Gejala&PenyebabDiagnosing Plant Problems-Arthropods

8/3/2019 Gejala&PenyebabDiagnosing Plant Problems-Arthropods

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National Plant Diagnostic Network

National Plant Diagnostic Network

Diagnosing Plant Problems:

Insects and Other Arthropods

Hodges and Ellis. December 2006.Hodges and Ellis. December 2006.Update, August 2008.Update, August 2008.

NPDN Publication No. 0008NPDN Publication No. 0008


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MODULE 4 Diagnosing Plant Problems: Insects & Arthropods

Insect Diagnosisy Focuses on classic, morphology based

taxonomy.

y Often requires an expert taxonomist forspecies-level identification.

yLimited resources for diagnosticians.

y Quality of sample submitted isimportant!


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How is an Insect Identified to Species?

First Detectors (County ExtensionAgents, Crop Consultants)

Extension Diagnostic Specialists (at LandGrant Universities)

Taxonomic Specialists (usually federal,state, or university employees)

Species Identification Confirmed


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Signs and Symptoms

of Damage Over-development of tissues

Necrosis of tissue

Types of arthropod feeding damage- Stippling

- Chlorosis

- Sooty Mold

- Leafmining- Leaf Defoliaters

- Spider Mites

- Borers

- Root Damage

1

2

3

4

Photo 1: Paul Weston, Cornell University,www.forestryimages.org

Photo 2: Jim Occi, BugPics, www.forestryimages.orgPhoto 3: Petr Kapitola,Forestry and Game Management

Research Institute - Czechia, www.forestryimages.orgPhoto 4: Jerald E. Dewey, USDA Forest Service,

www.forestryimages.org


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Signs and Symptoms

Over-development

of tissues Some insect and mitespecies can induce gall

formation on a variety

of host plant structures.

Gall-makers are

generally host plant

specific.

A mite gall,

Aculops laevigata on willow

Photo: William M. Ciesla, ForestHealth Management International,www.forestryimages.org

Photo: Petr Kapitola, Forestry and Game ManagementResearch Institute - Czechia, www.forestryimages.org

Gall Mite Damage

Eyespot Gall


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Signs and SymptomsOver-development of

tissues How do you know if an

insect has caused thisdamage?

Closely examine plantdeformation.

Cut open gall.

Exit holes, frass, emptylarval chambers, etc.

Rear insects to adultstage.

n

Photo: Ronald F. Billings,

Texas Forest Service,


cynipid

gall

wasps

Photo: Jerry A. Payne, USDA AgriculturalResearch Service, www.forestryimages.org

oriental chestnut gall wasp


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Signs and SymptomsOver-development

of tissues Can insect or mite galls

cause serious damage

to host plants?

Yes, heavy infestationscan negatively effect overall

plant health and reduce the

aesthetic value of ornamental

crops.

ash flower gall mite damagePhoto: A. Steven Munson, USDA ForestService, www.forestryimages.org


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Signs and SymptomsOver-development

of tissues

y Non-insect bacterial

and fungal galls mayresemble insect galls.

y Crown gall bacterium

causes galls on roots,

crowns and stems.

y Fungi can also formlarge galls thatsuperficially resemble

the crown gall bacterium.Photo: USDA Forest Service - Ogden Archives, USDAForest Service, www.forestryimages.org

bacterial gall on douglas-fir


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Signs and SymptomsNecrosis of tissueDieback-insect damage

Feeding damage from

several types of insects

can lead to limb dieback.

Death of the host may

result.

p

o

Loblolly pine killed by southern pine beetle

larch casebearer damage

Top Photo: Petr Kapitola, Forestry and Game ManagementResearch Institute - Czechia, www.forestryimages.org

Bottom Photo: Ronald Billings. Texas Forest Service.http://www.forestryimages.org/.


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Signs and SymptomsTypes of Insect Feeding

Damage

yInsects with piercing-sucking mouthparts

cause stippling and/or

chlorosis on the host.

y Example groups:

aphids, true bugs,

hoppers, scale

insects, whiteflies, etc.

