Fuels - zahurul.buet.ac.bdzahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6163/ME6163_Fuels.pdf · Fuels Liquid Fuels Diesel Cetane Number • The Cetane number characterizes the ability of the fuel to auto-ignite,

Fuels

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

ProfessorDepartment of Mechanical Engineering

Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/

ME 6163: Combustion Engineering

http://zahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6163/

© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Fuels ME 6163 (2020) 1 / 27

Overview

1 Energy Scenario

2 Fuels

Gaseous Fuels

Liquid Fuels

Solid Fuels


Energy Scenario

Energy Usage in Bangladesh1

T1249

1Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan up to 2030 (2015). Tech. rep.Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) and Power Division,Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Government of Bangladesh.


Fuels

Fuels & Desirable Characteristics of Fuels

T1250

• High energy density (content)

• High heat of combustion (release)

• Good thermal stability (storage)

• Low vapour pressure (volatility)

• Non-toxicity (environmental impact)


Fuels

Primary Energy Sources2

��

��

��

��

��

�� !!"#�"��$%�&'

()*�+�+, -.+#/)!�!",�!"�012"�3'

�� 4��

5�!6��+)2&�)!)�

��$%)*�)&7)#8��)6% ",�!��95'

:�#%8��,�!��:52�:5'

01�*�!!��'

;!#)8�*�<�#��+

=)8 )+6#�#��+

>)#/�6+��2>��;

��"#�"��$%�&'

5��5�!"#�"��$%�&'

01�8),)+6)8�#�?)'

��&�)!)��=@>;'

��,�!2)#/�+��2;��;

=�!</)8�8�7!</!.+#/)!�!

A),)#�B�)"��

;�)<#8��.!�!

�� !! C�#)82!��82"D�+&

:�#%8��",�!�8%&)"��

T579

2K. Reif (2015). Gasoline Engine Management: Systems and Components. Springer.


Fuels

Naming Conventions for HC Fuels3

T587

3S. McAllister, J. Chen, and A. Fernandez-Pello (2011). Fundamentals of Combustion

Processes. Springer.


Fuels

T1236

H:C atomic ratio of various inorganic hydrocarbon compounds4

4E. Keating (2007). Applied Combustion. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis.


Fuels

A comparison of some alternative fuels to the traditional petroleum-based

fuels used in transportation

T301


Fuels Gaseous Fuels

Typical Volumetric Analysis of Some Gaseous Fuels5

��

��

��

�� !��

��" ###$"� � %&'() %&'()

*��"' ###$�� %&'() %&'()

�� ###$��

+� ###$�� "� ��

��

',�-./'0.1,234&-('&5-.1,2)'60)&,/2'.,��"T1167

5G. Borman and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.


Fuels Gaseous Fuels

Typical Heating Value of Some Gaseous Fuels6

��

��

�� !�! ��

"#�$��%��&'��"(� ��) ��*�� ) ��*��

+�,-#��"� � ��.)� �//�/ ��.��0 �/*�*

1,-#��"��)� ��).�0 �/��! ��/0� � ��0

2��3#��".�0� ��!*�0 �/*� ��0.�) � )�

45,#��" ��*� �� !�/ �*0 � /�0

1,-�6��"�� /�� /*�. ��/ ��

78�,�6��"�� /.�� !�! ��/�� 0��

2��3�6��".�)� ��0 �� 0�! ��0�0 � /�0

9#,5�#6��#:��,�3'8#6� ��.0�. �/.�/ ��. �) � 0�.

"�#6�3��58��#:��,�3'8#6� ��/�� /�. �� . ��

;��3��58��#:��,�3'8#6� �� 0 ��/�� * ��

#�7,<��#,%=��/>"T1168



Fuels Liquid Fuels

Typical Crude Oil Refinery Products7

��

��

�� !��"#��$�%�& ��

'��(��"#��

��(#��"#��%�%�

�� )�*��"(��)��$��#+�� (��,�-��.�/��*��)��$�, #(��(��

T1170



Fuels Liquid Fuels

Typical ASTM Petroleum Distillation Curves

T602

• The 10% and 90% evaporation

temperatures, T10 and T90 , are used

in the volatility specifications.

• T10: indicates the start of vaporization,

is used to characterize the cold starting

behaviour,

• T90: indicates the finish of

vaporization, is used to characterize the

possibility of unburned hydrocarbons.

• The ASTM drivability index (DI) is a

measure of fuel volatility and is defined

as:

DI = 1.5T10 + 3T50 + T90


Fuels Liquid Fuels

Typical Composition of Gasoline Fuels8

T589

8C. Ferguson and A. Kirkpatrick (2015). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied

Thermosciences. Wiley.


Fuels Liquid Fuels

Diesel Fuel Specifications (ASTM D975)9

T590

• 1-D: is a light distillate (∼ C12H22 ) for cold weather.

