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8/12/2019 Fuel Technology-Liquid Fuels
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F : L F
NI I
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C 8387%
H10 14% N0.1 2%
O0.05 1.5%
. . M < 0.1%
P 30%; N49%:
A15%
A 6%
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LIEFIED PEOLEM GA (LPG)
I
. I . I ,
.
1. I 2. I .
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LPG
N 38.5
I 25,000 /3
I 37
24.5
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LPG LPG
(C3H
8),
(C4H10) , ,
, . P
. A
, , .
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A LPG 1. LPG ,
.
2. LPG ()
H2 CO. 7
3 .
3. LPG .
4. I .
5. C , .
6. N .
7. I CO,
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D LPG
1. D ,
2. I .
3. H .
4. LPG
.
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A LPG I
, .
. O
, , ,
, ,
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G
.
A , , .
F L L N 11
G .
.
G , 120 .
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G O
M
O
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I , .
I :
() ()C
() : 500
600 C 70350 /.
() : I 150200 C ,
.
.
P
.
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D G 1925
A (.. )
, .
F G
L .
E
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CO + H2 CH4 + C2H6+ C3H8+
CO2+ H2 CH4 + C2H6+ C3H8+
C H
O
C
HH
C
HH
C
H CH2
CH2
CH3H2
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F2O3
F2O3+N2CO3.
5 25
, 200
300
C.
100 , 5 , 8
200 .
, .
.
.
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:
One of the main methods of direct conversion of coalto liquids by hydrogenation process is the Bergius
process.
In this process, coal is liquefied by mixing it withhydrogen gas and heating the system (hydrogenation).
Dry coal is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the
rocess.
Catalyst is typically added to the mixture. The reactionoccurs at between 400 C (752 F) to 5,000
C (9,030 F)and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure.
The reaction can be summarized as follows:
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C G
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In this process, the finely powdered coal is completedkeen on a paste through heavy oil and a catalyst powder
(tin or nickel oleate) is mixed with it. The paste is pumpedalong with hydrogen gas into the converter, where the
synthetic paste is heated to 400 - 450C under a pressure
.
During this process hydrogen combines with coal to formsaturated higher hydrocarbons, which experience
additional decay at superior temperature to acquiesce
combination of lesser hydrocarbons. The mix is led to a condenser, where the crude oil isattained. :
()G ()M ()H
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F L L N 25
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F L L N 26
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F O
N
(OM)
M O
N
(MON)
C
B
(C)
G 9298 8090 05 37205
O C
D 25 4555 140360M 106 92 5 65
E 107 89 5 79
P (LPG) 112 97 2 42.15
M (CNG) 120 120 0 161.6
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,
.
I ,
.
I ,
.
, , .
; , .
F ,
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I M A
L
A
A
P
P
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D
.
I I :
1. H (HD)
2. L (LDO)
.
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S.No. GeneralFormula
Hydrocarbon Characteristics
1. n-paraffins CnH2n+2(Straight chain)
Low specific gravity &
high cetane number
so-para ns n 2n+2(Branch chain)
ame sp.gr. as u
lower cetane no. & B.P.
3 Cyclo-
paraffins
CnH2n Higher sp.gr. than 1 but
lower cetane number
4 Benzenes CnH2n-6 Higher sp.gr & B.P. butlower cetane no. than 1-3
5 Naphthalenes CnH2n-12 Highest sp.gr & B.P. &
lowest cetane no.
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I D 1. : 0.832 /
2. F ( 130
C)3. F ( 1015C F )
4. ( )
5. C ( )
6. A ( )
7. D
L 50% 90% ).
E 370 . C
50% 90% .
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D , . L , ,
, , , ,
,
.
AM AM D 975
D F O. .
C N
C .
C .
D D .
, .
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I , , , , .
( )
.
.
P , ,
I
.
, .
I , , C16H34()
100
.
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C
I
M 45
H
Higher cetane related with:
improved combustion
improved cold starting
reduced noise, white smoke, HC, CO and particulate
emissions.
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OCTANE NUMBER AND CETANE NUMBER
Cetane number (diesel fuel) and octanenumber (gasoline) both measure the tendency of
the fuel to ignite spontaneously.
The cetane number refers to the ease with
which diesel fuel ignites easily at a relatively low
temperature.
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F O
N
(OM)
M O
N
(MON)
C
B
(C)
G 9298 8090 05 37205
O C
D 25 4555 140360M 106 92 5 65
E 107 89 5 79
P (LPG) 112 97 2 42.15
M (CNG) 120 120 0 161.6
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C
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E , ,
.
I
.
B
,
, , . I ,
.
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A . A .
A , , , ,
. A .
P .
A . A (11.70)
.
A , , , , ,
.
F .
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,
.
FI COP
F , , , ,
.
,
.ACHE
A
.
C
.
K ,
. ,
INDIA.
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:
( )
A .
B , , , .
,
.
. A , ,
. ,
.
F .
1 K 2 3.3 4
K 6 . B ,
.
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I
.
H ,
.
M .
G
() () ()
PHICAL CHAACEIIC
M .
H 6.8 8.5.
,
. M .
GADE OF MOLAE
) F M: I 50%. )
M: I 40% 50% . ) M: I 40% .
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2834
C 1.045
H 4.5 4.9
1.05
F 1.031.00 D 24
% 58%
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
I G F
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + CO2 + H
A
.
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1.4. I
1.05 .
M . C .
P P.
N 1.05
(.) .
O .
H 4.5 5 . I 5 8 .
N B P . N
1.10 . I 7 8 .
.
A I
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A . I
24 .
C .
.
F
,
1. M .
2. F .
3. I .
4. CO2 .
5. C .
6. B
.
7. A .
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