Azalea lace bug damage

Top Photo: Clemson University - USDACooperative Extension Slide Series,


Bottom Photo: John A. Weidhass, VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and State University,www.forestryimages.org

wax scale


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Signs and SymptomsTypes of Insect FeedingDamage

Presence of sooty mold

may suggest an infestationof honeydew producing

insects such as scales,

mealybugs, whiteflies, or

aphids.

Presence of ants may also

be an indicator of these

insects!

Photo: Scott Tunnock, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org

sooty mold on grand fir


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Signs and Symptoms

Types of Insect FeedingDamage

Leafmining Insects that produce

characteristic mines inleaves by feeding.

Formed by variousinsects including flies,wasps, moths, andbeetles.

Aspen blotchminer

Bottom Photo: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Archives,Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.http://www.forestryimages.org/

columbine leafminer

Top Photo: Lisa Ames, UGA,www.forestryimages.org


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Signs and Symptoms

Types of Insect Feeding

Damage

Leaf Defoliaters

Damage caused to a

plant by insect feeding.

Skeletonizing results

when the veins or theskeleton of the leaf is

left behind.

Bottom Photo: E. Bradford Walker, Vermont Department ofForests, Parks and Recreation, www.forestryimages.org

maple trumpetskeletonizer

oak skeletonizer

Top Photo: James Solomon,USDA Forest Service,



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Signs and SymptomsTypes of ArthropodFeeding Damage

Spider Mites

Leaf damage includes

flecking, bronzing,

and/or scorching of

leaves.

Several naturalenemies. Most

problematic in heavy

insecticide use areas.

gorse spider

mite damage

Photo: Eric Coombs, Oregon Departmentof Agriculture, www.forestryimages.org

twospotted spider mite

Photo: Mississippi StateUniversity Archives,Mississippi State University,www.forestryimages.org


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Signs and Symptoms

Types of InsectFeeding Damage

Borers

Insects that bore into ahost trunk, stem, ortwig as part of their lifecycle.

Damage often results inweakening or killing thehost.

A Lepidopteran stalk borer,

Papaipema nebris, in silver maple Photo: James Solomon. USDA Forest Service.http://www.forestryimages.org/


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Signs and Symptoms

Types of Insect

Feeding Damage

Roots

Dont forget to look

for potential insect

damage on roots!

Aspenroot

girdler

Bottom Photo: Robert L. Anderson,

USDAForest Service,www.forestryimages.org

Scarab beetle larval feedingdamage on root system of pine

Top Photo: Ostry, Mike. USDAForestService. http://www.forestryimages.org/


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Insect IdentificationKnow Common Pest Arthropod Groups! Numerous lepidopteran caterpillars (ex.

armyworms, cutworms)

Beetles (Order Coleoptera): numerous leaf-

feeding and wood-boring pests

Sawflies (OrderHymenoptera)

Various flies (Order Diptera)

Various insects with piercing-suckingmouthparts including scales, mealybugs,

whiteflies, aphids, psyllids, hoppers, various

other members of the OrderHemiptera.

Spider Mites


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Insect Identification

Know the difference

between pests and

beneficials!

There are several

predatory or parasitic

beneficial insects!

Pest - southern green stink bug

Top Photo: David Cappaert, www.forestryimages.org

Beneficial-a predatory stink bug

Bottom Photo: Lawrence Abrahamson, StateUniversity of New York, www.forestryimages.org


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Amanda C. Hodges, Ph.D.,

[email protected]

SPDN Assistant Director, University ofFlorida

Amanda M. Ellis, [email protected],

University ofFlorida, SPDN

Authors


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This publication can be used for non-profit,educational use only purposes. Photographersretain copyright to photographs or other images

contained in this publication as cited. This materialwas developed as a core training module for NPDNFirst Detector Training. Authors and the websiteshould be properly cited. Images or photographsshould also be properly cited and credited to the

original source.

Publication Number: 0008

Publication Date: December 2006

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Gejala&PenyebabDiagnosing Plant Problems-Arthropods