• 2-D: is a middle distillate (∼ C15H25 ) diesel fuel of lower volatility

and is the most common for vehicles.

• 4-D: is a heavy distillate fuel used for stationary applications.9C. Ferguson and A. Kirkpatrick (2015). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied



Fuels Liquid Fuels

Typical Properties of Automotive Fuels10

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�� !"#$%&'( )$# �*%+'%�,- �.%+'%�-/ �-0/10 �,-%+'%�--2'$�")$#(%3�!4�+ ,556,5/ 7-55 8- 9-:-

;<�"!="%4(#>!+?%#+%,@A� 5BC-65BC. 5B./ 5BC:* 5B..

D!E� #+!"%>!F"'F!+?%#+%-5A�%G -HFI 5B.%J%$5K@ -B/%J%$5K@ ,B*%J%$5K@ 6

L'!$!E4%<'!E+%(#E4�%GA�I 856--/ -$56-8/ C. ,.-688.

M�!N%>#<'(%<(�FF)(�%GOP#I *.6@: Q- ,*. Q5B8

R$#F�%<'!E+%GA�I K*8 @56.5 ,8 ,556,C5

S)+'!4E!+!'E%+� <%GA�I -/C 78,/ *-8 6

1"+#E�%T'B%GM�F�#("�I ..6:. 6 ,5: 6

1"+#E�%T'B%G2'+'(I .56.. 6 :5 6

��+#E�%T'B Q,/ *56// 6 *.6@/

;+'!"�!' �+(!"%#!(U&)�$%(#+!'%V?%3�!4�+ ,*BC ,*BC :B5 ,8B.

�#(V'E%"'E+�E+%G3+%WI ./6.. .C /-B- CC

0?N('4�E%"'E+�E+%G3+%WI ,-6,/ ,8 ,8B, ,-

1X?4�E%"'E+�E+%G3+%WI -BC68B/ 5 8*BC ,,

0�#+%'&%>#<'(!Y#+!'E%GOZHO4I 8.5 8C/ :-5 6

[0\%G2ZHO4I *8B/ */ -. *-T1171



Fuels Liquid Fuels

Octane Number

Steps to measure the octane number of a test fuel is as follows:

1 Run the CFR engine on the test fuel at either the motor or the

research operating conditions.

2 Slowly increase the compression ratio until the standard amount

of knock occurs.

3 At that compression ratio, run the engine on blends of the

reference fuels isooctane and n-heptane.

4 The octane number is the percentage of isooctane in the blend

that produces the standardized knock at that compression ratio.

Two sets of CFR engine operating conditions for engines are employed

to define two octane numbers:

1 Research Octane Number (RON) (ASTM D908)

2 Motor Octane Number (MON) (ASTM D357)


Fuels Liquid Fuels

Diesel Cetane Number

• The Cetane number characterizes the ability of the fuel to

auto-ignite, the opposite of octane number.

• For high Cetane numbers, ignition delay is short. Hence,

combustion is initiated while the fuel is being injected, so the

burning rate is controlled by the rate of fuel–air mixing.

• For low Cetane numbers, fuel will not ignite until late in the

injection process. Hence, fuel is well mixed so that once

combustion is initiated, the burning rate is very high, causing

diesel knock to occur.

• Cetane numbers for vehicular diesel range from about 40 to 55.

• The Cetane number of n-cetane is assigned a value of 100, as it is

one of the fastest-igniting hydrocarbon.

• Isocetane (heptamethylnonane) ignites slowly & its CN = 15.


Fuels Liquid Fuels

Typical Aviation Turbine Fuel Properties11

��

��

� ��!"� �� #$ #$

%��"!&"�' ��!�( )�*+ �,-./ 0.-.,

123 4567'8��!� 0#9: 0#9:

3!�"��!�( "%;��<0)=8�� : -

= ��>!�'��!�� )?8�� <�0$ <�.$

@�!��'A� �'6/$$��18�� , ,

;��A�BA C��8�� $9� $9�

=��!�� )?8��!� �: -T1172



Fuels Liquid Fuels

Typical Properties of Fuel Oils12

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

� ! " �!#$" %&'#" (!$)* (!$)* (!$)*

+,#)-.)/0"$1-23/$2/456� 789:; 7895; 78<:9 78<;= 78<95

>-?#&$2-)/1-@) @-23/$2/=96�/A&:B@C 485/D/47E5 :85/D/47E5 4;/D/47E5 ;7/D/47E5 =57/D/47E5

F G"/, -?2/A6�C HI4J HI49 I:= I4 4<

K!$@L/, -?2/A6�C =9 =9 ;; ;; 55

%G2 -0?-2- ?/2#&,8/A6�C/ :=7 :57 :5= M N79

�$"' ?/AO2/PC 958; 958N 9584 9;8; 9;8J

�$"' ?/"#@-QG#/AO2/PC R"$)# R"$)# :8; ;87 4:87

S3Q" 0#?/AO2/PC 4=8: 4:8J 448< 448J 478;

