*HemispheresSections of the earth

when divided in half.

*Northern & Southern

Hemispheres by the Equator

*Eastern & Western

Hemispheres by the Prime Meridian

& 180 degrees longitude

DID YOU KNOW????

The Northern & Eastern Hemispheres have the most land?

*LATITUDE

Imaginary lines that measure distance north and south of the Equator.

***Beginning at 0 degrees (Equator) and reaching up to 90degree (N. or S. Pole)

Also known as Parallels!

Mr. Barbey Says:

Remember . . Latitude is Flatitude!!

DUDE!!!

*LONGITUDE

Imaginary lines that run from each pole and divide the earth so it can be measured East & West!

**Measuring the Earth East & West begins at the Prime Meridian and continues half way around the globe to 180degrees East & west.

Kind of Like Orange Slices

MAP SCALE

Compares distance on a map to what the distance would be in the real world.

Examples: (All same size)

World Map : 1 inch = 500 miles

US Map: 1 inch = 150miles

State Map: 1 inch = 50miles

City Map: 1 inch = 5 miles

Neighborhood Map: 1 inch = ½ mile

*EQUATOR

The Imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North Pole and South Pole

-Creates the Northern & Southern Hemispheres

-0 Degrees Latitude

*PRIME MERIDIAN

Line of Longitude that is the beginning point

for measuring Longitude East &

West

*0 Degrees Longitude

Actual Prime Meridian Line in Greenwich, England

Mr. Moffat Reminds you:

The Prime Meridian and 180 degrees E & W divide the earth into the Eastern & Western Hemispheres

CULTURE

A Way of Life.

Common values and traditions of a society

FOOD

LAWS

TRADITION

FAMILY

Identity

The transfer of plants, animals & DISEASE from Europe to the Americas, and the Americas to Europe, due to exploration and colonization

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE*

A Royal document by a European king granting people the right to start a colony

CHARTER*King James of England(see the name) granted

Virginia its charter

The 1st permanent English settlement in the New World. Became the colony of Virginia. Settled to find GOLD, but survived by growing tobacco.

JAMESTOWN* 1607

Pocahontas helped save the English, married John Rolfe, and moved to England where she died of disease

Founded by the Pilgrims in 1620 to escape religious discrimination in England. Became the Massachusetts Colony.

PLYMOUTH COLONY* 1620

PLYMOUTH ROCK

50%

Number of settlers who died the 1st

winter

1st government document written in the New World. Written by the pilgrims on the Mayflower, it established laws, leadership and order for the colony

*

Crops (tobacco, cotton, indigo) that are grown by the farmer for sale and export, rather than for the use of his family or the local community.

*

Laws passed in the colonies to control slaves.

"All servants imported and brought into the Country...who were not Christians in their native Country...shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion...shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resist his master...correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction...the master shall be free of all punishment...as if such accident never happened."

*

The BRUTAL trip endured by African slaves between Africa and the American colonies.

MIDDLE PASSAGE*

The slaves were branded with hot irons and restrained with shackles. Their "living quarters" was often a deck within the ship that had less than five feet of headroom -- and throughout a large portion of the deck, sleeping shelves cut this limited amount of headroom in half

10-20%DIED

The plan to make money for Europe, by buying RAW MATERIALS from the colonies, making them into something in factories, and selling it back to the colonies at a profit

MERCANTILISM*

Colonies cut trees & sell it

to Europe

Europe makes

lumber into

furniture & sells

it back to Colonies

And makes $$$

Parliament*English law making branch

of government. Passed laws that upset the

colonist because they could not join.

House of Commons: Elected House of Lords: Born Into

PLUS

No Colonist ALLOWED!!!

Stamp Act*Tax on all Printed material

in the colonies. Passed by the British Parliament without colonial approval.

Upset both Rich and Poor colonist:Rich: needed official papers and

legal documentsPoor: Playing cards and newspapers

Boston Massacre* Protest by

Colonist in Boston that turned ugly and resulted in British troops shooting and killing several colonist

John Adams (became our 2nd President) defended the British in court

Colonist claim Murder!!

Psst . . Don’t tell . .but the colonist started it!!

• Battle took place near Saratoga, New York in October of 1777. British General John Burgoyne was forced to surrender his forces

• Turning point of the Revolutionary War, American victory convinced France the Americans could actually win, France now officially supported the Americans

First ever government of the United States; gave almost all power to individual states, was replaced by the Constitution

Document, written by Thomas Jefferson, that listed the Colonists’ reasons for and desire to declare Independence. Formally approved by the 2nd Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776

“The law of the land,” a set of basic principles that determines the powers and duties of our government

I am YOUR

FATHER

Fun Fact: James Madison is considered the “father” of the constitution

On December 7th, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify, or approve, the Constitution

Fun Fact: Bicameral literally means: TWO HOUSES

Composed of two legislative houses: for the United States the houses are the House of Representatives and the Senate

Aspect of government where each branch was given power over the other branches. Created to prevent one branch from having too much power

Legislative Branch

Branch of government that MAKES the laws, consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

Executive BranchBranch of government that ENFORCES the laws; consists of the President and various cabinet officials

Judicial Branch

Branch of government that REVIEWS the laws; consists of the Supreme Court.

