How to Build a Multi Machine 1

8/2/2019 How to Build a Multi Machine 1

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MultiMachine, an open-source machine tool

The MultiMachine -- a complete machine shop in

one tool. Entirely built from scrap material.

Pat Delany

MultiMachine

Box 1629, Palestine, Texas 7581 !"#9$ 72$ 98

"upport at%

http%&&'roups(yahoo(com&'roup&multimachine&

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)ntro*uction

The MultiMachine is a multi purpose machine tool* that a semi-skilled mechanic with justregular hand tools can build using scrap car and truck parts. Electric power is not needed.In Developing ountries! the MultiMachine has the potential "or saving or improving the lives o"

man# thousands o" people. These machines can be used in man# wa#s$In the healthsector b# its use in building water pumps! "ilters! water well drilling rigs andhospital "urnishings.In a'ricultureb# its use in building "arm machiner# and irrigation pumps.In transportationb# its use in building and repairing parts "or vehicles.In communicationsb# its use as as a cell phone charging station.In +illa'e lieb# being a source o" batter# power "or home lighting.In e*ucationb# providing vocational education students with machine tools that the# buildthemselves and then are able to take back to their villages when the# graduate.

It could provide a local sel" supporting in"rastructure that would be available to keep water andirrigation pumps in repair. Man# %&'s go to great e""ort and e(pense to drill water wells andprovide pumps in rural areas o" underdeveloped countries. These pumps o"ten "ail because thereis no person able to repair them. ) small MultiMachine based business could provide a pumprepairman with the means to earn a living in an area where these pumps and wells are used. Thepump repairman could support himsel" b# doing machine shop t#pe jobs like making andsharpening agricultural tools and euipment and resur"acing vehicle "l#wheels! brake drums anddisks.

Machine tools o"ten draw power intermittentl# "rom gas or diesel engines or electric motors. )n#surplus power could run a welding machine built "rom a vehicle alternator and also recharge

batteries that in turn could be used "or home lighting or recharging cell phone batteries.

The combination o" a MultiMachine and a welder can be used to build di""erent t#pes o" metalbending and rolling machines that can be used to manu"acture "uel e""icient cook stoves! pots!pans and similar products.

The MultiMachine also provides a wa# to machine simple +inc and aluminum castings made"rom the metal "ound in old car parts. ,ithout this machining! the castings are o" limited use butsimple machining can turn them into hundreds o" di""erent kinds o" products.

ocational education takes hands on learning. /ew vocational schools in developing countries

have su""icient numbers o" the machine tools that are necessar# "or training students. This is noproblem with student built MultiMachines.

* # machine tool is a poere* mechanical *e+ice, typically use* to a.ricate metalcomponents

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/oo0 aroun* you( #lmost e+ery manuacture* pro*uct that is ma*e o metal is a

com.ination o parts that ha+e .een machine* castin's, scres an* .olts an* sheet, .ar

an* tu.ular metal that has .een el*e*, .ent, rolle* or spun into a nee*e* shape( The

essentialy ree MultiMachine an* the tools it can pro*uce can *o all this(

# 'roup o speciali3e* MultiMachines can *o much more( The MultiMachine can .e easily.uilt in *o3ens o special +ersions that are specially .uilt to *o 4ust a sin'le type o metal

or0in' 4o.( ) these special machines ere 'roupe* to'ether an* *ri+en rom a common

poer source, they coul* .e use* in a orm o De+elopin' orl* mass pro*uction( Most o

these machine +ersions coul* .e .uilt ith 4ust one or to .ro0en +ehicle en'ines, a piece

o pipe, a e eet o steel .ar, a sac0 o cement an* a e easily ma*e 3inc&aluminum

castin's(

) am certain that MultiMachine nes'roup mem.ers ill help a*apt our *esi'ns to the

types an* si3es o material a+aila.le in any community(

"pecial than0s to eor'e en o n'ine Mill ame, :e ;ansen, ran0 Patterson(

#n* a +ery special than0s to my ie, ?larissa, ho put up ith me *urin' theour years this pro4ect too0(


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Ta.le o contents

pa'e

1 ?o+er2 )ntro*uction

@ Ta.le o ?ontents

6 hat the MultiMachine can *o

1 5 construction techniAues secrets

1 !sin' en'ine .loc0s as .uil*in' .loc0s

2 Borin' the .loc0 to it the .earin' outsi*e *iameter

$ The spin*le can .e a piece o pipe the *iameter o the .earin' insi*e *iameter

@ The use o a three .earin' spin*le

5 The en'ine .loc0s are clampe* to'ether ith plate an* 0eystoc0 rather than *o+etails

12 The machine is ma*e o 5 mo*ules that attach to a +ehicle en'ine .loc01 The +ertical sli*e

2 The *ri+e unit

$ Mountin' the machine

@ The o+erarm

5 The spin*le

1$ #.out money, accuracy an* s0ills

15 Tools

17 ?onstruction startsThe spin*le in *etail

22 "tep 1, hat *o you ant your machine to *o

"tep 2, Ceally learn the instructions

"tep $, ettin' the stu to'ether(

2@ "tep @, The machine an* en'ine shops

"tep 5, hen you 'et the .loc0s to your shop

25 "tep 6, The MultiMachine nee*s somethin' to sit on

26 "tep 7, Mo*iyin' the .loc0

29 "tep 8, Mountin' the .loc0

"tep 9, Poerin' the machine

$@ "tep 1, The .i' plate that replaces +ery har* to ma0e *o+etails$8 "tep 11, Mountin' the .i' plate

$9 "tep 12, The +ertical sli*e

@$ "tep 1$, The cross sli*e

@8 "tep 1@, The o+erarm

5 "tep 15, Buil*in' your on Bro0en .it tan'ential cuttin' tools

52 "tep 16, Buil*in' your on lathe chuc0

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5$ "tep 17, ;o to cut threa*s the ay it as *one 9 years a'o, it still or0s to*ay

5@ ;o to .uil* a really.i' MultiMachine

5@ The ratchet *rill

55 To easy to .uil* EtemporaryE lathes

57 The E'iantE MultiMachine(

6 Pipe si3e chart

6$ Morse taper chart

6@ Metric .earin' chart

66 lossary

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The MultiMachine is a metal lathe that can .e .uilt to

machine somethin' as .i' as a manhole co+er

)t can ace an* cut tapers .y simply rotatin'

the cross ee* on the turnta.le(

)t can *rill an* .ore in many *ierent ays

)tFs an en* mill

)tFs a hori3ontal mill that can or0 ell ith really cheap eBay

cutters This resharpene* cutter cost 75 cents

My MultiMachine ma*e a @rpm

sin'le pass-cut o (822 x 1&2 in this

piece o 661 aluminum(

=ther ar.ors can .e easily ma*e

or ly cutters, oo* an* metal sa

.la*es, surace 'rin*in' heels an* san*in' *rums an* *iscs(

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;o can the MultiMachine *o all these thin's

In almost ever# kind o" machining operation! either the work piece or the cutting tool turns. I"enough "le(ibilit# is built into the parts o" a machine tool involved in these "unctions! theresulting machine can do almost ever# kind o" machining operation that will ph#sicall# "it on it.

5ou ma# have heard o" -in-1 machine tools -- basicall# a combination o" lathe! mill and drillpress. The MultiMachine starts there but adds man# other "unctions. It can be a 16- in-1 7or evenmore89 machine tool that is built b# using vehicle engine blocks in a :E&'-like "ashion.

It can be built as a one-engine block machine with a plate andangle iron vertical slide.

'r as a two-block version with an engine-block-based vertical slide.

'r as a two-block-lathe-onl# version. 7;ee the "i(ed lathe bed version below.9

This is a three-block version with a "i(ed!long lathe bed and a rear-mounted verticalslide. &reat i" #ou have limited space8 Thisversion is similar to a


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=Double-sided? MultiMachines 7lathe on one side! all-"unction machine on the other9 are per"ectcandidates "or ariable /reuenc# Drives that make the machine spindles both variable speedand bi-directional. @ictured below is a "our-block version with doubled vertical blocks mountedback to back so it can support a 2A-long spindle B use"ul with a heav# chuck. The machine canalso have a rear vertical slide! and a 2- or 3-block version with a Cridgeport-like head could havean added hori+ontal block with powered spindle added on top.

The most common si+e "or a MultiMachine has 10-to-13 o" table vertical travel and a 0 lathe =swing.? Thhorsepower reuired "or regular lathe-t#pe cutting tools makes them hard to use large work pieces. CT...I" replace the cutting tool with a simple 6 bench grinder or even a homemade toolpost grinder! #ou can macreall# big jobs. 5ou can even resur"ace large clutch and brake parts "or a truck.

C# using the simplest metal casting techniue! a skill that has been around thousands o" #ears!#ou can turn out products using machined aluminum allo#. It then becomes possible to buildthings like pump parts and to cast allo# bushings that could replace e(pensive ball bearings. 'necommon allo#! F)-10! contains about 10G aluminum! with +inc as most o" the remainder. Coth

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aluminum and +inc are materials commonl# used in vehicles! making them easil# available. F)-10 has a tensile strength approaching that o" cast iron and is such a good bearing material that itis used "or bushing-t#pe bearings in steel-rolling mills.

;ee the possibilities

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The MultiMachine is extremely simple - .asically 6 unusual construction techniAues that

e call secrets an* 5 +ery simple mo*ules that .olt to an en'ine .loc0(

Using engine blocks as building blocks is the first MultiMachine secret.;ince c#linder boresare bored parallel to each other and at exactright angles to the c#linder head sur"ace!MultiMachine accurac# begins at the "actor# where the engine block was built.

