the strategy, the following interventions are recommended as a part of the overall strategy to be implemented over the course of 10 years.

1.3.1 Policy Level Interventions: Implementation of legislation and acts is of prime importance. Advocacy should be undertaken to ensure that coastal and marine legislation is implemented. These also include implementation and monitoring of National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). It should also be ensured that coordination and collaboration between the government agencies having administrative authority over the Sindh and Balochistan coasts is strengthened. The sectoral departments such as water management, environment, economics and finance should contribute towards the ICZM plan. The provincial government should take actions for ICZM accordingly to their jurisdiction by analyzing problems, generating solutions and discussing ICZM matters with the central government. The local level participation in the ICZM process should be represented by the measures at the local level. A clear definition of tasks and responsibilities has to be worked out in consideration of the present situation in Pakistan. The incorporation of the three levels i.e. economic, social and environmental, provides the general support for ICZM and for the implementation of management actions that require a well coordinated and integrated approach at all levels. Vertically, coordination between federal, provincial and local (municipal and private sectors) and other administrative units through policy instruments and guidelines and horizontally integration of efforts will be needed amongst all public and private sectors involved in the use of the sea and the adjacent viable communication and education strategies would be essential to strengthening the process of ICZM integration at the policy level. Effective management of ICZM would require the following policy level interventions.

• Strengthening of existing local, provincial and federal institutions for integrated

management (an agency such as the Sindh and Balochistan Coastal Development Authorities could work as lead agency for management of coastal zone of Sindh);

• Creation of an inter-ministerial committee to ensure integrated management through inter

agency coordination / collaboration; • Institution mechanisms of information sharing and stakeholders (R&D agencies,

government departments, CSO etc) participation such as round tables and steering committee;

• Creation of an issue advisory body with in the provincial governments for coastal

development;

• Reviewing, improving and enforcing environmental legislation;

• Empowering a lead agency in the province e.g. Coastal Development Authority, to collaborate for the coordinate integrated coastal zone management;

• Promote participatory approaches to encourage participation of local communities for

sustainable development of coastal resources;

• Undertaking resource/issue assessment and mapping and called multi-sectoral data/information for resource management;

• Strengthening coastal economics and dealing effectively with poverty all levels of decision

making should consider the implications of proposed actions on local economics and take issues to the local level as a key part of the process, which at a later stage may be linked to the poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP)

• Recognizing the rights and interests of indigenous people-establishing effective

partnerships that recognize and incorporate indigenous tenure, traditional ecological

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knowledge and resource management practices and integrating traditional knowledge with conventional science;

• Establishing cooperative mechanisms and partnership that enable the appropriate

integration of science, policy, technology and traditional knowledge.

1.4 Coastal Habitat Restoration / Protection Interventions:

1.4.1 Mangroves Plantation: The re-plantation of degraded mangroves areas must be encouraged. In this context IUCN has initiated a re-plantation drive with the local communities all along the coast of Pakistan since 1990. Subsequently the Sindh Forests Department, Sindh Coastal Development Authority and other NGOs/CBOs have also launched the mangroves planting programme in Indus delta. The re-plantation of mangroves have a beneficial impact on mud stabilization, have restore the productivity of degraded intertidal zone and have buildup trees resources in Sindh and Balochistan, thus bridging the gap between demand and supply of fuel wood. It has also generated employment opportunities, increase the income of rural population and check and reverse siltation and sedimentation in the creeks and navigational channels.

1.4.2 Coastal Aquaculture and Sustainable Fisheries:

Aquaculture arguably is the most efficient way to convert marine organisms low in the food chain into palatable and nutritious food. Continued over exploitation of wild commercially important fish and shell fish in the Pakistan on coastal waters by using modern fishing techniques would merely accelerate further depletion of fish and shell fish stock resulting in decreased commercial fields. Hence fish/shell fish farming is perhaps the only way to redress the imbalance between supply and demand. Since Pakistan has little or no previous tradition of marine fisheries farming hence the development of shrimp, crab, lobster etc farming would involve introduction of practices and techniques that are new to the area. Considering the risks involved it is advisable to study successful models of the region and to institute safety nets to minimize losses. In the Indus delta and Sonmiani Khor of Balochistan is recommended in marginal coastal areas where agriculture is not a viable option, through a well-balanced development programme with financial and technical support. For sustainable management of fisheries resources, it is also recommended that stock-taking of fisheries be undertaken for the whole coast as well as an economic valuation of fisheries in the high priority areas. Setting up a fish processing plant is also recommended to create new income generating opportunities for the local communities.

1.4.3 Coastal Protection and Flood Control: Coastal erosion is generally the result of natural processes and sea level change over the centuries. In recent years, however, the rate of erosion appears to have increased along the Sindh coast. The Bundal island at the approaches of Korangi-Phitti creek system has severely eroded. Indiscriminate cutting / felling of mangroves is the major cause of erosion. The island with dense growth has soil stabilization and sedimentation. Plants are soil binders and as such mitigate the weathering effect of wave currents etc. Studies of satellite imageries of the past fifteen years show serious erosion at the entrances of the deltaic coast. Studies undertaken by National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) suggest that intensive wave activities and tidal inundation are the major erosion agents. High tidal waves of over 4 meter occur in the deltaic region, which inundate the creek banks and erode the coastal areas. Occurrence of severe cyclones and storm surges coupled by south-western monsoon winds that are in excess of 30 knots add about 0.3 meter surge to the tides that further intensify the inundation processes. Creek entrances have also been eroded in the deltaic region as creeks have been receding inland. This has taken place due to recession of high water line, which has increased the tidal volume of the deltaic creeks. Sea level rise due to global climatic change also threatens to inundate low lying land and can intensify coastal erosion processes, in creek the salinity of estuaries, coastal wetlands and aquifers, disrupt marine life and possibly threatens drinking water supplies. There is therefore need for coastal protection in

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low-lying coastal areas to save the coastal communities, industries, agriculture lands and coastal amenities against erosion and inundation by sea water progressing inland. It is recommended that coastal defenses such as small retaining wall / large scale mangroves protective plantations be raised to protect the coastal area.

