Hasbi Sjamsir Communicative Competence

8/7/2019 Hasbi Sjamsir Communicative Competence

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hasbi SJAMSIR (evaluator)

COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE

GROUP 3:

Edy Widodo

Nurul Hidayanti

Sugiati

Eka Susanty

Nurlaeli

Valentina



About this Chapter

1. Communicative competentence

2. Language Functions

3. Discourse Analysis4. Pragmatics

5. Style and Register

6. Non Verbal Communication





In 1970s : research on communicative

competence distinguish between linguisticand communicative competence (hymes

1967;Paulstone 1974)

Linguistic: knowledge about language formsCommunicative: knowledge that enables a

person to communicative functionally and

interactively.



The functional aspects of

communication

1. Grammatical competence;knowledge of lexicalitems and of rules of morphology, syntax,sentence-grammar semantics, and phonology.

2. Discourse;everything from simple spoken

conversation to lengthy written text(articles,books, and the like)

3. Sociolinguistic competence; knowledge of thesociolinguistic rules of language and of discourse(understanding social context, in whichlanguage used, the roles of participants theinformation share, the function of interaction)

4. Strategic competence; the verbal and nonverbalcommunication strategies or the way wemanipulate language in order to meetcommunicative goals;ex: sales person)



Language Functions

Definition :

The purposes that one accomplishes

with language.- Stating

- Requesting

- Responding- Greeting, etc



Michael Halliday (1973) outlined 7

different functions of language

1. The instrumental function: It brings about particular condition/certain events to happen.

Example:

µThis court finds you guilty¶

µDon¶t touch the stove¶

2. The regulatory function : It is the control of events.

Example:

µUpon good behavior, you will be eligible for parolein ten months¶



The continue«

3. The representational function : It is the use of language to make statements, convey facts andknowledge, explain or report (to represent realityas one sees it)

Example :µThe sun is hot¶

µThe president gave a speech last night¶

4. The interactional function : it is the use to establish

social contact and to keep channel of communication open.

Slang, jokes, politeness, formality expectation



5 The personal function : it is used to

express feelings, emotions.µI am tired of your complaints¶

6 The heuristic function : it is used to

acquire knowledge (in the form of questions)

µWhy shall we study sociolinguistics?¶

7T

he imaginative function : It is used tocreate imaginary systems or ideas

fairly tales, writing



Language functions in the syllabusTo fulfill the communicative competence for social

purposes functions (The interactional functions)

Such as:

Agreeing/disagreeing

Greeting

Complaining

IntroducingMaking appointment

Making invitation

Making offer

Making prediction

Expressing likes/dislike

Expressing Preferences

Apologizing

Thanking

Expressing sympathy

Asking permission

Making request

Making suggestion

Etc«



DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

The analysis of the relationship

between forms and functions of

language .



Consider the following dialogs

1. A : Got the time ?

B : Ten fifteen

2. Waiter : More coffee ?Customer : I¶m okay

3. Parent : Dinner !

Child : Just a minute !



CONVERSATION ANALYSIS

Conversation are cooperative ventures

(Hatch and Long 1980)

1. What the rules that govern our

Conversation ?

2. How do we get someone¶s attention ?

3. How do we initiate the topics ? Terminate

topic ? avoid the topic ?4. How does a person interrupt, correct or

seek clarification ?



H.P. Grice (1967) once noted that certain

conversational ³maxims´ enable thespeaker to nominate and maintain a topic

of conversation :

1.Quantity

2. Quality

3. Relevance

4. Manner



PRAGMATICS

To fully understand the meaning of asentence, we must understand the

context.

Pragmatics concerns with how people uselanguage within a context and why they

use language in particular ways.

Pragmatics is important in conveying andinterpreting meaning.



Consider the following conversation

(Phone rings, a ten-year-old child picks up the phone)

Stefanie : Hello

Voice : Hi, Stef, is your Mom there?

Stefanie : Just a minute. (cups the phone, and yell)

Mom! Phone!

Mom : (from upstairs) I¶m in the tub!