The second MultiMachine secret!In the most common version o" the MultiMachine! one thathas a roller bearing spindle 7the kind I built9! this precision is maintained during constructionwith simple c#linder re-boring o" the K c#linder to the si+e o" the roller bearing outside diameter7'D9 and re-boring the K1 c#linder to "it the overarm 'D.

The best part is that the c#linder-boring operations will probabl# cost less than 36. )n enginemachine shop provides the most ine(pensive and accurate 7.6663 on a 2 c#linder89 machinework commonl# done an#where and guarantees #ou that the spindle and overarm will be bothaligned and at an e(act right angle to the "ace 7head sur"ace9 o" the main engine block that servesas the base o" the machine.

The third MultiMachine secret! The spindle can be as simple as a piece o" pipe machined to"it the inner diameter o" the bearings.

The fourth secret is the addition of a third bearing to the spindle.The three-bearing spindleis necessar# because the =main? spindle bearings just ="loat? in the c#linder bore so that the thirdbearing is needed to =locate? the spindle! act as a thrust bearing! and support the heav# pulle#.

The fifth MultiMachine secret! The main engine block and the vertical-slide engine block "ittogether with the help o" two 1L0 ( 10 steel plates! along with m# uniue wa# o" clamping theplates together.ItAs easil# built! easil# adjusted! and easil# clamped into position without theworkpiece moving. /ar superior 7I think89 to a homemade attempt at a "our-"oot-long dovetail.

:ong! angled cuts similar to thiscommercial dovetail assembl# on the crossslide shown below would be "ar moredi""icult to build than the MultiMachineAssimple! suare sections that are boltedtogether. hile the MultiMachine +erticalsli*e reAuires only a *rill to .uil*,a lon'*o+etail reAuires a +ery lar'e millin'

machine( # hu'ely important *ierence

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The use o smaller steel .ar stoc0 or an'le iron may .e necessary in some areas here the

G x 12 steel plate may .e har* to in*( Pieces o truc0 rame rail coul* .e use*(

#li'nment o these oun*ation parts is critical, an* su.stitutes or the preerre* steel

plate may .e har*er to a*4ust( DonFt let the *iiculty o ma0in' a sli*in' it *eter you rom

'ettin' starte*( Buil* a ixe*-.e* lathe +ersion irst an* later a** a MultiMachine-type

+ertical sli*e to the rear o the .loc0(

ere is one kind o" substitutethat could work well$ =doubled?"rame walls that are common inbig trucks. The rivets can beground o"" and the two piecesmade into a good sliding "it.

The sixth MultiMachine secret is a *e+ice similar to this that

can .e clampe* to a shat( )t can ha+e capscres that pass

si*eays in or*er to push or pull another *e+ice or can .e

ma*e lar'e enou'h to *o *o3ens o 4o.s .y itsel( More

a.out this later

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@ The o+erarm mo*ule ma# noteven be needed b# some people butothers ma# see it as the heart o" anentire tooling s#stem. Cecause it is

important that the overarm alwa#s sta#in alignment! the #1 cylinder is re-bored to fit your overarm pipe at the

same time the #3 cylinder is re-boredfor the spindle.

5 The spin*le mo*uleis theheart of the machine.%o machine tool can do a proper job withan inaccurate spindle. Because the .earin's actually run in the proessionally .ore* cylin*er.ore o the en'ine .loc0 an* the spin*le is inish-machine* on the MultiMachine itsel,

accuracy is achie+a.le e+en .y a no+ice machinist(7To be treated in much more detail later9

#ccuracy, money, tools an* s0ills

Your machine's accuracy is determined by the care you put into building it. ThereAs no onechecking #our mistakes but #ou. ompounding a "ew barel#-good-enough "its could make #ou

end up with a machine that chatters too much to use. The chattering ma# be so severe that #oucanAt even discover what causes it.

"aety also *epen*s on you. #/#H"use protective guards on #our machine. I canAt stress itenough. )lso...the MultiMachine is taller than it is wide! is ver# heav#! and is prone to "all over8Mine "ell on me once and now I have a new! titanium knee8 I liked the old one better.

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# little extra or0 lets you sa+e a lot o moneyIAm assuming that #ou would like to spend aslittle mone# as possible on this project. I" #ou can a""ord to spend a lot! just search eCa# andraigAs :ist "or some o" those wonder"ul machines le"t behind when ; jobs went to hina.

,hen I built m# MultiMachine! I tried to "ind wa#s to build it that could take almost no mone#and little or no electrical power either "or building or operating it. I wanted a machine that could

be built and run an#where in the world B outdoors! in a shed without power! or in the "inestworkshop. The result is a machine that could be grouped with others like it to make a small"actor#. The machines could be powered b# a single gas or diesel engine running an overheadsha"t that is connected to them b# simple pulle#s and belts.

Hou may ha+e to learn a e ne s0ills to .uil* the machine, .ut these s0ills are also

nee*e* to ma0e .est use o the MultiMachine(

Two important skills covered in man# old machining books are grinding cutting tools to thecorrect shape and clamping work on a lathe "aceplate. These kinds o" subjects are also usuall#covered in just 06 or 6 pages in almost an# o" the older machining books that can be "ound in#our local librar#! In our MultiMachine newsgroup or elsewhere on the web.

The shape o the cuttin' tool is important in ever# lathe! milling and shapingLslotting machineoperation. The tool has the same basic shape "or man# o" these di""erent operations. :earning thebasics o" grinding metal-cutting tools to the proper shape will save #ou lots o" mone#.

;o to clamp or0 to a lathe aceplate is the other basic machining skill needed. There areman# wa#s to do this that are described in older books. 7;ee samples below.9 ;ince three- and"our-jaw chucks were not common "or the "irst H6 or J6 #ears o" wide metal-lathe usage! metalworkers did without them. ;o can #ou i" #ou have to.

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)nci*entally--- The enlarged picture taken "romthe "aceplate 7shown on the right above9 shows awonder"ull# use"ul clamping device. To make it!just weld a short piece o" threaded rod to the side

o" one o" the long! coupling nuts commonl# used toconnect two pieces o" threaded rod. Then add abolt and a nut. It ma# help to grind a slight angleon the coupling nut so that the screw "orces theworkpiece into the "ace plate. ThatAs all it takes8


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Transer scres

Transer punches

Dial in*icator

5ou can weld some o" the machine parts that donAt have to be in per"ect alignment. 5ourel*in' setupcan be as simple as connecting 0 or car batteries in series 7positive on one tonegative on the ne(t9 b# using long jumper cables and keeping the welding job a sa"e wa# "rom

the batteries. are"ull# protect the batteries "rom an# welding spark8 DonFt el* anythin' thatcan ha+e the sli'htest eect on machine ali'nment The astest ay to ruin any machine

tool is to el* it

To thin's to 0eep in min* hen rea*in' this .oo0let% ) am an in+entor an* not a

precision machinist or precision anythin' else or an en'ineer( Ta0e e+erythin' ) say as

my personal experience an* nothin' more(

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"aety a'ain(((Ever# machiner# book or video stresses sa"et#! and well the# should. :i"ting anddrilling accurate holes in the MultiMachineAs big! heav# parts reuires a lot o" thought. T;)I


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spindle bore si+e is ver# important. Modern lathes do not usuall# have long beds and a long bedis especiall# di""icult to have on a conventional MultiMachine since the vertical slide would haveto be deep 7long9 enough to support the bed. ) long bed like this could be di""icult to raiseevenl#. Modern lathes "eed the work through large 7or giant9 spindle bores like one on ourlargest MultiMachine designs. ;trangel# enough the 166 #ear old :indsa# book @ractical MetalTurning talks about just this as the modern wa#8

I would choose one o" the common hevrolet! Oeep or similar straight 4 c#linder engines with a >LH bore. I would use 166 mm 'D bearings and bore the block to that si+e. 7.J>9. /or aspindle I would use a 06 piece o" 0 1L0 ((h# pipe 7a pipe si+e chart is at the end o" the book9that has an 'D o" 0.H>3? and an ID o" 1.>>1. This would allow plent# o" room "or a 0 1L2 Hthread and the shoulder and register that the chuck =centers? on when it is mounted.

;imple so "ar. The reason "or the metric bearing si+e is because the# seem to cost a lot less. Iused 2 1LH 'D Timken bearings in m# 4 c#linder /ord 66 cubic inch pickup block and thecheapest roller bearings I could "ind were >3 ea! I later "ound metric 166mm 061( and 0611bearings "or 00 to 0 7probabl# di""erent ualit#9. These bearings have an ID o" 43mm and33mm respectivel# which is per"ect "or this si+e pipe. It also means that the spindle can bethreaded 7use a dial indicator to center the spindle thread on the bore9 and room le"t "or theregister! shoulder and bearings. The K1 c#linder can be bored to the si+e o" a cleaned uppiece o" 2 'D pipe or tubing that is used "or the overarm.

:ike ever#where! there are trade o""s here! and in this case it is that ( at the end o" the061( bearing number. This is not a heav# dut# bearing even though it is supposedl# rated "orautomotive use. I" we would go to a heavier dut# bearing 706119 with a 33mm or 0.143? IDthen the spindle wall is just .0 thick which seems thin but will probabl# work "ine. %othing iswritten in stone in this project! a clean 166mm c#linder bore gives #ou man# choices in spindlesthat use single or double ball bearings! tapered roller bearings 7like mine9 or cast aluminum allo#bushings. I" #ou spend a nice a"ternoon at #our %)@) dealer! #ou will probabl# be able to "indine(pensive bearings to "it almost an# block within a .>3? to 2.03? range o" bore si+es.

