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Geography
What is Geography?
Geography can be defined as the study of people, their environments and their resources.
The study of the distribution and interaction of physical and human resources on earth.
What is Geography
Geography is closely linked to history.
History is the account of what has happened in the lives of different people.
What is Geography?
How similar is this definition to your definition?
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
Geography is the study of the relationship between people and their physical environment
The name geography comes from GEO meaning earth and GRAPHICA meaning description.
2 Branches of Geography
Physical Geography
Study of earth’s physical processes
Geology – rocks and earth formations
Environmental science – human interaction with the environment
Topography – earth’s features
Cartography – map making.
• Human (Cultural) Geography
– Characteristics of human activities
• Politics – governments• History – significant events• Economics – how use resources• Sociology – human societies• Urban – cities• Demographics – human population
statistics
•7 continents – Africa, Asia, Antarctica, South America, North America, Europe & Australia
•5 Oceans – Southern, Arctic, Pacific, Indian, Atlantic
Latitude
Zero Degrees Latitude is the
Equator
Numbers get higher the further North or South you move away from the Equator
90 Degree North (North Pole)
90 Degrees South (South Pole)
AKA: Parallels
Latitude lines measure North or South of the Equator
Long
itud
e
AKA- Meridians
Zero Degrees longitude is the Prime Meridian. 180 degrees East or West is the International Date Line
By international agreement - 0 degrees longitude runs through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England
Numbers get higher the farther you move either East of West
Longitude lines measure East or West of the Prime Meridian
MEMORIZE THESE LINES!!
KNOW: Equator, 2 Tropics, 2 Circles, 2 Poles and their latitudes!!!!
Hemisheres
If you cut the Earth through the Equator you
would get two halves, the Northern and
Southern Hemisphere
If you cut the Earth through the Prime Meridian you would get two halves, the Western and Eastern
Hemisphere
The US is in the Western Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere
Each degree of the earth is equal to 1/360 of the earth. Each degree is divided into 60 minutes (‘). Each minute
= 60 seconds (“)
Globe - Scale model of the earth.
Map ScaleSmall Scale Maps-
Show large area with little
detail
Large Scale Maps- Show small area
with a lot of detail
Larg
e S
cale
Map
Sm
all S
cale
Map
Types of Maps
Physical Maps- Show topography (shape) of earths physical features
Political Maps- Show boundaries between countries. Also may show cities, capitals, roads, railroads. Think man made!
General Purpose Maps
Special Purpose MapsEmphasize a single idea or a particular kind of
information
Show a wide variety of information
Economic Activity Map- Shows the distribution of land use and
natural resources.
Five Themes of Geography
There are 5 basic themes of geography
Location
Place
Human Features
Human and Environmental Interaction
Movement
Region
Location
Location
Absolute
Relative
Location
Absolute
Tells you the exact location
Exact location using latitude and longitude
Location
Relative Location
Places in relation to another
Location
Absolute
Relative
Tells you “Where it is”
Location
Come up with examples of what you think could be considered:
Absolute location
Relative location
Place
A particular space with physical and human meaning
Unique characteristics that make places “places”
How are they similar to one another?
Place
When looking at Place, you may think about Place as Physical Features
Climate
Soil
Animal life and Plant life
Bodies of Water
Place
What is another example of physical features to describe place?
Place
When looking at Place, you may think about Place as Human and Cultural Characteristics
Kinds of homes
Transportation
Ways to earn a living
Religion and Traditions
Place
How would you describe Clinton High School in terms of place?
Place
Physical Features
Human Features
Tells you “What it is like there”
Human and Environmental
Interactions
The study of the interrelationship between people and their physical environment
How do people use their environment?
How and why do people change their environments?
What is the result or consequences of the changes people make?
Human and Environmental Interactions
How do people:
Depend on the environment?
Modify the environment?
Adapt to their environment?
Human and Environmental Interactions
Depend - Rivers
Modify - Roads
Adapt - clothes
Human and Environmental Interactions
Human and Environmental Interaction tells you “What is the relationship between people and their environment”
Movement
People study how people shape the world
how they settle the earth
how they form societies
how the create permanent features
how people adapt to make societies
Movement
When looking at movement think about the movement of people, goods and ideas
Reasons for movement many times is that there is a need to adapt
Movement
Tells you “ How are people and places connected
Region
Areas united by specific factors
There are three types of regions
formal
functional
perceptual
Region
Formal Region
formal or uniform region is defined by common characteristics like The Corn Belt - Iowa and Illinois area of US cause they are known for farming.
Region
Functional region
a central place and the surrounding areas linked to it
highway systems
large cities
Region
Perceptual region
set or defined by popular feelings and images rather than by objects
The heartland
The motherland
Region
Can you come up with an example of each?
Formal
Functional
Perceptual
Region
Region tells you “ How are places similar?”
