Name:__________________________Period:_____ EXAM Date:_______________

SPRING FINAL EXAM REVIEW-ANSWER KEY

1. Label the Equator, Prime Meridian, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle. Draw a compass rose.

2. Lines of latitude run __east____ to ___west___ and measure distance __north___ and __south___ of the equator.

3. Lines of longitude run __north___ to _south___ and measure distance ___east__ and ___west____ of the prime meridian.

4. What are the 6 Map Elements?

Trying = TitleDark = Date Coffee = CompassKeeps = KeyLoLa = Longitude & LatitudeSane = Scale

Prime Meridian

5. What is the difference between absolute and relative location?

Absolute location- is exact, uses longitude & latitude

Relative location- location in relation to something else (my house is next to the golf course)

6. What is the difference between formal, functional, and perceptual regions? Give an example for each.

Formal- A region with clearly defined and observable borders; i.e. Texas, India

Functional- A region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it. (Serves a purpose); Austin Metro

Perceptual- A region based on ideas, opinions, or biases and cannot be clearly defined; i.e. region with the most SPURS fans live

7. What are map projections and are they accurate?

two -dimensional, or flat, representations of the earth's surface;

no, they are distorted so some places look bigger than they are; Greenland looks big compared to Africa

8. Define the following.

El Nino- Takes place when the Pacific Ocean’s temperature off the coast of South America is higher than normal.

Monsoons- A seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing winds, causes wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics

Tornadoes- A violently rotating column of air that stretches from a cloud to the earth's surface; can be caused by thunderstorms and hurricanes

Tsunamis- Unusually large sea waves caused by earthquakes or other underwater disturbances.

9. What is erosion?

The movement of weathered materials

10.Explain Plate Tectonics.

In the theory of plate tectonics, the earth's crust is broken into plates that move around relative to each other.

As a result of this movement, three types of plate boundaries are formed:divergent (plates pull apart forming rift valleys), convergent (plates collide forming mountains & volcanoes), and transform boundaries (plates slide past each other causing earthquakes).

11.Describe the following sources of power.

Nuclear - A form of energy produced by an atomic reaction; inexpensive, clean energy, not a fossil fuel but can be dangerous

Hydroelectric- Electricity generated by moving water; inexpensive once dam is built, clean, needs to be by a water source, most places dams already built not much room for growth

Solar power- power venerated by sunlight; expensive, clean, limited to sunny states

Coal- inexpensive, bad for the environment

Gas/oil- inexpensive, nonrenewable resource (can run out eventually)

12.Define the following.

Cultural Assimilation- is the process by which a person's or group's culture come to resemble those of another group

Cultural Divergence - The refusal of one culture to assimilate into another.

Cultural Diffusion - The spread of culture from one place to another over time

Cultural Convergence - The mixing of cultures

13.What was the Neolithic Revolution?

The transition from nomadic hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural communities beginning in 10,000 BCE. This is when we began growing crops and domesticating animals.

14.What is a social hierarchy and how did it apply to the indigenous people in Latin America?

Very rigid social structure; they were the lowest class

15. How were Native Americans affected by the Columbian Exchange?

Europeans brought diseases that the Natives were not immune to; most died

16.Describe how Latin America and Africa were affected by colonialism.

Much of their languages and religions can be traced back to the Europeans during colonization and imperialism

17.What is imperialism, the Berlin Conference and how did they affect the continent of Africa after WWII?

system by which a country sets up colonies in order to secure raw materials and new markets

It was the meeting of the European powers to divide up Africa regardless of the needs or interests of the peoples living there

Even when African countries became independent boundaries were based on the ones artificially created by the Europeans

18.What was the Industrial Revolution? What was its impact on the world’s population?

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

The population exploded.

19.What labor source did factory owners prefer to hire? Why?

Women and children, because they were cheaper

20.Define the following terms.

Immigration - the action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country

push factors - A factor that encourages people to leave their old residence

pull factors - A factor that encourages people to move to a new location

21.Complete the chart.