;o what to use i" #ou are totall# broke or stuck a hundred miles "rom nowhere in


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start somewhere I am going to assume #ou chose to use the si+e o" pipe I recommended above7and "ound! which ma# be hard in some places 9. 7pipe chart at end o" this booklet9This picture 7below9 shows the critical spindle =nose? that #ou would thread 0 1L2? H threads perinch to match a chuck backplate.

IJT comes the important part8

:ook care"ull# at the little sectionbetween the thread and the spindleshoulder. It is called the =register?.The register area centers thebackplate on the spindle when thebackplate is screwed on "arenough to hit the spindle shoulder.This is e(tremel# important sinceit means that the spindle can bethreaded on another lathe and stillbe accurate on #ourMultiMachine. )"ter #ou get #ourmachine powered up and thebearings adjusted! take light cutson the register and shouldersur"aces until the chuck backplateis a =wringing? 7gentl# screwing the backplate "orwards and backwards until it works itAs wa#over the register9 "it. The chuck backplate will then be a custom "it on the MultiMachine itsel".The spin*le threa*s *onFt center the chuc0, the re'ister an* shoul*er *o )"ter this care"ul"itting is done! take a cut 7machine the sur"ace9 on the chuck backplate to make sure it is runningtrue be"ore #ou bolt on the chuck. The MultiMachine newsgroup ="iles? section has an e(cellentarticle about mounting chucks.ow long should this shoulder be In this case! at least an inch and a uarter. I" #ou eventuall#want to be able to cut threads! add another inch to this "or a timing gear pulle# that will drive athread "ollower device that is currentl# being developed. Nemember that a 1L0? plate bolts to the"ront o" the block and that #ou will need additional shoulder space "or set screws etc.

)"ter the shoulder comes the space "or the "ront roller bearing.

The big spacer between the bearings takes the place o" the bic#cle hub and must be care"ull#made and and "itted so that the roller bearings are absolutel# parallel. The spindle can be slightl#undercut the same length o" the spacer to make it easier to press the "ront bearing on.

The inner roller bearing should be a slightl# 7polish with emer# cloth9 looser "it on the spindle tomake it easier to to adjust. I" #ou over-tighten this bearing then slightl# back o"" the adjustmentscrews! run the machine and let it =shake? lose a little.

The a*4uster is the really B) MultiMachine secret It is not the usual nut on a threadedspindle. It is a combination o" two common industrial devices. Dave &inger# used the idea on hishori+ontal milling machine arbor and I added the clamp bolts to avoid having to pock mark thespindle with set screw marks. This design is a wonder"ul idea that can be used man# times in

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machine construction and also in building necessar# tooling.This is an earl# adjuster design! a better one would also have clamp bolts like the designs on theright and below. ) hub with twin clamp bolts would be even better.

P

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The in'ery hori3ontal mill ar.or(Iwould replace the three setscrews thatposition the "i(ed collars with just onesetscrew and a clamp bolt 7or bolts9 like thehori+ontal mill cutter.

I" #ou donAt alread# own the &inger#casting and cast machine tool books! bu#them8 ombining the power o" theMultiMachine with skills that #ou learn"rom building the &inger# tools will let #oubuild almost an#thing8

I mentioned the third bearing earlier. It locates the whole spindle assembl#. It serves as a thrustbearing which is necessar# with the roller bearing spindle because these bearings just "loat inthe c#linder bore and it also supports the drive pulle#. This pulley may ei'h 2 to $ poun*san* .e 1E outrom the inner roller .earin' so a**itional support is +ital . Three bearingspindles are unusual because o" possible alignment problems! we will cover our eas# solution tothis a little "arther along. The thrust bearingLbushing can be as simple as a cast sleeve with ashoulder that would bolt to the main bearing pads and two thin versions o" our =adjusters?clamped to the spindle.

Io((( somethin' ) consi*er +ery important( +ery.o*y ill ant to put his on EstampE

on his machine( Thin0 careully .eore you *o it here( The spin*le M!"T .e centere* on

the cylin*er .ore .ecause this lets you ali'n the lathe .e* or cross sli*e ith the .loc0

cylin*er hea* surace( Tryin' to ali'n machine parts .y usin' the short piece o spin*le

that stic0s out rom the main .loc0 is almost impossi.le( Thin0 careully .eore you

chan'e somethin' here( Thin0 ease o re-ali'nment >)C"T The ta.le can 'o up an* *on

16E or more an* the cross ee* may .e a.le to rotate $6 *e'rees .ut all this ill .e aste*

i the ta.le an* cross sli*e has to stay loc0e* in place .ecause they are simply too har* to

re-ali'n

#nother extraneous .ut +ery important thou'ht

The si+e and weight o" the MultiMachine reall# do matter8 In the late 1H66As the vertical slidealone on a similar capacit# hori+ontal milling machine commonl# weighed 666 lbs. In the earl#1J66As incinnati! the great )merican milling machine compan# increased the weight o" theirmachine bases b# over 466G when the# "ound that under heav# cuts the cast iron bases were"le(ing like drum heads. Toda# 0 or hp Cridgeport milling machines weigh over 0266 pounds"or a good reason. 5our MultiMachine ma# weigh onl# a third o" this so alwa#s keep in mind theimportance o" using sheer mass to suppress vibration.. oncrete is #our "riend! when #ou get#our machine to work like it should then "ill the base o" the main block and also the vertical slidewith pol#mer concrete mi(.

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The most important rule or .uil*in' anythin' ) thin098@a# in"inite attention to detail This is an old Mercedes Cen+ racing team slogan. ,ork ascare"ull# as #ou can. ) careless "it will cause chattering 7cutter vibration9 that ma# take monthsto diagnose8 ;everal careless "its will compound the errors. Cecause o" the "le(ibilit# o" theMultiMachine #ou will eventuall# tr# things that are almost impossible8 &ive the machine achance8

"o((( to or0

"tep 1, hat *o you ant your machine to *o

,hat kinds o" machining jobs are likel# to come up in the "uture ;hould it be able to makemodels or oil "ield tools. ;hould it weigh 166 lbs or 136 times that much. The smallest andlargest machines can be built in almost the same wa# and in each case there are interrelatedchoices between things like c#linder si+e! spindle si+e! spindle bore si+e and bearing and chuckt#pe and si+e. Nemember that a vertical slide that is meant to be raised and lowered is not goingto be long enough or wide enough "or some kinds o" jobs 7o" course no lathe is long enough "orsome jobs89. The MultiMachine can make up "or this b# having a huge bore in the spindle "or the

workpiece to pass through. Most modern lathes work this wa# but "ew have a 2.H or larger boresi+e that is eas# to get on a MultiMachine that is based on a DodgeLummins pickup engineblock. Ever# design decision involves trade o""s. ) reall# big spindle and chuck in a relativel#light MultiMachine will onl# work at low spindle speeds. igh speed sawing and grinding willbe almost impossible without care"ul and e(pensive balancing.

"tep 2, Ceally learn the instructions

!nless you ha+e a lot o money to aste, *onFt .e'in construction until you ha+e thou'htout e+ery tiny *etail o ho the parts ill it to'ether( ;a+in' to .uil* a machine tice

ma0es it cost tice as much an* orse than that, may rele'ate it to your uninishe* pro4ect

pile #s ar as ) 0no no machine tool is .uilt usin' en'ine .loc0s li0e /= an* nomachine tool uses a $ .earin' spin*le in this ay( "it .ac0, thin0 e+erythin' throu'h(


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engine blocks is in the junk pile behind engine shops. These usuall# have the big advantage o"being de-greased8

5ou will need a smaller cast iron block "or the vertical slide.,ell! not e(actl# at this stage but #ou will need it when assembl# "irst begins and it is easier tosearch "or it while #ou are searching "or the =big? block. ,hat ever #ou choose! it needs to be as

short and heav# as possible. )n iron 4 will probabl# work "ine or look "or a ver# commonsmall Dodge D36 truck "our c#linder block. IAve used ever#thing "rom a Model ) /ord to aolvo turbo block.

709 2A o" 2 'D round 7i" possible! most is not trul# round9 pipe "or the over arm. Nememberthat the overarm ma# not be needed "or some machines but is critical "or others. )t the ver#least! make the K1 c#linder bore able to be retro-"itted to an available si+e o" pipe without havingto take the entire machine apart to have it re-bored later.

79 ) 06 long piece o" e(tra-e(tra heav# wall 0 1L0 ((hw pipe or a similar si+ed hollow bar touse "or the spindle. The length o" course depends on the si+e o" the engine block that #ou use.Tr# to leave at least three e(tra inches o" spindle outboard o" the pulle#. Di""erent kinds o"tooling like a traveling head boring bar ma# need this space. Tr# not to settle "or less than a 1L2 spindle bore on a short bed lathe that is to be used "or a wide range o" projects.

729 0 roller bearings and a "lange or home cast thrust bearing The roller bearings could bean#where "rom about 0 1LH to 0 R ID 7assuming 0 1L0 ((hw pipe9 and between >LH and 21LH 'D. The "lange bearing 7third spindle bearing9 bore could be a little smaller than the rollerbearing IDs and the pulle# bored slightl# smaller still. Think seriousl# about using those Metric166 mm spindle bearings.

739 ) threaded chuck or back plate to test the spindle thread i" #ou are going to use a threadedspindle.749 ) 1 1L0? slice o" -1L0 steel sha"t or a similar si+ed F)-10 casting that can be bored to "itthe spindle. It will be needed "or the bearing adjuster. &et at least 4 e(tra two inch slices "orhori+ontal mill arbors! boring heads! "l# cutters! thrust bearings etc.