1.5 Pollution Prevention Interventions:

1.5.1 Sewage, Drainage and Solid Waste Management: Effective sewage treatment plants that are designed to treat domestic and industrial effluents must be installed in Karachi and other coastal towns and villages in the coast of Pakistan. In Karachi three treatment plants have been installed since many years but they are not working to their full capacity. However several small and large treatment plants may be needed to cleanse over 350 MGD of waste water in Karachi. The treatment process must consist of screening, grit removal sedimentation, biological filtration, final clarification and sludge digestion. The dilution of the sewage should be achieved through recirculation of sewage at different stages; the treated water can be used as fertilized water for enhancing the greenery in coastal areas. The digested sludge is also a resource that should be dried and sold as a manure. Additionally, drains to remove flood water and solid waste management should also be looked into. Alternatively, low cost maintenance and socially acceptable toilets and washing facilities should be provided for all coastal in habitats while ensuring community participation in the planning, sonstruction and maintenance phases of these systems.

1.6 Water Management Interventions:

1.6.1 Establishment of Water Desalination’s Plant: Piped water is not available to all coastal villages. The coastal villages from Sir creek to Jiwani are in dire need of fresh water for their domestic needs. The only source of fresh water in the coastal areas of Sindh is the Kalri Baggar Feeder from Kotri Barrage on the River Indus. Whereas the seasonal rains are only source of fresh water along the Balochistan coast. In extreme saline and arid condition Renewable wind and tidal energy can be a cheaper source to desalination water. Dual-purpose small desalination plants may be setup both for power supply and for freshwater in coastal communities. Further more, the salt industry can continue to flourish as a bye product industry. Coastal industries also should install desalination units for their fresh water requirement. It is recommended that local coastal communities should setup their own vehicle mounted mobile / solar desalination units.

1.7 Coastal Livelihood / Micro-enterprise Development Initiatives:

1.7.1 Coastal Ecotourism: There is great scope for introducing and promoting tourism in the coastal areas of Sindh. The shallow creeks, 17 of them, have mangroves plantations of varying sizes and in some locations a diversity of mangroves trees can be observed that provide resting places to the exotic marine bird fauna. The walkway for bird watching established at Rehri mangroves areas provides good ecotourism opportunities. The Sindh and Pakistan tourism departments, together with the local communities should explore the possibilities of introducing such ventures along the coast to promote sustainable coastal tourism to generate an income source that would be new to the region. There are many historical sites and high priority and (HPAs) along the coast of Pakistan. Some of the archeological sites such as Ratookot, Juna Bunder Fort, Chander Gupt Volcano etc are not being maintained by the concerned provincial and federal government departments. Part of the revenue there generated from ecotourism should be reinvested partly and the maintenance of these sites and partly to create alternate source of income to the local communities. However, models of ecotourism in other parts of the world need to be studied to avoid. Pitfalls and to ensure the institution of safety nets in order to minimise unforeseen damages.

1.7.2 Extraction of Minerals, Sea Salt (Coastal Salt Pan Industry): Pakistan produces approximately 60,000 ton of sea salt from the salt pans located near Karachi and other adjoining areas. The sea salt is consumed for industrial processes as well as partially used for human consumption. Consumption of sea salt by human can reduce the iodine deficiency, therefore, there is a need to invest in development of salt-pans for harvesting the cheap and abundantly available sea salt resource from clean un polluted areas as a source of sustainable income for the local communities.

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1.7.3 Promote Apiculture and Kitchen Gardens:

Another way of income generation is apiculture (bee keeping). Honey made from the nectar of mangroves flowers has historically been known to possess more therapeutic properties than any other honey. The local communities can also convert domestic organic waste into compost for developing small scale vegetable and flower gardens, seasonal vegetables, herbs and flowers can be grown for domestic/consumption and every surplus products can be sold in local market. This will be added sustainable income source for the coastal communities.

1.7.4 Setup Micro-Credit Facilities:

It is recommended that a process of providing micro credit facilities should be setup in the High Priority Areas (HPA) in collaboration with the various organizations providing such facilities in other areas of the country. These facilities should look into providing credit to local fishermen and women for cottage industry and other small business.

1.8 Advocacy and Education Interventions:

1.8.1 Awareness Raising and Capacity Building: Capacity should be enhanced of the departments/institutions working in the area for them to be able to implement ICZM approaches. In addition, awareness raising and capacity building for pollution control, management of coastal resources and sustainable livelihoods is recommended for the local community and local CBOs and NGOs Documentation of indigenous knowledge and development of a database on coastal resources should also be undertaken.

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CHAPTER – 6

FIVE YEAR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

1. Management Actions: While the strategy is for a period of 10 years, it is envisaged that ICZM Plan would be implemented in a period of 5 years and updated periodically. An implementing agency would be appointed which would have the responsibility to work with the relevant government departments/institutions and the local community to implement the various initiatives under the Management Plan. The main government departments/agencies that should have the responsibility of implementing the plan in collaboration with the implementing agency include the Sindh and Balochistan Forest and Wildlife departments, Sindh and Balochistan Fisheries departments, Sindh and Balochistan Environmental Protection Agencies and Sindh and Balochistan Coastal Development Authorities. A steering committee would be formed to guide and monitor the implementation of Management Plan. This steering committee would have members from federal and provincial governments as well as NGOs and other research institutions working in the coastal area (annex-III, Lists the possible members of the steering committee). The implementing agency in collaboration with lead government departments and the steering committee would work towards the objectives: Objective 1: To advocate for and facilitate policy level interventions for integrated coastal zone management in Pakistan Coastal areas. Strategic Intervention 1: For any strategy or plan to work it is essential that there is effective legislation, the infrastructure is adequate and that there is coordination amongst the institution/organizations involved. At the policy level the Management Plan seeks to ensure that the existing intervention commitments, legislation and acts are enforced. Pakistan is signatory to number of international agreements regarding environment related issues in general (such as the Convention on Biodiversity and CITIES) and those that concern the marine and coastal environment in particular (such as Law of Seas and MARPOL). Under those Pakistan shall ensure that fulfills all internal commitments and protocols. Pakistan also has its own national laws such as Forest and Wildlife Laws, Fisheries Laws, Mercantile Laws, all of which need to be enforced and some may require reviewing. Strategic Intervention 2: The whole coast of Pakistan is under the jurisdiction of various federal and provincial government departments, resulting in a lack of proper implementation of laws. Furthermore, there is very limited coordination among the government departments leading to either duplication of interventions or a total lack of mitigating measures in a particular area. The institutions/departments, involved in maritime affairs need to be identified and their roles and jurisdiction properly defined. The coordination amongst the departments also needs to be strengthened. For all of this, capacity building of these related institutions is extremely essential. Strategic Intervention 3: Pakistan has developed the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). These needs to be enforced and monitored to mitigate affects of any development activities. Furthermore, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) need to undertaken at all areas before the commencement of any developmental activity. Strategic Intervention 4: The coastal area is also a thorough fare for major commercial shipping. Oil spill / sticks therefore are a common phenomenon in our water. In ports and harbours, there too oil spills are common and furthermore other hazardous cargo is handled, which may find way into the sea. The Thermal Power Stations, FOTCO and Pakistan Steel Mill are also sources of oil spillage. To prevent and to mitigate the effects of this there is a need to develop contingency plan for emergency situations such as spills, handling of hazardous cargo and dumping of