Bill of RightsFirst 10 Amendments to the Constitution; protect basic human rights.

Democracy

Type of government where people VOTE for their leaders and have a direct say (have CHOICES).

1st President of the United States, also was the head of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War

Court case in that in 1789 establishedthe Supreme Court’s power to declare acts

of Congress unconstitutional

Unconstitutional!

Monroe Doctrine

Document, issued by President Monroe, that warned Europe to stay out of North and South America or risk war

Thomas Jefferson

Main author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd President of the United States

Louisiana PurchaseLand purchased by President Jefferson from Napoleon of France in 1803, nearly doubled the size of the United States

Belief shared by many Americans in the mid 1800’s that the United States was “destined” to expand across the Continent to the Pacific Ocean

**

John O’Sullivan- It’s America’s Manifest Destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us.”

*John Quincy Adams- “It’s inevitable . . . as that the Mississippi flows to the sea.”

An 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee Indians from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory: This forced march led to the deaths of

almost one fourth of all Cherokee people.

* *

President Andrew Jackson sent in 7,000 troops to force the Natives to march

A treaty that ended the Mexican-American War and gave the United States much of Mexico’s

northern territory (New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah).

**

**2,000 mile trail stretching from the Great Plains (Missouri) to Oregon Territory. At the snake River in Idaho, those bound for California took the Southern Route, which went across Nevada and over the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range

Sarah Winnemucca* A Paiute Indian, who fought for Native

American rights throughout her life. She also opened numerous schools for Native Americans in Nevada.

Statue of Sarah Winnemucca in CapitolBuilding in Wash. DC

Did You Know:Sarah gave over 400 speeches around the

country about Native Rights

Mormon Station* First permanent white

settlement in Nevada, Mormon Station was a stop for settlers traveling on the California Trail and is located in present day Genoa at the base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains

I can make some $$ selling goods to

emigrants!!

John Reese took 10 wagons of goods to sell from Salt Lake

Boom & Bust Cycle

Term used to describe the cycle of mining towns: a quick boom when gold or silver is found (BOOMTOWNS) leading to a large population, followed by an economic downturn when the Gold & Silver run out, and the population collapses (Ghost Towns)

Rhyolite, Nevada

1998

Rhyolite, Nevada 1908

Virginia City Example

Population in 1867 = 30,00 Population Today = 1,000

COMSTOCK LODE Large SILVER strike discovered on Gold Hill near

what became Virginia City in 1859. Led to the Rush to Washo that brought thousands to Virginia City and made it the 2nd largest city west of the Mississippi.

I Found the SilverAnd they named it after me!

Henry Comstock

Comstock took credit for finding whaat two men (McLaughlin and O’Riley) actually found

Period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid 1700’s.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

Workers in a

Factory

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD*

Secret escape routes from slave states to the North and freedom in Canada. A network of people, transportation routes and safe hiding places to help slaves escape.

Harriet Tubman known as the ‘Conductor’ helped over 300 slaves escape and at one time had a $40,000 reward offered for her capture

Missouri Compromise

Law passed in 1820 that balanced slave and free states equally and then split the Louisiana Territory to make the Northern Half free (except Missouri) and the Southern half open to slavery

Enslaved African who filed suit for his freedom stating that his time living in Illinois (a free state) made him a free man; the Supreme Court ruled against him in a 1857 ruling known as the Dred Scott Decision, which upheld slavery and found the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This decision fueled anger throughout the North prior to the Civil War.

Blacks are not and can not be U.S.

citizens. They are PROPERTY and have

no right to be in the court asking for

rights!!

Missouri Compromise violates the 5th

amendment, which protects property. “A slave owner can take

his PROPERTY wherever he wants to.”

JUSTICE TANEY

Dred Scott

Elected as president in 1860 from the state of Illinois. Led the nation through the Civil War and signed the Emancipation Proclamation freeing the slaves.

Assassinated in 1865 by a pro-Southern actor named John Wilkes Boothe

Grew-up on the frontier absolutely poor and to a father who could not read or write.

ABRAHAM

LINCOLN*

Secession

To formally withdraw from the Union (Hint, South Carolina was the first

Turning point of the Civil War, Union victory on July, 3rd 1863 turned the tide of the war to the Union Forces

President Lincoln’s order to free the Confederate Slaves; became effective January 1st, 1863

The Emancipation Proclamation was worded carefully: only those slaves in states that were in OPEN REBELLION against the United States were freed. Why was this the case????