7>9 ) 0 washer "or the "loating part o" the adjuster.

7H9 ) 1 or 0 groove 10 'D pulle# that can be adapted to "it the end o" the spindle.

7J9 )n appro(. 4 long piece o" 1L0 pipe to make into a separator "or the roller bearings.)mportant! length is bore length less the width o" the bearings. This spacer "loats in thec#linder so it should be just a "ew thousandth o" an inch smaller than the bore! use shim stockand :ocktite to make a snug "it because a loose "it can be the source o" strange noises. Endsmust be accuratel# machined or the bearings will slightl# cock and cause great trouble8The spindle can be slightl# undercut in the area underneath this spacer to make it easier to presson the "ront bearing..7169 sed head gaskets "or both blocks. 7an eas# wa# to mark holes but not absolutel# necessar#9

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24/80

Ever# one o" those parts should be on hand when #ou start the "itting process.

"tep @, The machine an* en'ine shops

The en'ine shop .ores an*&or slee+es the .loc0 to it the

.earin' an* o+erarm outsi*e *imensions(;imple enough! but i""or some reason this boring is not possible and the c#linder boresare not badl# worn then simple sleeve t#pe bearing adapters couldbe made. Nemember there is the potential o" a loss in accurac#with each bearing adapter #ou use so be ver# care"ul here. Thespindle is the heart o" the machine and is not a good place to make shortcuts. I" #ou do have touse bearing adapters! all #ou ma# reall# need is the ver# top and bottom end o" the o" thec#linder to be true and unworn.

"tep 5, hen you 'et the .loc0s to your shop

It is important to "ind out how the# "it together. M+n# combinations o" blocks will work but nowis the time to "ind out e(actl# how. The blocks should be care"ull# tested to see how the# "ittogether. :a# the big block on itAs back. :a# on a piece o" the steel bar than #ou plan to use or anidenticall# si+ed piece o" pl#wood and then la# the small block "ace down on top o" the mainblock. heck "or clearance "or the clamps that hold the blocks together. Tr# to get at the ver#least 0 clearance on each side. To help get this clearance! protrusions ma# have to be ground o""and either the plate or the small block that is used "or the vertical slide ma# have to be o""set toone side.

"tep 6, The MultiMachine nee*s somethin' to sit on

oncrete is alwa#s best! two steel tables or "rames that would isolate the power unit "rom theMultiMachine would be almost as good but mine had to roll around so I chose to modi"# a storebought engine stand. It has worked ver# well even though it tends to rock back and "orth under aheav# cut. 'ne inch jack screws on each corner would be a good idea. Oust burn holes in eachcorner o" the stand! weld on nuts and use bolts or allthread to slightl# raise and level each corner.

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25/80

The complete* en'ine stan*

It bolts to the engine main bearing padsinstead o" the end bell.

The vertical post should be cut at the pointwhere it connects to the hori+ontal "rame andre-welded so that it will be in a trul# verticalposition.

The post has had diagonal braces added. 1?pipe would be best here.

the "ront brace must stick out no more than thenormal height o" the block or it will inter"ere with the big plate that bolts to the "ront o" theblock.

ItAs had a crane added.

DonFt mount your crane li0e this

The 1 1L2 pipe base o" the 1 cranepipe should reall# be mounted as lowas possible on the suare tube that thewheels are attached to. The bottomcrane support should allo the .aseo the crane to rest on he loor. Themount should also stick out at least 11L0 more than is shown in thispicture..

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26/80

Drill at the circle* position, el* on a $&8 nut or a clamp

.olt so that the crane onFt sin' un*er loa*(

I" #ou have to work in a spot with a low ceiling! the top support

should be removable. I "ound out this when the crane was in thewa# o" something I was tr#ing to do. I tried to use the crane to holdup the block! power unit and vertical slide plate. Cig mistake8 thecrane tried to swing the load behind the engine stand! knocked methrough a big window.

)dd 1? jack screws at each corner or take the wheels o"" and back it up against a wall i" #ou aregoing to tr# something with the slightest risk8

The original mounting plate was notched with a grinderand lined up per"ectl# with the main bearing bolt holes.

"tep 7, Mo*iyin' the .loc0

Coring the block to "it the overarm and the spindle was the "irst step in block modi"ications.&rinding e(traneous bits o"" is ne(t.

/irst! one important point! grinding cast iron is not a clean process! tr# to do it outside i" possible.)lso! be ver# care"ul with sa"et# here! I had iron particles bounce o"" m# "ace and get under botha "ace shield and sa"et# glasses and then ended up in m# e#es. ave lots o" "iltered water ore#ewash easil# available. I have used uarts o" =e#e wash? that was just "iltered water "rom m#re"rigerator on this project

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27/80

&rind awa# an#thing that is going to getin the wa# o" the overarm and the spindlesince the# need to pass all the wa#through the block. %o grinder se asmaller chisel to to make small notchesalong a line that marks what #ou want to

remove and then use a bigger chisel tochip awa# the e(cess up to that line.I have alread# mentioned the di""erentkinds o" bearings that can be used in thec#linder bore! There are lots o" choices"or thrust bearing also. The blockmodi"ications are about the same "orwhatever bearing #ou choose. Ce certainto check "or clearance so that the spin*leassem.ly can .e inserte* rom the rear. )lso check"or clearance around the main bearing bolt holes so that the thrust bearing can be bolted to themain bearing pads.

) round "lange t#pe bearing that can "it into the mainbearing pads works with spindles up to about 1 13L14? indiameter. In the ;)! ;urplus enter o"ten has these "orabout 06. "pecial note(((()mport lan'e .earin's seemto .e o +ery une+en Auality( ) ori'inally use* a

/in0Belt lan'e .earin' on the ront en* o the

spin*le as shon in some o the pictures .ut Auit

hen the next one ) .ou'ht as too loose to use( )

you .uy one or the pulley en* o the spin*le, .e sure

to chec0 it out .eore you install it( Premium !"#

ma*e lan'e .earin's may .e ar too expensi+e to use(

This was what was cut awa# "or the round:inkbelt bearing.

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28/80

5ou can easil# see that a reall# large pipe spindlethrust bearing is just not going to "it on the mainbearing pads even with some kind o" adapter.Incidentall# the one shown here should have theends marked with tape cut o"". 'ne alternativewould be to not mount the bearing on the main

bearing pad at all but instead use a large adapterplate that would mount on the "lange that the oilpan normall# attaches to. Cigger bolts wouldprobabl# be needed and there ma# not be room"or them however. The best 7and b# "ar cheapest89wa# would be to cast a simple bearingLbushingout o" F)-10.The cast bushing could be a simple bushing with a "lange that would bolt to the main bearingpads. 5ou could use two o" our clamp t#pe collars 7adjusters9 on the spindle. Cron+e rings shouldbe used between the F)-10 parts but there is probabl# no rush "or this i" #ou are care"ul to keepever# thing well oiled.

To important points a.out this thrust .ushin'.Ce"ore the thrust bearing is installed! install thepulle# and run the spindle with ver# little belt tension"or a "ew hours as #ou adjust the bearing adjuster. :etever#thing wear in until the spindle turns "reel# and#et has no measurable pla# shown on a dial indicator./it the bushing then and mark the "lange bolt holeswith trans"er screws. Drill the "lange bolt holes withno clearance "or the mounting bolts and bolt the"lange up evenl#. This will insure that all threebearings are in alignment.

0H


29/80

)s the support plate that ) put .eteen

the .loc0 an* the en'ine stan* mount

really necessary

@robabl# not i" the big "ront plate goes to

the top o" the block.

These were the onl# block modi"ications I needed "orthe support plate. I onl# had to grind o"" about onesi(teenth inch o"" the edge o" the main bearing pads.:ook care"ull# at the main bearing bolt holes and #ouwill see the trans"er screws I used here.

'ne more thing! the engine stand motor mount adapterwasnAt meant to bolt to main bearing pads so grind o""an#thing that gets in the wa#8

Iecessary chan'es to the ront o the .loc0

5ou "ound out what was needed when #ou "irst "itted the blockstogether. %ow is the time to get an# grinding done. In m# case itactuall# took ver# little.

0J


30/80

"tep 8, Mountin' the .loc0

The crane is great "or li"ting heav# tools and workpieces!picking up the block like this was simple.

"tep 9, Poerin' the machineI" a steel or concrete table is to be used "or MultiMachine!make certain that it is wide enough to have a two "oot spaceo"" to one side to use "or the drive unit. I" possible give thedrive itAs own table since that is a good wa# to suppressvibration. I" the drive is to be attached to the side o" the blockthen it is easier to build it while the engine block is turned on

its side. Ce care"ul here because the heav# swinging electricmotor is ver# hard to handle. The motor and its mount can bedangerous.