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hazardous material in EEZ of Pakistan. In this regard, the Maritime Security Agency (MSA) has developed a Contingency Plan, which needs to be implemented. Most importantly it would be ensured that the ban imposed on the fine mesh nets is enforced and that fishermen are stopped from using these nets. Furthermore, fishing during off season is also banned and the implementing agency would work at the policy level that this ban is enforced effectively with proper monitoring. Roles and Responsibilities: As mentioned before, various government departments and institutions have administrative authority and jurisdiction over the coastal areas. To effectively implement the Management Plan, Coordination and collaboration among these departments is essential. To achieve the first objective, the implementing agency would have to work, for example in Sindh province with Port Qasim Authority (PQS), Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), Sindh Coastal Development Authority (SCDA) and Maritime Security agency (MSA). These departments have the responsibility of ensuring that the various marine and coastal legislations are implemented and the NEQS are enforced. These departments would also be engaged to ensure that IEE and EIAs are undertaken before starting any development activity in the area. Objective 2: to setup a sewage treatment plant and provide sanitation, drainage and solid waste management facilities in the area Strategic Intervention 1: There is no arrangement for sanitation and safe disposal of sewage in the coastal village and small towns. Each semi permanent and permanent housing units has its own pit laterines while the huts have an outhouse that encloses the pit latrine. Waste water is allowed to follow into small channels, which ultimately flow into a few large channels that discharge it into the sea. To cater to the large population living in the village, a sewage treatment plant would be setup to ensure effective disposal of water. This plant would be able to treat approximately 300,000 – 500,000 gallons/day of sewage. Strategic Intervention 2: The sanitation system would be upgraded and the soak pits would be constructed in the villages with the cooperation of the local communities, the CBOs and VOs. The members of these could depend on the number of houses. For this purpose the project undertaken at Orangi by the Orangi Pilot Project could serve as a good model for replication. Strategic Intervention 3: Storm drains have been constructed in the coastal areas. The purpose of these is to drain out the torrential run off into the sea. However, these need to be repaired and more such drains constructed to fulfil the needs of all the villages. The existing drain would be repaired by de-silting and stone pitching and new ones would be constructed. The water from these chains would be recycled for other use as well, such as spreading it to blank areas for raising community plantations and vegetables gardens; therefore a small recycling mechanism also would be setup. Strategic Intervention 4: Garbage is generally thrown out in the adjoining land and stays there until it decomposes or is carried away by sea tides. The local community would be mobilized and trained for collection and recycling and dispose of solid waste in the sea. Roles and Responsibilities: The implementing agency would work with Water and Sewerage Boards, the provincial Public Health Department, EPA and District Government in collaboration with these departments, engineer could be appointed to design and construct the sewerage plant in an appropriate location in the area. For the purpose of constructing soak pits and repairing of drainage system the Public Health Works Department would also be engaged. The local community would play a major role as they would be responsible for providing the manpower for constructing community locations, soak pits and drains and would also be responsible for their future maintenance. The Orangi Pilot Project is a very good example in Pakistan of mobilizing the community for such an initiative and their experts would be engaged to assist in this

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venture. The implementing agency would work with District Governments and the local community for solid waste management and disposal. Objective 3: To undertake replantation of mangroves in the coastal areas of Pakistan In addition to the conservation and preservation of existing mangroves plantations and vegetation, the re-plantation of degraded and blank areas must be encouraged. This would have a beneficial impact on the environmental by restoring the productivity of the area and providing a breeding ground/nursery for marine fauna. It would also generate employment opportunities and increase the income of rural population. Strategic Intervention 1: Mangroves plantation would be undertaken in 8000-1000ha to fully stock the area. There are many virgin mudflats at the mouth of seasonal rivers in Balochistan coast, which can be used to undertake re-plantation at appropriate sections. In addition to this, a private community container plant nurseries, would be setup to serve as planting stock for re-plantation by the community. Strategic Intervention 2: The major cause of degradation of mangroves is their use by community for fuel wood and fodder. There is a need for social forestry development by setting up of mangroves woodlots in the coastal villages to be used as stock for fuel wood and fodder by the community. For use of mangroves for these purposes, user groups would be formed and rotational grazing and felling would be organized. This would be monitored by the local communities themselves, through their CBOs and VOs after they have been provided relevant training in this. Roles and Responsibilities: The main players to achieve the above objective would be the Sindh and Balochistan Forests Departments, Board of Revenue, Government of Sindh and Balochistan, Ports and Shipping. The implementing agency would work with them for re-planting, settling up the nursery and mangroves woodlots. Local CBOs would work with them for re-plantation, setting up the nursery and mangroves wood lots. Local CBOs and NGOs and International NGOs, organizations such as Shirkat Gah, Fisher Folk Forum and IUCN would also be engaged to provide their expertise since they have been working for mangroves conservation and re-plantation in the area. The local community would be responsible for the upkeep and continued re-plantation of the mangroves. A forest expert would be appointed by the implementing agency to supervise the whole process. Objective 4: To undertake stock taking and economic valuation of the fisheries resources of the coast of Pakistan Strategic Intervention 1: The coast of Pakistan and especially Sindh is rich in fisheries resources. However the fishing stock was estimated in late eighties by the FAO and Ministry of Food and Agriculture, GoP. Since then the fishing stock was not scientifically estimated by the concerned fisheries departments. Very recently the Ministry of Food and Agriculture and Science and Tehnologies have jointly initiated the stock taking of fisheries in the coastal water. As a part of the implementation of the Management Plan stocking of the pelagic, demersal and deep water fish resources of whole coast would be undertaken. In this case, it is necessary to include the whole coast as many of species are migratory and as such it would be more effective to assess the stock of the entire coastal belt. Strategic Intervention 2: There has been no authentic economic valuation of the fisheries resources available in the coast of Pakistan. The implementation of Management Plan would also require that economic valuation of marine resources both the provinces be undertaken. Roles and Responsibilities: Marine fisheries Department, Sindh and Balochistan Fisheries Departments, National Institute of Oceanography and the Centre of Excellence in marine Biology would be the main institutes to undertake the stocking. The implementing agency would also appoint a fisheries consultant to undertake the stocking with the support of these institutes.