TU30#?/AO2/PC 7874 787N 78:J 78= 78=9M785N

%@L/AO2/PC M H7874 787: 787= 787N

SSV/AWXB*0C N58: N;8N N=89 N=8: N:8NT1173



Fuels Liquid Fuels

Lubricants: Engine Oil Viscosity13

T600

µ = C1 exp

[

C2

1.8T (oC ) + 127

]

T601

• Engine oil reduces the friction between the principal moving parts

of an engine.

• It also acts as a coolant for the pistons, rings, and bearings, to

enhance the rings combustion seal, to control engine wear or

corrosion, and to remove impurities from lubricated regions.13C. Ferguson and A. Kirkpatrick (2015). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied



Fuels Solid Fuels

Coal Ranking & Analysis

ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Classifications:

1 Anthracitic coals (class I)

2 Bituminous coals (class II)

3 Subbituminous coals (class III)

4 Lignitic coals (class IV)


Fuels Solid Fuels

Coal Composition14

T1239

14B. Miller (2011). Clean Coal Engineering Technology. Elsevier Science.


Fuels Solid Fuels

Typical Compositions of Solid Fuels15

��

��

��

��

��

��

�� !��! �

"#$% &�� ' � ��

()*+)%#,-�$. /�� & � 0��

1)%23)+�24,-�$. �� 0��

5+%67$-)%#,-�$. /� �� 0��

8#924#:�#7);#�,92#. � � /�� T1175



Fuels Solid Fuels

Typical Properties of Solid Fuels16

��

�

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�� !"#$��

�%

��

&&

&�

'

'%

%

&

(��(�� )�(��

T1177



Fuels Solid Fuels

Typical Properties of Solid Fuels (Dry, Ash-free)17

��

��

��

��

��

�� !"#$%"&"'() )*%+#%,

%-�'"# '$%!"##$� .' /0 00 12 .0

%3 �$4%5"�6�& '7 80 10 /2 '0

9'# !"#$%"&"'() )*%+#%,

%:(4��;$& / / 0 0 <

%="�6�& 02 00 /. <. 0>

%?@'A@�% 2B' 2B1 ' > 2B8

%C #��;$& 2B' 2B/ ' > 2B<

%D�(;$& 11 8. >0 E8 12

::-

%FG#@H'6!I .<22 7022 E2*<22 E1*222 7<22

%FJKHL;I >2B> >>BE >1B7 8>B0 >>B0T1178



Fuels Solid Fuels

Typical Properties of Selected Solid Biofuels (Dry

Basis)18

��

��

�� !"#$��

%#� �"�&

'()( *)+ ',)' ')( -)- ./)0 -,)*

%��#�$##1 .()' ()- ..). ,)* ,), �*), -2)'

%�� /,)( ��( .-)+ ,)* ,), �-). -2)2

3�4 .2)2 /)2 .-)0 ,)* ,), �')- -2).

5�� /-). ()' .')- ,)- ,)- �,)- ',)*

5��!�"4 /')* /)0 *0)0 ,)' ,), �')2 ',).

5#��"��6&!"�1 /,)' ()- .,). ,)( ,), �')+ -2),

7�8��69��: *0)/ /)+ *2)0 ,)/ ,), -/)/ -/)*

7�8��: "�$ *2)' /)- */)0 ,)( ,)- -2)' -/)'

;91��"�:: ./), /)/ *2)( -)' ,), �0)+ -+).

;$� 86�"�::��<�4# ��

=��>��%?

.+). /)0 .'). ,)+ ,)- �*)( -0)(

T1176



References

References I

Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan up to 2030 (2015). Tech. rep. Sustainableand Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) and Power Division, Ministryof Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Government of Bangladesh.

Reif, K. (2015). Gasoline Engine Management: Systems and Components. Springer.

McAllister, S., J. Chen, and A. Fernandez-Pello (2011). Fundamentals of Combustion

Processes. Springer.

Keating, E. (2007). Applied Combustion. 2nd ed. Taylor & Francis.

Borman, G. and K. Ragland (1998). Combustion Engineering. McGraw-Hill.

Ferguson, C. and A. Kirkpatrick (2015). Internal Combustion Engines: Applied


Miller, B. (2011). Clean Coal Engineering Technology. Elsevier Science.


Documents

Fuels - zahurul.buet.ac.bdzahurul.buet.ac.bd/ME6163/ME6163_Fuels.pdf · Fuels Liquid Fuels Diesel Cetane Number • The Cetane number characterizes the ability of the fuel to auto-ignite,