I" #ou plan to use the machine onl# as a hori+ontal mill used "or milling iron or steel then a single36 to 166 rpm speed range is needed but ma# take si( 0 grove pulle#s. I" #ou want a ver# use"ul!simple general purpose lathe! end mill and drill then a single 236 rpm speed is a good choice. Ihave "ound that this speed also works well on aluminum with a three or "our inch hori+ontal

milling cutter. se three inch and twelve inch two grove pulle#s to get this speed. &ri++l# toolshas some ver# nice cast iron pulle#s that will work here. ,h# two groove Three groove pulle#swith matched belts would be even better but are much more e(pensive and also are also hard to"ind. &etting a 166Q lb. spindle up to speed with a 0Q hp motor causes a lot o" nois# belt slippingwith just a single belt.I" #ou tr# to use cheap +inc hardware store pulle#s #ou ma# "ind that the# soon "l# apart8 /ormore reduction! "it in a small truck transmission that has an e(tra low "irst gear. The best but66 answer is a /D 7variable "reuenc# drive9 hp motor and a 0 speed 72 pulle#9 beltarrangement. This could give #ou a high range o" 66 to 666 rpm and a low range o" 36 to 366rpm. The MultiMachine idea is to do ever#thing as cheapl# as possible so this goes against thegrain a little but i" #ou have mone# to spend! this is a good place "or it to go. )"ter thinking about

all this! the single 236rpm speed ma# sound better and better8

# arnin' a.out .elt *ri+es an* aluminum pulleys(/or man# #ears I worked on largeindustrial belt drives that used iron pulle#s and never noticed a "riction problem. owever! justslightl# increasing belt tension with the multiple aluminum pulle#s will make m# machine bogcompletel# down to a stop. This is another reason to start with a single 236rpm speed.

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31/80

)gain... onl# mount the power unit onthe MultiMachine i" the machine needsto be movable. ibration makesmachining a smooth sur"ace di""icult.) mechanicall# isolated motor andspeed reducer is the best wa# to reduce

vibration.

There are almost unlimited wa#s topower the machine but no matter how#ou plan to power #our machine! #ouwill probabl# need a mounting platelike this one that I made "rom scrap. Itis securel# bolted to the side o" the block. Make it as long and wide as possible and use 1L2 platei" possible. I used L14 and it tended to "le( under load.

'n the plate I used! the bottom holes were marked with trans"er screws and the top holes were=guestimated? because I did not have the right si+e trans"er screws. Cig mistake8 Do it right the"irst time8 I" the tapped hole is not level with the others then use a short piece o" allthread! a nuthal" screwed on and then the trans"er screw screwed into the rest o" the nut. nless #ou are ver#e(perienced at such things donAt tr# to estimate the hole location.

I welded on 0 pieces o" bed rail to use to mount the motor and pulle#s. is was a bad choice.There is too much "le(ibilit# in the kind o" steel used "or bed rails. I should have used heavierangle iron rails mounted "arther apart.are"ull# la# ever#thing out "irst. DonAt "orget that belts can be changed b# unbolting rails andpillow blocks so mount the angle iron rails close to the plate edges. )n# twisting o" the mountswill cause belt slippage when the motor brings the heav# chuck up to speed. ) 0! or 3 hp motoraccelerating a 26 lb chuck "rom a dead stop is going to put serious "orce on the pulle#s andmounts.

The notch on the bottom right o" the plate isthere "or clearance "or the clamp bolts on thevertical slide.

ere the plate is shown bolted to the side o" theblock.

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32/80

)n earlier picture showed the whole "inishedmotor mount made with slotted bed rails.;lotted bed rail pieces can work well work wellonl# i" the# are welded to heav# angle iron. Thispipe handle was added "or more than ease o"speed changing! it reall# cut down on twisting

o" the assembl# under load.#ll the pulley.rac0ets shoul* ha+ethese pipe han*les orthis reason DonAt "orget that the motorelectrical connection bo( can get in the wa# i"plent# o" room is not le"t "or it.

)gain! it would be best i" the pulle#s were mounted inboard the mounting rails i" possible.Ce sure to la# ever#thing out "irst so #ou can be sure the motor and pulle# assemblies all "itproperl#. ,ork care"ull# here and #ou will get a uiet! power"ul machine that is less likel# tochatter.

The intermediate pulle# bracket.

This is what I call the "inal drive bracket. Itshould be made out o" one "oot long heav#angle iron and as wide as possible. )dd apipe handle at the top to make it more rigidand easier to adjust. I rein"orced this oneseveral times and it still twisted.

ere is the "inal drive adjuster. @rett# crude but like I said be"ore! I am an inventor not a

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33/80

cra"tsman. Cest use two o" these! one on each side rail. I" #ou separate the power unit "rom theblock #ou will probabl# mount the assembl# on itAs back and #ou wonAt have gravit# to keep thebelts tight and #ou will de"initel# need 0 adjusters on the motor and two each on the pulle#brackets also.

More top pulle# pictures


34/80

The back o" the machine. Incidentall#the second motor is used to drive thespindle at a single 666 rpm speed. Itis cheaper and more e""icient to do itthis wa# than tr#ing to use multiplepulle#s get a 166 to 666 rpm speed

range. ,hen this speed is needed "ora grinder or chop saw! the spindlepulle# is replaced with a smaller onethat is slightl# larger than the motorpulle#.

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35/80

"tep 1, The .i' plate

I" #ou have alread# bored the block and "inished thespindle there is reall# just one big job le"t 7assumingthat #ou bu# a cross slide9! measuring! cutting anddrilling the plates that bolt to the engine block head

sur"aces.

) 1L0? ( 10? plate is obviousl# is what I used but it isnot "or ever#bod#. It was the easiest wa# "or me butsuch a steel si+e ma# not even be available or a""ordablein man# parts o" the world

,hat else could #ou use

ow about two parallel pieces o" bar stock. Twonominall# si( inch wide piecesshouldbe about twelve

inches wide. The e(act width is not as important ashaving the outside edges absolutel# parallel. se ametal scraper or "ile to adjust i" necessar#

)ngle iron could also be made to work. Two pieces o"large angle iron would be needed "or each engine block. ;ince we use both the inner and outersides o" the angle iron! the iron ma# have to be the lighter grade that has parallel instead o"tapered sides.

/our pieces o" vehicle "rame rail will o"ten be the =Developing ,orld? solution.

'ne o" the best wa#s came "rom Oe"" ansen o" the 5ahoo MultiMachine newsgroup. Thedoubled "rame pieces 7shown earlier9 "rom a big truck. ut them apart and lap them together7with sand9 "or a good sliding "it

C# now #ou have probabl# reali+ed that I canAt tell #ou how long this plate should be because IdonAt know how long #our block will be since #ou can use an engine block "rom a Mercur#outboard! a big industrial engine or an#thing in between.

The "irst thing to do is to li"t the block into place and to measure how high #ou want the plate togo up on the block. Mine onl# went hal" wa# up because I was a"raid o" warping the plate b#burning a hole in it "or the spindle. M# "ears were groundless because later burning e(perimentsdid not warp the plate at all. I" I did it again I would e(tend the plate to the ver# top o" the blockand burn holes "or the the spindle and the overarm.,h# so long The more mounting bolts the better. 5our MultiMachine ma# be used "or man#di""erent kinds o" work in the "uture. 5ou ma# install a slotterLshaper in the K0 c#linder. 5ouma# even add an additional hori+ontal block to the top o" #our machine "or a vertical=Cridgeport? like spindle.

3


36/80

5ou ma# also use the K1 c#linder "or the spindle i" #ou donAt need #our machine to be ahori+ontal mill that would normall# use this c#linder "or the overarm. eCa# makes hori+ontalmills e(tremel# use"ul because o" the cutters o"ten being available at J3G discount. Even i" #oudonAt have access to cheap cutters! a homemade "l# cutter is much easier to make than ahomemade end mill.

I" the block is mounted on a concretepedestal! the plate could even go down intoa pit and then the top o" the vertical slidecould be as low as "loor level.

This photograph shows how I did it on m#engine stand version. I used a piece o" 1L0( 10? "or the baseplate and "ound that it wasuse"ul "or suppressing vibration.

) close "it here will also suppressvibration. 5ou also should use a heavierthickness o" angle iron than I did. ,hen indoubt about which metal thickness to use! alwa#s select the heaviest plate or angle that ispractical.

ountersink the holes and use "lathead cap screws in the angle iron.Negular he( head bolts alwa#sseem to get in the wa# here.

4


37/80

The base plate was attached to the enginestand using a simple clamp like this.

)mportant points to remem.er a.out the .i' plate

/lat head >L14 screws and "lat head metric screws are o"ten hard to "ind. In the ;)!McMaster-arr has them in small lots.

/or a totall# poor bo# wa# to attach the plate! mark the holes ver# care"ull# and drill to the e(actsi+e o" cheap bolts! counter sink the holes #ou drilled in the plate! saw the studs o"" a little longand peen 7hammer9 the e(cess into the counter sinks. ) heating torch would help here but it isnot vital i" #ou work care"ull# and use lo Auality soter .olts instea* o hi'h stren'th hea*.olts(

DonFt use the en* o a plate that has .een sheare* choppe* o at the steel mill( "hearin'

is 'oin' to *istort the en* so that it ill .e *iicult to use or our purposes(

ot rolled plate is o"ten not trul# "lat. This causes no problem with the MultiMachine. Theimportant thing to remember is that the outer edges and not the center o" the two plates makecontact. I" there is just center contact the table will be able to rock sidewa#s when making aheav# cut. This will cause the machine to chatter. /ace the plates so that the edges touch andmake these contact areas as smooth as possible. ) good wa# to do this is to care"ull# degreasethe plate and then use a "lap t#pe sanding disc on it. This will probabl# work well enough so thatlapping the plates together wonAt be necessar#.

To mark the holes in the plate! put a trans"er screw in the top head bolt stud hole #ouAre going touse and also in the bottom one. Measure e(actl# the distance between the top o" the trans"erscrew point and the bottom trans"er screw point. ,hat I actuall# did was to la# a thin)luminum bar across the top and bottom trans"er screws and lightl# tapped to mark thepositions. I drilled through these marks with a ver# small bit to mark the top and bottom holepositions.