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An environmental economist would be appointed to undertake the economic valuation of marine resources and he/she would work with the support of the above institute as well. For this activity support would also be required from the Applied Economics Research Centre, University of Karachi. Objective 5: To setup the fish processing plants in Karachi and Pasni Fish Harbours. Strategic Intervention 1: The incidence of poverty is high around coast of Pakistan, and it is particularly high within the coast of Balochistan. There is a need to provide sustainable development and poverty alleviation schemes to ensure provision of sustainable livelihoods to the community. The first step in this direction would be the establishment of a fish processing plants to be setup in the Sindh and Balochistan existing fish harbours. Each plant should have the capacity to process 2000 – 3000 kg of fish per day. Korangi fish harbour, built at a cost of about Rs. 1 billion; including foreign exchange of over US dollars 26 million in November 1996 in Karachi. A total of 709 meter long jetty has been constructed with an effective water front structure of one Kilometer of facilitate operation of 500 vessels of different sizes to land a catch of 92,000 metric tons annually. So far Korangi fish harbour has not achieved its objective primarily due to lack of appropriate infrastructure for processing the catch from the 500 boats that should operate here to make its function viable. The catch is in the absence of facilities, transported to Karachi Fish Harbour and that increases the cost of production. Roles and Responsibilities: The Federal Port and Shipping Department, District Coordination Officers, Sindh and Balochistan Fisheries Departments, Marine Fisheries Department and Sindh & Balochistan Cooperative Societies would work together with the implementing agencies for this initiative. Civil Engineers would be appointed to design and supervise the construction of the processing plant. Objective 6: To establish aquaculture as a source of income generation for the local communities Strategic Intervention 1: Aquaculture can also be employed another income generating activity for the local community. Fish/shell fish and crab/shrimp faming are perhaps the only way to redress the imbalance between supply and demand. Since Pakistan has little or no previous tradition of marine fish/shell fish farming, the development of farming for shrimp, crab and lobster would involve introduction of practices and techniques that are new to the region. In this regard models of aquaculture in this part of the world need to be studied so that model appropriate to our conditions is adopted. Also safety nets and other mechanisms for reducing losses in event of damage need to be put in place. In the coastal areas shrimp/crab culture would be undertaken in marginal lands where agriculture is not a viable option, through a well balanced development programme with financial and technical support. As part of the pilot testing of some activities of this programme, the experiences and lessons learnt under the ongoing aquaculture activities of SCCDP, could be very helpful. The emphasis of this rogramme would be to use those crabs and the shrimps that the fishermen are not been able to sell in the market due to their smaller size or damage to limbs. These would be kept in the beds and fed trash fish by the community and then sold later when their size and weight has reached the required proportion. Roles and Reponsibilities: Provincial Fisheries Departments, Marine Fisheries Department, National Institute of Oceanography and Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology would be the main institutes for this initiative. The implementing agency would appoint a fisheries consultant to establish aquaculture in suitable locations of the coastal areas. The consultant would work with local communities, who would have the responsibility of maintaining the culture beds.

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Objective 7: To setup apiculture to supplement the livelihoods of the local communities: Strategic Intervention 1: Another way of income generation is apiculture (bee keeping). Honey made from the nectar of mangroves flower has historically been known to possess more therapeutic properties than any other honey. As such the honey bee colonies would be setup in coastal villages, close to the mangroves forests, under the care of the communities. The honey produced from this would be soled in local city market. Roles and Responsibilities: Apiculture wing of Sindh Forest Department would be the best placed for this activity. An apiculturist would be appointed in both provinces to supervise the setting up of the bee’s colonies. The local community would be responsible for the upkeep of the colonies as well as extracting and selling the honey. In Sindh the local NGOs such as Shirkat Gah and in Balochistan the Rural Community Development Council (RCDC) would work in these initiatives. IUCN and Sindh Forest Department and Apiculture wing of National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC) would provide their expertise and lesson learnt in this regards. Objective 8: To promote Ecotourism as an income generating activity of the local community Strategic Intervention 1: Ecotourism is also another way of increasing the livelihoods of the people. There are many historical sites along the coast of Pakistan such as the 500-600 year old ruins of the Ratoo-kot Fort and Juna Bunder in Phitti and Wadi Khudi Creek systems in Indus delta. The forts appear to have been custom house and also forward defensive position against marauding pirates and invaders and is of a size sufficient to control the channel access to Bhanbore. Some remains of villages where brick masonry was employed for construction of buildings, have also been found. These archaeological remains have not been maintained and are deteriorating rapidly. Similarly in Balochistan there are also number of living mud volcanoes and historical sites such as “Nani Mandir” which are great attraction for the foreign tourists especially hindu's. Thousand and thousand hindu pilgrims from India, United Kingdom, USA etc. are visiting the temples and stay in these places for worship. These and stands of mangroves provide ecotourism opportunities for the bird watchers. In winter millions of migratory birds from Siberia and North visit our coastal and marine areas for feeding, roosting and breeding purposes. The national and international tourists and bird watcher spend their time in our coastal areas. This would specially be useful for the community during off season where fishing activities are suspended. The local fishermen could be provided training on local history, flora and fauna so that they can act as proper guides to the tourists. As with aquaculture, successful ecotourism initiatives in Asia should be studied and a model applicable to local conditions should be developed. Roles and Responsibilities: The main government agencies for this would be the Tourism Development Corporation of Pakistan (TDCP), Department of Culture and Tourism, GoS and GoB and the Sindh Tourism Development Coorporation (STDC). TDCP would organize trips to these locations. In addition, it would also provide training to the local fishermen to serve as guides for the visiting groups. The Sindh Forest & Wildlife Department, Marine Fisheries Department, Sindh and Balochistan Fisheries Departments and Department of Archaeology would also work to provide material and other information in this regard. The community would be responsible for taking the groups out to the sites and showing them around. Objective 9: To construct embarkments around the coastal belt near the villages Strategic Intervention 1: More often than not during high tide the water reaches such a high level that it enters the house of villages in certain part of the area. At this time, which may even be twice a day, the villagers leave their houses and go to an area of higher elevation. To prevent this from happening and to protect the houses of the villagers, embankment would be constructed around the effected areas and mangroves would be planted around them. This would not only prevent the water from destroying the houses but would also assist in mitigating erosion.