Population Pyramids

Type of Pyramid

(tree, Box, Cup)

Level of Development

Less Developed Country More developed country More developed country

Growth Rapid growth slow growth negative growth

Examples (Countries)

NigeriaAngola Norway

USA

JapanGermany

22.What are some things we use to measure development? For more-developed countries?

HDI (income, education, literacy rate, life expectancy), Fertility rates, infant mortality rates, gross national product, population growth

Fertility rates, infant mortality rates and population growth decrease, the others increase

23.Where (continent) does most of the world’s population live? Asia

24.What is sustainable development? What are some barriers?

A form of development that satisfies the needs of the current generation without using all available resources so that future generations will be able to meet their own needs.

few natural resources, poor infrastructure, war

25.What is the best way to help a country reduce its growth rate?

Offer women education and employment opportunities

26.What is the current trend in population growth worldwide?

It is declining in more-developed countries, rapidly increasing in less-developed countries

27.What is demographic transition?

The change of going from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates that a country takes when going from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy

28.What are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary economic activities?

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary/ Quinary

DEFI

NIT

ION Produces raw

materials/ natural

resources & basic goods

Manufactures finished goods

Provides services

Collection, processing &

manipulation of information

EXAM

PLES

Agriculture, Logging

Automobiles, Construction

Retail sales, Healthcare

Education, Research

29.What is the difference between subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture?

Subsistence- grow enough to live on and support family

Commercial- farmers grow large amounts to sell for profits/cash

30.Define the following and give an example of each.

Nation- A large group of people that share a common culture and history. (map of Native American tribes)

State- A territory considered as a political entity under one government. (Brazil)

City-state- A self-governing political unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands. (Vatican City)

Stateless Nation- A nation that does not have a territory to legally occupy and rule

themselves. (the Kurds)

31.What is Balkinization?

The fragmentation of a region into smaller political units

32.Define of Arab Spring. Who protested, how and why?

Series of protests across the Arab world beginning in December of 2010;

Younger generation;

used technology/social media to organize

protest corrupt/oppressive governments (many political parties were outlawed), restrictions of personal liberties

33.What is a Monotheistic Religion? Give Examples.

Religions that believe in one God;

Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism

34.Compare: Three Major Monotheistic ReligionsJudaism Christianity Islam

• Few (smallest of the 3)

• Abraham-father of religion

• Jerusalem is a Holy place

• Began in the SW Asia

• Today most still live in Israel

• Believe in Heaven

• Jesus & Muhammad are not Prophets

• Largest of the 3

• Abraham-father of religion

• Jerusalem is a Holy place

• Began in the SW Asia

• Today most live in Europe and the Americas

• Believe in Heaven

• Jesus is a Prophet but Muhammad is not

• 2nd largest of the 3

• Abraham-father of religion

• Jerusalem is a Holy place

• Began in SW Asia

• Today most still live in the Middle East

• Believe in Heaven

• Jesus & Muhammad are Prophets

• Saudi Arabia/Mecca is a Holy place

35.Describe Sikhism.

Monotheistic religion that began in India; living honestly and caring for others; align life with will of God and become a "saint soldier," fighting for good

36.Describe when and how was Israel created? Explain the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

After WWII; land was taken from the Palestinians (by European Powers) and given to the Jews

Israelis- mainly Jewish, speak both English and HebrewPalestinians- mainly Islamic, speak Hebrew

Over the years, there have been a series of wars. Israeli wants more land. Palestinians want a state of their own. Both peoples have historical, cultural and religious ties to the disputed land.

Over the years the Palestinian land has decreased drastically. The Palestinian refugees live in the Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Surrounding countries

37. What is the EU? How has it promoted economic cooperation among European countries? It reflects what trend?

A supranational organization of several European Countries; reducing trade barriers; integration in the world

38.What is OPEC? What are the goals of OPEC? Why is Saudi Arabia important

A permanent intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries;

Saudi Arabia has large amount of oil