I located the top hole position on the big plate and center punched it then dragged 7picturebelow9 that measurement down to about where the bottom hole would be.. I scribed a line andthen used the aluminum bar with the tin# holes in it to mark the position o" the second hole.heck ever#thing again and center punch and drill a shallow 1LH hole. The eas# wa# to markthe remaining holes is to use a head gasket and a trans"er punch. I" #ou donAt have a head gasket

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38/80

or want a more accurate method! then with the block on itsback turn the plate over so that the punched and drilled holes"ace the block and slide the center punched and drilled holesover "irst two trans"er screw points. 'ne reason "or drilling thecenter punch marks is that #ou have to "eel the =clicks? whenthe trans"er screws ="all? into the marked and drilled holes.


39/80

"tep 11, Mountin' the .i' plate

Mounting the plate to the "ace o" the big block is simplebut reuires great care. Turn the block so that it is in itsnormal vertical position and line up the holes care"ull#!donAt cross thread8

DonFt *rop on oot5our plate could weigh over 106lbs.

I" #ou use a short plate or need additional rein"orcementthen put a long coupling nut on the center screws! attachpieces o" all thread and add the rein"orcing plate on themain bearing pads at the rear o" the block.

"tep 12, The +ertical sli*e

se almost an# short and heav# engine block as the core o" the vertical slide.

Mark and drill the 1L0? ( 10? plate the same wa# as the plate "or the large block. I used an oldhead gasket to mark the holes. #'ain(((remem.er that many tappe* holes or the clampmechanism nee*e* to .e a**e* to .oth plates( Thin0 ahea*

The irst +ertical sli*e clamp

This clamp actuall# worked well whenI used a worn hacksaw blade as a =gib?.

J


40/80

/ater ) replace* that clamp ith this one so that the contact suraces ere only ma*e ith

smoother an* more accurate pieces o three Auarter an* one inch col* rolle* 0ey stoc0(

The *rain's on the next to pa'es sho the current

clamp mechanism( By properly a*4ustin' the top an*

.ottom $&@ clamp .olts puttin' a little more pressure on

the .ottom clamp .olt than on the top an* a**in' a little

pressure ith the 4ac0, the +ertical sli*e can .e raise* in

increments o (1 .y li'ht taps an* the ta.le *oes not

mo+e hen the clamp .olts are ti'htene*

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41/80

21


42/80

20


43/80

"tep 1$, The +ertical sli*e turnta.le an* cross sli*e

Bi''er is .etter so try or a to oot sAuare ta.le.

The removable machine table top can be a wonder"ul tool itsel". nlike a store bought tool! #oucan 7with good conscience89 drill and mount holding "i(tures and adapters "or the cross "eed

table. ,hen it looks like a swiss cheese! just call it versatile.

,hen #ou mount the top plate to the vertical slide block #ou probabl# need to use both trans"erpunches and trans"er screws to properl# mark all o" the holes.

Be sure that there is a $&@E hole in the center o the plate that ill let you turn a

commercial cross sli*e $6 *e'rees( ) =Nomig? bed and cross slide will probabl# be too longto turn. Drill at least two more holes "or alternate slide positions. I chose one that was even withthe "irst hole and 4 toward the le"t as #ou "ace the machine and also one closer to the chuck sothat the tool post would be close to the center o" the cross slide "or heav# cuts. DonAt "orgetclearance room "or the nuts. Ce certain that a cutting tool can cut "rom the center o" the spindle to

the edge o" the largest "aceplate that #ou are going touse.

This is the smallest o" the common commerciall#available cross slide tables. >6 in the ; but mightbe man# times that much in other countries

I" #ou use a =store bought? cross slide thenmount it on a turntable. The turntable canserve as a lathe compound. I" #ou make theturntable 11.24 inches in diameter then a4 length o" 1L2 tape measure will give#ou 46 degree graduations at one and auarter degrees each8 Be sure to chec0 orclearance or .ottom cross ee* 0no.(

Hou may ha+e to a** a spacer or

clearance(

2


44/80

Buil*in' your on cross sli*e

The ori'inal Comi' turret lathe cross sli*e a.o+e( =ur +ersion .elo clamps the

carria'e *on ith a ei'ht alon' ith scree* to'ether pieces o 0ey stoc0 hile thismuch earlier *esi'n use* pieces o an'le iron( hat you shoul* *o *epen*s on the tools an*

material that you ha+e a+aila.le( There is nothin' ron' ith mixin' an* matchin' i*eas

22


45/80

# MultiMachine exclusi+e # tin .e* +ersion o the 195Fs Comi' Popular Mechanics

turret lathe .e*( =ur *esi'n spans 12 years, startin' ith a ei'hte* carria'e *esi'n

rom 1825 ( )t can .e .uilt anyhere cement an* steel .ar stoc0 is a+aila.le( The

components coul* e+en .e cut rom +ehicle rames( )t can .e .uilt as a sin'le .e* +ersion

ei'hin' 25 l.s or a *ual .e* +ersion ei'hin' @ times that much

23


46/80

This as ta0en rom the Popular Mechanics ma'a3ine article%

=The construction o" the bed is somewhat o" a novelt#! although it has been thoroughl# tried outb# the writer in this and other machines! and "ound to be ver# satis"actor#. This method o"making the bed eliminates the hardest work o" making a small lathe! as it does awa# with the bed

casting and the necessar# machining. ) piece o" S b# 2-in. cold-rolled steel! 6 in. long! is used"or the shears. This is "irst drilled and tapped "or a number o" L14-in. stove bolts! o" var#inglengths! which are used to anchor the shears to the cement! also drilled and countersunk "or theleg screws and "or the S-in. headstock bolts. It is ne(t care"ull# straightened and scraped to atrue sur"ace on top and sides! testing the width throughout with a micrometer! and using a kni"e-edge straightedge on the sur"aces these must be as true and straight as it is possible to makethem! as upon their truth depends the accurac# o" the lathe. ,hen trued! all sur"aces shouldeither be "rosted or polished.The shear anchor bolts should now be screwed home! the pipes! leg and rear leadscrew-bearingbolts placed in position! and a wooden "orm made to "it closel# around shears and legs! in whichto pour the cement. The cement used is a mi(ture o" one part @ortland cement to three partsclean! sharp sand! mi(ed with just enough water to enable a hand"ul o" the mi(ture to be pickedup and suee+ed and to leave the impression o" the "ingers in it. This cement is tamped down"irml# in the "orm! poking it around the screws and into the corners with an ice pick! or somesimilar tool. ,hen the concrete has set thoroughl#! the boards are removed and the cementthoroughl# wetted twice a da# "or about a week this will temper the cement! and is a ver#important part o" the work. The resulting bed is as strong as an#one could wish. Nein"orcing rodsma# be laid down in the cement! as it is being placed! or wires twisted throughout the bolts!adding "urther to the strength o" the bed.

The main member o" the carriage is made o" cold-rolled steel! S b# 3 b# 3 U in. in si+e!machined as shown in the carriage-detail drawing. ) piece o" U b# 0-in. cold-rolled steel! > in.long! is "astened to the top o" the main member b# L14-in. screws on this piece the cross slideruns. The cross slide is also made o" steel! machined as shown! and is "itted with a turret toolpost. The cross slide is held to its wa#s b# means o" angle pieces! as shown in the "ront view o"the carriage.? Hour machine ill use *ierent *imensions .ut this is a 'oo* explanation ocement an* steel construction(

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"tep 1@, The o+erarmThese LH? clamp bolts are ridiculous! I kept "orgetting toorder nice ones "rom E%'.

Top view o" a set o" clamps made "rom an old piece o" one inch ke#stock.

This "irst =tailstock? was made "rom an old pieceo" service station jack that had a >LH? "langebearing added. /or alignment purposes! it wasstep drilled with bits held in the lathe chuck. It hasworked ver# well "or the last three #ears.

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This photo is o" an old Drummond round bedlathe tail stock. I" it were turned up side down! itwould be a great design "or a MultiMachine. Itwas kept in alignment with a =? shaped ke# onthe bottom o" the round bed.

?astin' one li0e this out o K#-12 oul* .e

'reat(

) you .uil* a Comi' type .e* then a** a

con+entional lathe type tailstoc0 to it( )t coul*

.e similar to this .ut oul* nee* a lat .ottom

that oul* match the Comi' .e*(

# 'reat le+er tailstoc0 that as *esi'ne* to spee* up pro*uction in 2(

The next e pa'es co+er three tools&techniAues that ill complete

your MultiMachine(

1 # .ro0en .it cuttin' tool system that can sa+e hun*re*s o *ollars in tool expense(

+en thou'h the inclu*e* pictures sho only roun* .its, the .its can .e 'roun* into

con+entional cuttin' tool shapes(

2 #n accurate homema*e lathe chuc0(

$ # +ery ol* .ut accurate ay o cuttin' threa*s( The MultiMachine Hahoo nes'roup

ill ha+e plans or a ?I? lea* scre hen one .ecomes a+aila.le(

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"tep 15, Buil*in' your on Bro0en .it tan'ential cuttin' tools) lathe is not ver# use"ul without cutting tools. This ver# old idea is great because mosttoolbo(es contain the essential ingredient! broken or worn out drill bits8 This t#pe o" tool worksespeciall# well with a MultiMachine since the vertical slide can be raised and lowered to adjust

tool height. This makes the adjusters and o""set ends that are shown in the ne(t picturesunnecessar#.

This is "rom a1J03 =@opularMechanicsA book.