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Roles and Responsibilities: The Public Works Department, District Coordination Offices and the local community would be engaged for this purpose. A contractor would be hired to supervise the construction of the embankment and the local community would provide the manpower. The Sindh and Balochistan Forests Departments would be responsible for the planting of the mangroves around the embankments in order to strengthen them. Objective 10: To establish micro-credit facilities in the coastal areas Strategic Intervention 1: Micro credit facilities need to be established in whole coastal areas of Pakistan. However before this, an assessment would be undertaken to analyze the need for establishing this. This assessment would reveal how many people need the credit facility and what the initial endowment should be. Organization such as OXFAM have previously provided such credit in the area and their modus operandi can be studied and replicated. Khushali Bank and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA) also provide revolving credit facilities in Pakistan. Their methodology would be assessed and partnerships arranged with them to provide these credits to the fishermen communities. Strategic Intervention 2: Special attention would be paid to the provision of microcredit facilities to women so that they can work at the cottage industry level for handicrafts such as basket weaving, cotton fishing nets weaving etc. that would be sold in the main-land. The women would also be provided training on how to use the credit. Roles and Responsibilities: The implementing agency would work with Provincial Social Welfare Departments, the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund (PPAF), Benazir Income Support Programme and donors such as South Asia Partnership (SAP), Trust for voluntary Organizations (TVO) and Asia Foundation, to assess the possibility of setting up microcredit facilities in the area. OXFAM has previous experience of working in this area and they can be engaged again to restart their activities or to provide the implementing agency with their experience and lessons learnt. Khushali Bank and SMEDA also provide similar credit facilities in other area and they would also be approached to setup the same facility in the coastal and marine areas of Pakistan. Objective 11: To advocate the provision of the civic amenities to the local community Strategic Intervention 1: Natural gas has been provided to few coastal villages and towns along the coast of Pakistan. These are the areas without the supply of gas and are still dependant on mangroves wood especially in Sindh province. There is a need to provide gas as an alternate source of fuel wood to all coastal villages and to reduce their dependence on the mangroves. The cost of provision of gas to the villages would be assessed and the estimates provided to relevant organization responsible for supplying gas. Strategic Intervention 2: Piped water is also not available to all the coastal villages. It would be recommended that piped water be supplied to all communities. Electricity also needs to be supplied to the area and advocacy would be undertaken with the WAPDA and KESC for this purpose. Strategic Intervention 3: Communicable and non communicable diseases are common amongst the communities due to the un-hygienic conditions in the coastal villages. While working with fish and shell fish, cuts and abrasions occur, which are infected with the use of polluted water. In collaboration with both the public and private health service facilities available in the area, a health programme can be initiated in the various coastal villages. For this purpose a Lady Health Visitor (LHV) will have to be employed and part time services of a lady doctor acquired. An assistant to the LHV can also be acquired by training a local educated woman. The representative will arrange meetings with the women as a weekly basis and the health staff will advice them on a causes and prevention of diseases, nutrition, hygiene and family planning.

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At a suitable time in the development of this small village groups, the other para-medical activities can also be initiated in the area. Strategic Intervention 4: In order to make the coastal villages neat and clean, it is necessary that in-collaboration with the relevant government departments, town planners and architects, the villages should be reconstructed. This would mean reconstructing the housing using stronger local material. Proper town planning could be undertaken to provide them housing, sanitation, sewerage, communication and other infrastructural facilities. These would however, be undertaken while preserving the culture and indigenous practices of the people. Roles and Responsibility: The implementing agency would undertake advocacy and would work with all concerned line departments such as Education, Public Health, Roads and Building etc. The expertise of Aga Khan Community Health Sciences, IUCN and other non-governmental organizations would also be requested to support this initiative. Objective 12: To raise awareness and build capacity of the stakeholders Strategic Intervention 1: Capacity needs to be built of the departments/institutions working in the area. For this purpose training in ICZM courses would be provided to select staff from the relevant organizations such as Forest departments, Fisheries departments, Port and Harbour etc. These courses are held in several Asian Countries and 10-20 staff members would be send to attend them. Strategic Intervention 2: Awareness of the community would be raised on natural resources, pollution and other environmental issues. For this purpose non-language visual material would be developed on local pollution and the adverse effects of the use of fine meshed nets. Strategic Intervention 3: An awareness / promotional campaign on “Education for All” would also be undertaken in-collaboration with local NGOs and CBOs, whereby all the communities would be encouraged to send their children to school. Strategic Intervention 4: An adult literacy campaign would also be organized in collaboration with local NGOs and CBOs to bring up the literacy level. For this purpose the existing public and private school structures would be utilized where adult members of the community would be able to raise their literacy level during the off season. It would be ensured that such a campaign caters separately to men and women. Strategic Intervention 5: Separate campaign would be organized in collaboration with the local NGOs and CBOs for female literacy where their awareness would be raised in maternity and household health issues. Strategic Intervention 6: Campaigns focused on women would also include capacity building in local handicrafts and export oriented folk expertise. Women would be provided training to form into Women’s Organization (WO) and work together to make these handicrafts. Strategic Intervention 7: Networking of NGOs and CBOs working the area would be organised to ensure that there is an in integrated approach towards local community development. Strategic Intervention 8: The indigenous knowledge and local folk wisdom about conservation would be documented so that it can be used to promote sustainable development practices.