Stefanie : (returning to the phone) She can¶t talk now.

Wanna leave a message?

Voice : Oh, (pause) I¶ll call back later. Bye

Here, Pragmatic considerations allowed all three

participants to interpret the conversation.



LANGUAGE AND GENDER

one of the major pragmatics factor

affecting CC is the effect of one¶s

sex on both production & receptionof language.



Tannen 1990, 1996; Holmes

1989,1991;Nilsen 1997; Lakoff 1975

MALES

Less confidence in what theysay

To interrupt more and use

stronger expletives

Value in conversationalinteraction (sport,politics,jokes,cars)

Competitive

FEMALES

Expresses moreuncertainty

EX. Rising intonation, tag

questionMore polite forms

Feeling, child-rearing,personal problems

Cooperative & Facilitativeconversationalist (Holmes1991:210)



STYLE AND REGISTER

- Style is not a social or regional dialect, but avariety of language used for a specificpurpose.

- Styles vary considerably within a singlelanguage user¶s idiolect.

- Style are manifested by both verbal andnonverbal features.

- Differences in style can be conveyed in body

language, gestures, eye contact and all verydifficult aspects of language for the learner toacquire.



Martin Joos¶s common

classifications of speech styles

in levels of formality:1. An oratorical style, it¶s used in publicspeaking, wording is carefully planned inadvance, in intonation is some

exaggerated, and numerous rhetoricaldevices are appropiate.

2. A deliberate style, it¶s used inaddressing audience, usually audiencestoo large to permit effective ininterchange between speaker andhearers.



3. A consultative styles. It¶s a formal dialog

form that words are chosen with some

care.

4. Casual conversation are between

friends or colleagues or member of family.

The words not be guarded and socialbarriers are moderately low.

5. An intimate style. It¶s one characterized

by complete absence of social inhibitions



Written Discourse Style.

- Most writing is addressed to readers

who can not respond immediately.

- It¶s long stretches of discourse:books, essay, even letter are read

from beginning to end before the

reader give their responses.

- Written style is more deliberate



Register

It¶s another factor in stylistic variation.

It are commonly identified by certainphonological variants, vocabulary, idioms

and other expressions that are associatedwith different occupational or socioeconomic groups.

It¶s enable to people to identify with a

particular group and to maintain solidarity.It¶s associated with social class distinction.



NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Nonverbal communication (NVC) the process of communication through sending and receiving wordlessmessages. i.e., language is not the only source of communication, there are other means also.

NVC can be communicated through gestures, by bodylanguage or posture, by facial expression and eye contact.

NVC can be communicated through object communicationsuch as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, andsymbols .

NVC is ³silent language´ (Edward Hall, 1959).



Kinesics or body language : was first used (in 1952) by Ray

Birdwhistell, an anthropologist who wished to study how people

communicate through posture, gesture, stance, and movement.

Eye contact : can indicate interest, attention, and involvement.

Studies have found that people use their eyes to indicate their

interest and with more than the frequently recognized actions of

winking and slight movement of the eyebrows. Eye contact is an

event when two people look at each other's eyes at the same time. Itis a form of nonverbal communication and has a large influence on

social behavior.

Proxemics : is the study of how people use and perceive the

physical space around them. The space between the sender and thereceiver of a message influences the way the message is

interpreted.



Artifacts: an important aspects of communication through nonverbal

messages of clothing and ornamentation.

Kinesthetics or Haptics : is the study of touching as nonverbal

communication. Touches that can be defined as communication

include handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand),

back slapping, high fives, a pat on the shoulder, and brushing an

arm. Touching of oneself may include licking, picking, holding, andscratching.These behaviors are referred to as "adapter" or "tells"

and may send messages that reveal the intentions or feelings of a

communicator. The meaning conveyed from touch is highly

dependent upon the context of the situation, the relationship

between communicators, and the manner of touch.



QUESTIONS

1.(Ellia)About style and register

2.(Dayang) opposite meaning in NV

3. (Syahrulyani) functional context-grammatical, social function..



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Hasbi Sjamsir Communicative Competence