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# mo*erni3e* *esi'n .y :e ;ansen

# partially complete* chuc0 ma*e rom an ol* en'ine lyheel

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"tep 16, Buil*in' your on lathe chuc0

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"tep 17, ;o to cut threa*s 9 years a'o

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;o ho to .uil* a really .i' MultiMachine or e+en a ree metal or0in

actory .y usin' 4ust common han* tools an* +ehicle parts

/irst though we to have some kind o" a metal lathe to build a reall# cheap MultiMachine.

)nd be"ore that! we need some kind o" a drill so lets start "rom the ver# beginning! assuming thebuilder has no mone#! no electricit# and no power drill.

=ur re-*isco+ery o the ratchet *rill may .e the

the most important part o the MultiMachine pro4ect(

It began with the reuest "rom an engineering pro"essorin


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ole t#pe drills ma# reuire a ver# small amounto" welding 7total bead length is less than 2?9 but thiscan be done using a simple temporar# welder thatcan be made b# connecting two or three vehicle

batteries in series 7negative on one batter# topositive on the ne(t9. The drill spindle assembl# canalso be made well in advance and the chuck justscrewed on to complete construction.

C# mi(ing and matching the ideas above #ou haveman# wa#s to drill the holes needed "or a=temporar#? lathe and as I said earlier such a lathe will allow #ou to build almost an#thing. ,h#the =temporar#? name "or a machine that would be use"ul "or #ears I had to call it something at"irst and this name just =stuck?

'nce #ou have the drill the ne(t step is to build the temporar# lathe.

The reason we need the temporar# lathe is "orthe machining o" bushings! spacers! adapters!pulle#s. These machined parts that can easil#be made "rom +inc and aluminum allo# lets thebuilder save most o" the mone# that would beneeded to build a regular MultiMachine. Theseeasil# cast and machined parts make a muchlarger machine uite eas# and ine(pensive7almost "ree89 to build. ) roller bearing with a3.3ID could cost thousands o" dollars whileone made "rom homemade allo#s could costalmost nothing.

) reall# simple =temporar#? lathe! use a hub "roma "ront wheel drive car. The cutting tool can be as simple as a large allen wrench 7good steel9ground to the proper shape and attached to a long handle. Clacksmiths used this techniue oniron and steel "or man# #ears and using it on +incLaluminum allo# will be much easier. This isanother ver# good reason to learn the basics o" tool grinding.

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) conventional cross slide will be even easier to work with. I" #ou need too! build a Nomigt#pe bed and cross slide! or "or a "aster and easier job! bu# a cross slide table "rom E%' "or 4Jto 16. I" #ou alread# have a drill press cross "eed vise! perhaps #ou could lap 7use an abrasive

paste to gentl# grind together9 the parts together to get a smoother and tighter "it. It ma# not berigid enough "or machining steel but it ma# work well on aluminum allo#. I" things go wrong!just remelt the aluminum and do it again8

;o to .uil* a hea+ier *uty temporary lathe

719 Disassemble a junked engine that came "rom a manual shi"t car or truck! remove pistons androds but leave the crank and "l#wheel in place. heck the main bearing clearances and add shimsto "i( an# e(cess pla#. Nemember not to block the oil holes that #ou need to drill in the mainbearing caps. :ubricate with oil through these holes or drill or tap "or grease "ittings. Drill andtap holes in "l#wheel "or old time "aceplate clamps 7page 119. I" #ou later get a or 2 jawchuck! then machine the mating grooves in the "l#wheelL"aceplate and just bolt it on. I" the onl#engines blocks #ou can "ind have thin automatic transmission t#pe "l#wheels! #ou ma# still beable to machine aluminum or drill holes in steel. Oust work gentl# on the aluminum and make anadapter "or a drill chuck that will bolt to the end o" the cranksha"t. Ce on the lookout "or a regular"l#wheel and replace the automatic transmission "l#wheel i" #ou want to use the machine "orheavier work .

709 ut one or two 7depending on "rame width9 2A to >A long straight pieces o" truck "rame 7or apiece o" eight inch wide channel iron9 and use the head gasket as a hole guide so that the railpiecesLchannel iron can be bolted to the head sur"ace.79 Turn block with the bolted on "rame pieces upside down so that at least two "eet o"protruding "rame section can be used as a lathe bed.

729 Colt on the Nomig steel and cement bed or what ever #ou use "or a cross slide! so that top isabout 0 or inches below the center o" the "l#wheel. The bed should be o""set and located asclose to the le"t edge o" the "l#wheel as possible. Ce"ore #ou permanentl# attach the cross slide!mount a lathe tool holder and be sure the cutting tool can cut "rom the center o" the "l#wheel tothe outer edge.

739 Nunning the lathe with a simple motor and cranksha"t mounted pulle# arrangement ma#result in too high a spindle 7cranksha"t9 speed. 'ne wa# to slow the spindle down is b# using thebuilt in reduction o" the ring and pinion gears. &ut and cut the starter motor "rame 7shown below9to convert to "lat belt drive and use a timing belt pulle# on the motor end. Make a set o"aluminum allo# pulle#s to get other speeds once the lathe is running.

749 se "rame parts or angle iron and threaded rod to build an electric motor! bic#cle drive orsmall gasoline engine motor mount. DonAt "orget that the drive pulle#s have to line up so that thebolts that hold the starter together donAt inter"ere with the "lat belt. The belt could be a cut to si+eand glued together serpentine or timing belt.

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7>9 The tool holder can be a simple steel or aluminum cubewith a boring bar hole in one side and a suare notch cut inthe other. I" #ou have studied cutting tool shapes! #ouprobabl# think o" plent# o" cutting tool holders that #ou canbuild with just a hacksaw and "ile.

The .i' ree MultiMachineThe non-roller bearing "ree machine ma# bemuch larger than the MultiMachine that has justbeen described. It will probabl# use removablec#linders 7picture on right9 that will eliminatethe need "or machining in the engine and regularmachine shops. These c#linders 7wet sleeves9are usuall# "ound in large truck! industrial andmilitar# engines.

These c#linders can have aluminum allo# linerscast into them and then machined to the rightsi+e with the temporar# lathe. ;ounds like a bigjob ;ure! but #ou can make a machine canhave the capacit# o" a machine tool that wouldcost over a hundred thousand dollars in the ;) and several times that elsewhere.

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719 se a +incLaluminum allo# as close to F)-10 as possible or as a second choice! aluminum"rom an overhead cam c#linder head that does not use separate cam bushings. The assumptionhere is that the engine manu"acturer has chosen a good aluminum bearing material "or the head.eat the c#linder head in a charcoal "ire until it is near the melting point and use a big hammer tobreak it into small pieces. ast the metal into round sections that can be used "or spindlebushings! a thrust bushing and whatever pulle#s are necessar# "or a big MultiMachine.

xcept or the steel spin*le, simple castin's

replace each o these parts

)mportant Try to in* a lar'e piece o scrap iron or steel to use or the chuc0 .ac0plate(

Many in*ustrial machines use iron castin's that loo0 somethin' li0e this( )t oul* not .e

*iicult to el* up somethin' li0e this .ut it may .e *iicult to machine to si3e i

machina.le el*in' ro*s are not use*(

>in* one that can .e .ore* to it the spin*le an* still ha+e room to *rill to cross .olt holes

in the hu. to use or clamp .olts( Cemem.er the lycutter picturea.o+e !se clamp .olts

li0e these in a lon' hu.(

The spin*le .ushin's shoul* .e as lon' as possi.le( They may ha+e to .e cast an* machine*in to separate sections( This ill ma0e the machinin' 4o. much easier .ut coul* ma0e

spin*le lu.rication more *iicult i oil has to pass throu'h one spin*le .ushin' to 'et to the

next one( # solution to this pro.lem oul* .e to ha+e separate oil lines or each .ushin'

section(

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Most oil lea0a'e coul* .e stoppe* .y a steel an* leather seal itte* to the outer en*s o the

.ushin's( # hole coul* .e *rille* in the metal part o the homema*e seal an* a piece o

copper tu.in' oil line sol*ere* in so that it coul* pass throu'h the seal an* line up ith the

.ushin' oil 'roo+e(

709 &et the pieces o" pipe "or the overarm and spindle. /or a low cost spindle! tr# a piece o"heav# drive sha"t tubing. ;ince this and most other pipe is not trul# round! tr# to get a light cuttaken o"" 7machined on a lathe9 whatever pieces o" pipe that #ou are going to use. I" #ou donAthave an# wa# to smooth the pipes! remember that the word =lathe? came "rom =lath?! a thinspring# piece o" wood used long ago as a wa# to make a workpiece turn. Oust mount the pipebetween two wooden supports 7trees9! attach a rope to a spring or spring# overhead limb! wrapthe rope around the pipe a "ew times and tie the end to some kind o" a "oot petal and =pump?awa#. @olish the pipe with emer# cloth as it spins back and "orth8 @rimitive ;ure! but some o"the "inest woodwork was once done this wa#.

The rest o" the machine could be a much scaled up up version o" a regular MultiMachine.

# inal or*( !sin' accurately ma*e en'ine .loc0s as .uil*in' .loc0s an* also .orin' the

cylin*ers to it the spin*le .earin's an* the o+erarm means that the core o the machine is

accurate( The .usiness en* o the spin*le is machine* in place so that it is also accurate(

The cross sli*e can .e *one ron' .ut since it is a .olt on mo*ule, it can .e a*4uste* or

e+en replace*

Pipe si3e, metric .earin' an* Morse Taper speciications

7In the ;! tr# the bearing books at %)@)9

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3/4"Return to Chart options

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$&@ 1(5 5 (65 (68 (92

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2 1&2 2(875 (78 2($$ 2(7

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Morse taper speciications

MorseTaper

Taper Gauge Line Diameter Minor

DiameterTaper

LengthAngle

0 19.212:1 0.351! "9.0#5mm$ 0.252! 2.00! 1%29&2'!