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Strategic Intervention 9: A new website would be developed to contain all biodiversity, social, economic and coastal information of Pakistan coast. IUCN has expertise in this regards, which would be responsible for the development and maintenance of database. At a later stage as and when the strategy is implemented, this data base would be upgraded to become the national database on coastal and marine resources. Further more, the land use mapping of the whole area would be undertaken to explore possibilities of land use for various activities at a later stage. Roles & Responsibilities: The implementing agency would have the main responsibility of awareness raising and capacity building in collaboration with the Sindh and Balochistan Fishermen Cooperative Societies. Male / Female social organizers and a field coordinator would be appointed to mobilize the community and build their capacity for the various initiatives. As mentioned above, IUCN has the expertise to develop the database. This would be done in partnership with Balochistan and Sindh Forest Departments and NIO and later on the website/database would be housed in NIO as being an R&D institution, they are best suited for this.

2. Monitoring and Evaluation: Monitoring and evaluation is a key parameter for the successful implementation of this Management Plan. Continuous monitoring would track the programme implementation and thus record its success or failure, in line with accountability of government department and the implementing agency. It is very difficult to provide evidence of changing conditions unless regular environmental monitoring is carried out and a baseline is established. Circumstantial evidence and perceptions of various informants – both scientist and local people can give indicators of how conditions have changed but this lacks scientific vigor. Environmental Monitoring is not just measuring, various parameters and keeping them for comparison with the changes occurring. It is critical for management of the ecosystems and to provide early working of damage occurring which can be mitigated or prevented altogether. There is a need to be a feed back loop from the agencies collecting the information to the relevant organizations managing the natural resources or enforcing pollution control measures etc. It is only with regular and timely feedback that the necessary actions can be taken. In this regard, internal evaluations would be carried out on a quarterly basis. In addition the implementation would be evaluated externally on an annual basis with a final evaluation being carried out at the end of the project.

3. Field Activities: During the implementation of ICZM Plan, the following field activities and studies will also be undertaken to pilot test some of the recommended ICZM approaches:-

3.1 Crab Culture: One of the recommended approaches to promote sustainable fisheries is to adopt coastal aquaculture. For the purpose of the project the commercially important mud crabs, Scylla serrata that are immense value will be used for culture purposes. A mutually beneficial relationship exists between mangroves and the mud crabs. These crabs promote mangrove growth by increasing nutrients level, while the mangroves provide food and protection from predators. The goal of this activity will be to investigate the possibility of environment friendly concepts of crab culture as on initiative to conserve mud crabs, as well as to provide an additional source of livelihood to the fishermen. The ponds/pens will be constructed in the inter-tidal zone of Pakstan coast. Crablets (both male and female) will be collected from mangroves areas to stock the ponds and these will be fed with chopped trash fish. Monthly reaching of their weights and carapace width were seen. Furthermore, temperature and salinity of the water at the site will be regularly sampled on a weekly basis.

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This experiment will be for a period of six months and final result will be reported at the end of period.

3.2 Sustainable Mangrove Forestry: Management as envisioned in the plan, 8,000-10,000 hectares of blank mudflats will be tackled in five year along the coast of Pakistan. Over 5,000 hectares of existing mangroves vegetation will be maintained by carrying out the different silvi-cultural operations. Regular field training programmes of nursery and planting techniques will be conducted for the community in various coastal villages as a part of sustainable mangrove forestry.

3.3 Apiculture in Mangroves: Funding of the economic feasibility of apiculture showed that mangroves honey production was viable and profitable for fishermen community. It can be an alternative source of income for the local population in the future. Under the ICZM, IUCN will explore the possibility of establishing apiculture in the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan. In this connection, negotiations will be held with the Sindh Forest Department for the procurement of the bee colonies and for imparting on-hand training to the local communities.

3.4 Participatory Research on Sea Intrusion Problem in Coastal Belt of Sindh: The gradual encroachment of sea into the Indus delta and up the main course of river Indus is increasing being brought the forefront of recent policy debates as one of the worst cases of large scale environmental degradation to have occurred in Sindh. For some people sea intrusion is the main cause of the destruction of several thousands hectares of land in the coastal districts of Thatta and Badin, rendering prime agricultural land barren contaminating aquifers and causing the degradation of coastal and riverine ecosystems. Many believe that the degeneration of land and water resources has seriously affected fishing and agriculture, which constitute the two principal vocations of the local population leading to loss of livelihoods, migration to the hinterland and an ensuring rise in poverty base. In the light of above mentioned problem, it is an important pre-requisite to carefully study the sea intrusion and mechanisms, when designing community level interventions that are arrived at reducing peoples vulnerability to water. This research programme will adopt a multidisciplinary programme based approach, both interms of project conceptualization and realization (requiring a multi-disciplinary and inter-departmental team).

3.5 Combating poverty through ICZM in Sindh & Balochistan: The communities of Pakistan’s coastal region rank among the country’s poorest. A steady decline in ecological conditions on the coast has exacerbated poverty and introduced significant constraints on local livelihoods. Coastal degradation has also adverse implications for the national economy, since the coastal and maritime zone harbor important environmental assets that are as yet relatively under utilized. If properly managed, Pakistan’s coastal zone can provide both thriving local livelihoods and a sustainable source of national income. Degradation in Pakistan’s coastal zone is a result of local, national and global factors. Its reversal will depend on increasing stressed. Coastal Zone Management approach to these issues, will promote and ensure the long-term sustainability of the ecosystem upon which at-least 1.5 million people’s livelihood depends.

4. Staff Requirements: The following staff is required for the implementation of the activities under the Management Plan for a period of five years.

4.1 Project Staff: 1. Project Manager 1 No. 2. Field Coordinators 2 Nos. 3. Social Organisers Male 4 Nos. 4. Social Organisers Female 4 Nos. 5. Executive Secretary 1 No.

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6. Drivers 2 Nos. 7. Boat crews 4 Nos. 8. Guards 2 Nos.

4.2 External Consultants: 1. Forest Experts 2 Nos. 2. Fisheries Experts 2 Nos. 3. Environmental Economist 2 Nos. 4. Apiculturist 2 Nos.

4.3 Equipment: 1. Pickup (four wheel drive) 2 Nos. 2. Fibre Glass Boats 2 Nos.

5. Institutional Frame work For ICZM of Coastal Ecosystem:

5.1 Overview of Different Institutional Responsibilities: ICZM objectives and actions will never be implemented unless there are organizations ready and willing to play their roles in maintaining the coastal ecosystem. These roles can be identified as Planning and Control, Natural Resource Management, Research, Environmental Monitoring, Community Development and Environmental Awareness raising. Within the coastal areas of Pakistan, the following organization can be identified as playing key roles:- Planning and Control Functions: Port Qasim Authority, Karachi Port, Gwader Deep Sea Port, Sindh and Balochistan Coastal Development Authorities, Sindh and Balochistan Environmental Protection Agencies, City District Government Karachi, Gwader Development Authority. Natural Resource Management: Sindh and Balochistan Forests and Wildlife Departments, Sindh and Balochistan Fisheries Department, Marine Fisheries Departments, Resource Users From Coastal Community, Fishermen’s Organizations. Research and Environmental Monitoring Functions: Marine Fisheries Department, National Institute of Oceanography, Zoological Survey of Pakistan, Karachi University, Lasbela University of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sindh and Balochistan Environment Protection Agencies, Sindh and Balochistan Forests and Wildlife Departments, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) Coastal Community Development Functions: Karachi, Thatta and Badin District Governments in Sindh province, Gwader and Uthal District Governments in Balochistan province, Community based organizations (CBOs). Environmental Awareness Functions: Environmental NGOs, School, Colleges and Universities, Media. Obviously the key roles have to be the planning and control, and natural resource management functions, for it is these institution's which have to implement the coastal environmental management plan. They would be strengthened in their actions with regular feed back from the environmental monitoring activities discussed in section 5. The most important institutions in this respect are KPT, PQA, Pasni Harbour Authority, Gwader Port who have direct control over the coastal and marine areas and Sindh and Balochistan Forests and Fisheries departments who are active in the coastal ecosystem management in the area. Although not strictly speaking organizations in the formal sense, the communities are institutions and the community members are key players in natural resource management. Any management plan, which does not include and involve the coastal communities, will be doomed to failure. The development of user groups which have the functions of directly implementing the various measures for sustainable use of the natural resources; they also provide a forum for representing user rights.

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5.2 Coordination:

With the multiple use of the coastal areas of Pakistan and the many varied institution, coordination and collaboration between the different players will be critical. This is never easy, especially when many institutions are defensive about their own areas of responsibility and do not wish to share information let alone work together. Integrated Coastal Zone Management of natural resources has a certain amount to do with the natural resource and an understanding of technical and scientific characteristics, but perhaps a great deal more to do with coordination, collaboration and management of the people and institutions involved. Since the Coastal Development Authorities in both the provinces have already setup within their Natural Resource Management Units, it is suggested that these units become the focal point for coordination of work of ICZM of coastal ecosystems. This unit should work closely with all the concerned departments.

5.3 Legislative and Contractual Requirement:

No change in the legislation is envisaged at present in order to implement this Plan for sustainable management. Most of the government organization have the legislative jurisdiction over the coastal areas of Pakistan and they have already authority and duty to conserve the national resources.

5.4 List of Actions Needed For Adoption Of The Plan: A series of consultative workshops were undertaken during the year 2009 as a pre-requisite to the development of the ICZM strategy and Management Plan. A large number of stakeholders (150 in number) from the Government and Civil Society participated in the workshop and provided input into the development of the Strategy and Plan. The participants supported the development of the strategy and were of the view that given the coastal situation in Pakistan, such a strategy / plan was the need of the hour. Once Management plan is finalized, the focal persons from the federal and provincial governments and other stakeholders would be provided with draft copies of the plan for their comments and input. Based on the feedback received plan would be revised. The revised Plan would be shared with all stakeholders at a workshop in Quetta / Islamabad. The focal persons from the Federal and Provincial Governments and the Donor agencies would also be invited in these workshops. The main purpose of this would have the Management Plan endorsed by the Government. The endorsed Strategy and Management Plan would be shared at the regional level. Timeline for Endorsement: Completion of Plan 31 October, 2011 Sharing with Stakeholders and receiving feedback 30 November, 2011 Workshop in Quetta/Islamabad 15 December, 2011

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Amjad, S., Rizvi, S.H.N., Memon, G.M., Memon, M.O. Indus Mangrove Ecosystem Study to Evaluate the Impact of Coastal Resource Use and Environmental Degradation on the Coastal Communities Living in the Mangrove Ecosystem at Korangi-Gharo Creek System. PNC-UNESCO, NIO (June 2001-April 2002).

• Asian Development Bank, 2003 – Integrated Coastal Zone Strategy – Sri Lanka Component, IUCN.

• Government of Pakistan, 1998. District Census Report of Malir. Population census Organisation, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. October-1998. pp. 211 and Annexures A to D.

• Handbook of Fisheries Statistics of Pakistan Vol. 18 Marine Fisheries Department MFD, GOP 2002.

• IUCN and Shirkat Gah, 1993. Natural Resource Use Survey of Coastal Villages in the Northern Indus Delta. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi.

• IUCN, 1994. Report on a Workshop to Develop the Concept of a Coastal Bio-sphere Reserve in the Indus Delta. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi.

• IUCN, 1987b. Marine Pollution Baseline Survey in the Korangi-Phitli Creeks, Pakistan. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi.

• IUCN, 1992b. Sustainable Management of Mangroves in the Indus Delta, Issue papers.

• IUCN, 1993. Environmental Review of Port Qasim Authority. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi.

• IUCN, 1999-2000. Socio-economic data on the Indus Delta. Un-published data.

• Meynell, P. J. 1991. Possible effects of the Indus Water Accord on the Indus Delta Ecosystems. Korangi Issues paper NO.1. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi.

• Quraishee, G.S. (1988). Variation in the Indus River Discharges and their Hazards. In: M.1. EI-Sabah & T.S.Murty (ed) Natural and Man-made hazards D. Reidel Publ Co. pp 369-375.

• Qureshi, T., 1995. Significance of Mangrove Ecosystem for Coastal People in Pakistan.