1 20.0#':1 0.#'50! "12.05mm$ 0.39! 2.12! 1%25!

2 20.020:1 0.'00! "1'.'(0mm$ 0.5'2! 2.52! 1%25&50!

3 19.922:1 0.93(! "23.(25mm$ 0.''(! 3.1((! 1%2&1!

# 19.25#:1 1.231! "31.2'mm$ 1.020! #.0#! 1%29&15!5 19.002:1 1.'#(! "##.399mm$ 1.#'5! 5.1((! 1%20&2!

19.1(0:1 2.#9#! "3.3#(mm$ 2.11! '.252! 1%29&3!

' 19.231:1 3.2'0! "(3.05(mm$ 2.'50! 10.00! 1%29&25!

42


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Metric .earin' speciications

MTC)? "C)"

)earing *o. + D ) C T rmin r1min

606 1> 26 10 11 1.03 1.6 6.

6062 06 2> 12 10 13.03 1.6 6.

6063 03 30 13 1 14.03 1.6 6.

6064 6 40 14 12 1>.03 1.6 6.

606> 3 >0 1> 13 1H.03 1.3 6.4

606H 26 H6 1H 14 1J.03 1.3 6.4

606J 23 H3 1J 14 06.>3 1.3 6.4

6016 36 J6 06 1> 01.>3 1.3 6.4

6011 33 166 01 1H 00.>3 1.3 6.4

6010 46 116 00 1J 0.>3 1.3 6.4

660 13 20 1 11 12.03 1.6 6.

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66/80

66 1> 2> 12 10 13.03 1.6 6.

662 06 30 13 1 14.03 1.3 6.4

663 03 40 1> 13 1H.03 1.3 6.4

664 6 >0 1J 14 06.>3 1.3 6.4

66> 3 H6 01 1H 00.>3 1.3 6.4

66H 26 J6 0 06 03.03 1.3 6.4

66J 23 166 03 00 0>.03 1.3 6.4

616 36 116 0> 0 0J.03 0.6 6.4

0062 06 2> 1J.03 1.6 6.

0063 03 30 1H 13 1J.03 1.6 6.

0064 6 40 06 1> 01.03 1.6 6.

006> 3 >0 0 1J 02.03 1.3 6.4

006H 26 H6 0 1J 02.>3 1.3 6.4

006J 23 H3 0 1J 02.>3 1.3 6.4

06 1> 2> 1J 14 06.03 1.6 6.

062 06 30 01 1H 00.03 1.3 6.4

063 03 40 02 06 03.03 1.3 6.4

064 6 >0 0> 0 0H.>3 1.3 6.406> 3 H6 1 03 0.>3 1.3 6.4

06H 26 J6 0> 3.03 1.3 6.4

06J 23 166 4 6 H.03 1.3 6.4

016 36 116 26 20.03 0.6 6.4

0662V 06 20 13 10 13 1.6 6.

0663V 03 2> 13 11.3 13 1.6 6.

0664V 6 33 14 12 1> 1.6 6.

066>V 3 40 1> 13 1H 1.6 6.

066HV 26 4H 1H 14 1J 1.6 6.

066JV 23 >3 1J 14 06 1.6 6.

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67/80

0616V 36 H6 1J 14 06 1.6 6.

0611V 33 J6 00 1J 0 1.3 6.4

0610V 46 J4 00 1J 0 1.3 6.4

061V 43 166 00 1J 0 1.3 6.4

lossaryabrasive wheels -

,heels o" a hard abrasive! such as arborundum used "or grinding.

adapter -

) tool holding device "or "itting together various t#pes or si+es o" cutting tools or other parts to make them interchanon di""erent machines.

allo# -

) metal "ormed b# a mi(ture o" two or more di""erent metals.

angle iron -

)n iron or steel structural member that has been cast! rolled! or bent 7"olded9 so that its cross section is :-shaped.

angle plate -

) precision holding "i(ture made o" cast iron. steel! or granite. The two principal "aces are at right angles and ma# be"or holding the work or clamping to a table.

annealing -

The controlled heating and cooling o" a metal to remove stresses and to make it so"ter and easier to work with.

arbor -

) sha"t or spindle "or holding cutting tools most usuall# on a milling machine.

assembl# -

) unit o" "itted parts that make up a mechanism or machine! such as the headstock assemble o" a lathe.

backlash -

The lost motion or looseness 7pla#9 between the "aces o" meshing gears or threads.

bar stock -

Metal bars o" various lengths! made in "lat! he(agon! octagon! round! and suare shapes "rom which parts are machin

bearing -

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Nollers! and balls placed between moving parts to reduce "riction and wear.

bed -

'ne o" the principal parts o" a machine tool! having accuratel# machined wa#s or bearing sur"aces "or supporting analigning other parts o" the machine.

bevel -

)n# sur"ace that is not at right angles to another sur"ace. )lso! the name given a tool used "or measuring! la#ing out!checking the accurac# o" work machined at an angle or bevel.

bit! tool 7cutter9 -

) hardened steel bar or plate that is shaped according to the operation to be per"ormed and the material to be machin

bore -

To enlarge and "inish the sur"ace o" a c#lindrical hole b# the action o" a rotating boring bar 7cutting tool9 or b# the acstationar# tool pressed 7"ed9 against the sur"ace as the part is rotated.

boring bar 7cu""er bar9 -) combination tool holder and shank.

boring tool -

) cutting tool in which the tool bitA. the boring bar and! in some cases! the tool holder are incorporated in one solid p

broach -

) long! tapered cutting tool with serrationAs which! when "orced through a hole or across a sur"ace! cuts a desired shasi+e.

bron+e -

) non"errous allo# consisting essentiall# o" copper and tin.

carbide tool bits -

:athe cutting tools to which carbide tip inserts have been bra+ed! to provide cutting action on harder materials than tspeed cutters are capable o".

carriage -

) principal part o" a lathe that carries the cutting tool and consists o" the saddle! compound rest. and apron.

case hardening -

) heat treating process! basicall# carboni+ing. that makes the sur"ace la#er or case o" steel substantiall# harder than tinterior or core.

castigated nut 7castle nut9 -

) nut with grooves cut entirel# across the top "ace.

casting -

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) part made b# pouring molten metal into a mold.

center! dead -

) center that does not rotate commonl# "ound on the tailstock o" a lathe. )lso! an We(pression "or the e(act center oobject.

center drill -

) combined countersink and drill used to prepare work "or mounting centers.

center! live -

) center that revolves with the work. &enerall#. this is the headstock center however! the ball bearing t#pe tailstockis also called a live center.

center punch -

) pointed hand tool made o" hardened steel and shaped somewhat like a pencil.

cham"er -

The bevel or angular sur"ace cut on the edge or a corner o" a machined part.

chasing threads -

utting threads in a lathe or screw machine.

chatter -

The vibrations caused between the work and the cutting tool which leave distinctive tool marks on the "inished sur"aare objectionable.

chip breaker -

) small groove ground back o" the cutting edge on the top o" a cutting tool to keep the chips short.

chipping -

The process o" cutting metal with a cold chisel and hammer.

chisel -

)n# one o" a variet# o" small hand cutting tools! generall# wedge-shaped.

chuck -

) device on a machine tool to hold the workpiece or a cutting tool.

chuck! independent jaw -

) chuck! each o" whose jaws 7usuall# "our9 is adjusted with a screw action independentl# o" the other jaws.

chuck! universal 7sel"-centering chuck! concentric chuck9 -

) chuck whose jaws are so arranged that the# are all moved together at the same rate b# a special wrench.

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clearance -

The distance or angle b# which one objector sur"ace clears another.

climb milling -

) method o" milling in which the work table moves in the same direction as the direction o" rotation o" the milling c;ometimes called down cutting or down milling.

cold-rolled steel -

;teel that has been rolled to accurate si+e and smooth "inish when made. In contrast! hot-rolled steel ma# have a rougsur"ace and slag inclusion.

collet -

) precision work holding chuck which centers "inished round stock automaticall# when tightened. ;peciali+ed collealso a-! available in shapes "or other than round stock.

compound 7rest9 -

The part o" a lathe set on the carriage that carries the tool post and holder. It is designed to swing in an# direction an

provide "eed "or turning short angles or tapers.

coolant -

) common term given to the numerous cutting "luids or compounds used with cutting tools to increase the tool li"e aimprove sur"ace "inish on the material.

counterbore -

To enlarge the top part o" a hole to a speci"ic si+e! as "or the head o" a socket-head or cap screw. )lso! the tool that is

countersink -

To enlarge the top part o" a hole at an angle "or a "lat-head screw. )lso! the tool that is used.

cross "eed -

The "eed that operates across the a(is o" the workpiece or at right angles to the main or principal "eed on a machine.

cutting "luid -

) liuid used to cool and lubricate the cutting to improve the work sur"ace "inish.

cutting speed -

The sur"ace speed o" the workpiece in a lathe or a rotating cutter! commonl# e(pressed in "eet per minute 7/@M9 andconverted to revolutions per minute 7N@M9 "or proper setting on the machine.

cutting tool -

) hardened piece o" metal 7tool steel9 that is machined and ground so that it has the shape and cutting edges approprthe operation "or which it is to be used.

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How to Build a Multi Machine 1