• Qureshi, T., 2005. Mangroves of Pakistan – Status and Management, IUCN, Karachi.

• Rizvi, S. H. N., 1988. Mangrove Ecosystem of Indus Delta. Sahil1: 43-47.

• Rizvi, S. H. N., Saleem, M., and Baquer, J., 1986. Productivity of Gharo-Phitti Creek System. Proc. Proc. National seminar on Fisheries Policy and Planning, September 1986, Karachi. Marine Fisheries Department. pp. 212-231.

• Quraishee, G.S. & etal (1990) Coastal Environmental Management Plan of Pakistan – IUCN, Karachi.

• Qureshi, T., 2003. Environmental Degradation and Impacts on Livelihood – Sea Intrusion in Indus Delta – IUCN, Karachi.

• The World Bank, 1994. Africa – A frame work for Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Land, Water and Natural Habitat Division, New York.

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MAPS / SATELLITE IMAGERIES Map # 1

The Pakistan coastline – EEZ

Map # 2

The Indus Delta

Map # 3

Landsat satellite imagery of the Indus Delta

Map # 4

The Indus Fan / Oman Basin

Map # 5

Landsat Mosaic of Pakistan and vicinity Indus Basin & Watershed of coastal rivers

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Map # 1

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Annexure - I

Balochistan Partnerships for Sustainable Development

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan Development Questionnaire

Note: The following questions will be discussed during the interactive session and possible solutions/recommendations will be recorded to help develop draft Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan. Name

Profession/Title

Agency / Department

Contact details/Tel. No.

Area / District

Question 1. In your opinion what are the main issues of the coastal belt of Pakistan? Please prioritize the identified issues as Social, Environmental and Economic Issues. Some of these issues have already been explained in the strategy paper/presentation.

a) Social issues/factors

b) Environmental issues/factors

c) Economic issues/factors Question 2: What are the potential stake holders necessary to be consulted for the development of ICZM Plan? (Please list down) Question 3: Do you think that existing management and coordination mechanisms are sufficient to solve the identified issues? If NOT, then what mechanisms do you suggest? Question 4. What are the three possible strategies towards development of an Integrated Coastal zone Management (ICZM) Plan? Question 5. Would you be willing to support, or get involved with an ICZM Plan development in your local area? Yes No If yes; please write down your possible role

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Annexure – II-A Combined Data Analysis of Social Issues

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Annexure – II-B Combined Data Analysis of Environmental Issues

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Annexure – II-C Combined Data Analysis of Economic Issues

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PHOTOGRAPHS

Karachi Backwater Lagoon Lyari River Outfall/ Estuary C-1 Mangrove/mud flats – Chinna Creek – Karachi Backwaters C-1 Sewage discharge from Manora Backwaters C-1 Salt Pans – Karachi Backwaters C-1 Mangrove as fodder for camels – Karachi Backwaters C-1 Solid waste dumping – Karachi Backwaters C-1 Coastal sand dunes / Mangroves – Sandspit, Karachi C-1 Korangi / Phitti Creek Mangrove Plantation C-2 Mangrove / mud flats C-2 Fishing jetty, Ibrahim Haidari fishing village C-2 Water supply facility, Ibrahim Haidari C-2 Modern Korangi Fishing Harbour: but no business! C-2 Hub Estuary & vicinity Sea cliffs / strong wave action – Typical of Balochistan Coast C-3 Gadani fishing village C-3 Gadani Ship Breaking Yard – Gadani beach C-3 Hubco Power Plant – Hub Estuary C-3 General Photographs Coastal agricultural land – Shah Bunder C-4 Shah Bunder Harbour C-4 Sluice gate to control seawater intrusion – Keti Bunder C-4 Keti Bunder coastal village / Harbour C-4 Turbulent waters at Hawksbay recreational beach – Karachi C-4 Erosion of Hindu Temple due to wave action – Manora C-4 Sea-front development (private huts)! – Hawksbay recreational beach, Karachi C-5 Sea weeds/ garbage – Clifton beach, Karachi C-5 Raw sewage discharge – Clifton Beach, Karachi C-5 Sea-front development – Clifton beach, Karachi C-5 Land reclamation activities by DHA (Urban Cantonment / residential) DHA Beach, Karachi C-5 Wave turbulence at land reclamation site – DHA beach, Karachi C-5 SCARP discharge C-6 Erosion of famous arch – Paradise Point, Karachi C-6 Sea clifts of Gwadar – Balochistan coast C-6 Mud volcano & Crater lake, near Hingol Estuary C-6 Mud flow from mud volcano, near Hingol Estuary C-6 Coastal Zone Management Mangroves protective plantation in Jiwani C-7 Mangroves community plantation in Jiwani C-7 Mangroves protective plantations against flesh flood and sea intrusion C-7 Mangroves plantation on highlying areas in Indus delta C-7 Mangroves protective plantations against flash flood and sea intrusion in Pasni C-7 Survey of marine turtle on sandy and rocky beaches C-7 Survey of corals and coral communities in Astola off-shore island C-7 Alarming rate of species and habitat loss C-7

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Mangroves Protective Plantations against Natural Disasters in Jiwani

Community Mangrove Plantations in Jiwani

C-7

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Mangrove Plantation on high and low lying mud flat in Indus Delta

C-7

Mangroves Protective Plantations Against Flash Flood and Sea Intrusion in Pasni

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Endangered Species

C-7

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Healthy Coral & Coral Fishes at Astola Island

C-7

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Alarming Rate of Species and Habitat Loss C-7

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Annexure – III

Proposed Composition of the Steering Committee For The Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan

• Secretary, MELGRD – Chairperson

• Secretary Forests & Wildlife, GoS Convener

• Secretary Forests & Wildlife, GoB Member

• Representative Economic Affairs Division Member

• Secretary Fisheries, GoB Member

• Country Representative, IUCN Member

• Representative WWF Member

• Director General, CDA, GoS Member

• Director General, CDA, GoS Member

• Director General, National Institute of Oceanography Member

• Secretary Environment and Alternate Energy Member

• Secretary Environment GoB Member

• Director General Maritime Security Agency Member

• Director General Port 8 Shipping Member

• Chairman, Fishermen Cooperative Society Sindh Member

Director General, Marine Fisheries Department Member